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| Elections in Virginia |
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The 1988 United States presidential election in Virginia took place on November 8, 1988. All 50 states and the District of Columbia, were part of the 1988 United States presidential election. Virginia voters chose 12 electors to the Electoral College, which selected the president and vice president.
Virginia was won by incumbent United States Vice President George H. W. Bush of Texas, who was running against Massachusetts Governor Michael Dukakis. Bush ran with Indiana Senator Dan Quayle as Vice President, and Dukakis ran with Texas Senator Lloyd Bentsen.
Most counties in Virginia turned out for Bush, including the highly populated regions of Virginia Beach and Fairfax County. Bush ran strongly in most parts of the state, but in particular, he cracked sixty percent in populous Fairfax County, outside Washington, D.C., and got over 2/3 and 3/4 of the vote in the Richmond suburbs of Henrico and Chesterfield, respectively, which contributed to the swelling of his statewide margin. Dukakis did well in Arlington County, the independent cities of Richmond and Norfolk, in Virginia's Black Belt counties, and in some then-traditionally Democratic counties in heavily-unionized southwest Virginia.[1]
As of the 2020 presidential election, this is the last election in which Northampton County and the independent cities of Martinsville, Fredericksburg, and Hampton voted for a Republican presidential candidate. This was also the last time that a Republican won the majority of the vote in Fairfax County.[2]
Background
Every Republican presidential nominee following World War II had won Virginia except for the victories of Harry S. Truman and Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1948 and 1964 elections. Virginia was the only southern state that Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter failed to win in the 1976 election.[3]
The Republicans held Virginia's governorship from the 1969 election until Democratic nominee Chuck Robb's victory in 1981. The Democrats had also reduced the Republican control over the state's United States House of Representatives delegation from nine of ten seats in 1980 to five seats in 1986.[4]
Campaign
Jesse Jackson won the Democratic primary due to lower white turnout and increased black turnout. Jackson won 96% of the black vote and 12% of the white vote. Al Gore won 40% of the white vote while Michael Dukakis won 35%. The racial composition of the primary was 65% white and 35% black.[5]
49% of white voters participated in the Republican primary.[6]
69% of white voters supported Bush while 30% supported Dukakis.[7][8] Bush placed first in all of the state's congressional districts. Robb won in the concurrent senatorial election despite the Republican presidential victory.[9]
Results
| 1988 United States presidential election in Virginia[10] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Party | Candidate | Votes | Percentage | Electoral votes | |
| Republican | George H. W. Bush | 1,309,162 | 59.74% | 12 | |
| Democratic | Michael Dukakis | 859,799 | 39.23% | 0 | |
| Independent | Lenora Fulani | 14,312 | 0.65% | 0 | |
| Libertarian | Ron Paul | 8,336 | 0.38% | 0 | |
| Totals | 2,191,609 | 100.0% | 12 | ||
Results by county or independent city
| 1988 United States presidential election in Virginia by county or independent city | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| County or Independent City | George Herbert Walker Bush Republican |
Michael Stanley Dukakis Democratic |
Leonora Branch Fulani[11] Independent |
Ronald Ernest Paul[11] Libertarian |
Margin | Total votes cast | |||||
| # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | # | % | ||
| Accomack County | 6,926 | 60.01% | 4,443 | 38.49% | 125 | 1.08% | 48 | 0.42% | 2,483 | 21.51% | 11,542 |
| Albemarle County | 15,117 | 58.70% | 10,363 | 40.24% | 89 | 0.35% | 184 | 0.71% | 4,754 | 18.46% | 25,753 |
| Alleghany County | 2,555 | 51.87% | 2,316 | 47.02% | 42 | 0.85% | 13 | 0.26% | 239 | 4.85% | 4,926 |
| Amelia County | 2,187 | 60.85% | 1,359 | 37.81% | 26 | 0.72% | 22 | 0.61% | 828 | 23.04% | 3,594 |
| Amherst County | 6,507 | 64.10% | 3,567 | 35.14% | 45 | 0.44% | 32 | 0.32% | 2,940 | 28.96% | 10,151 |
| Appomattox County | 3,205 | 63.59% | 1,740 | 34.52% | 53 | 1.05% | 42 | 0.83% | 1,465 | 29.07% | 5,040 |
| Arlington County | 34,191 | 45.37% | 40,314 | 53.49% | 442 | 0.59% | 418 | 0.55% | -6,123 | -8.12% | 75,365 |
| Augusta County | 13,251 | 75.14% | 4,170 | 23.65% | 145 | 0.82% | 68 | 0.39% | 9,081 | 51.50% | 17,634 |
| Bath County | 1,273 | 58.74% | 881 | 40.66% | 8 | 0.37% | 5 | 0.23% | 392 | 18.09% | 2,167 |
| Bedford County | 10,702 | 65.33% | 5,406 | 33.00% | 205 | 1.25% | 69 | 0.42% | 5,296 | 32.33% | 16,382 |
| Bland County | 1,556 | 61.12% | 937 | 36.80% | 38 | 1.49% | 15 | 0.59% | 619 | 24.31% | 2,546 |
| Botetourt County | 5,687 | 59.30% | 3,763 | 39.23% | 92 | 0.96% | 49 | 0.51% | 1,924 | 20.06% | 9,591 |
| Brunswick County | 2,742 | 46.60% | 3,070 | 52.18% | 44 | 0.75% | 28 | 0.48% | -328 | -5.57% | 5,884 |
| Buchanan County | 3,912 | 35.68% | 6,935 | 63.25% | 100 | 0.91% | 18 | 0.16% | -3,023 | -27.57% | 10,965 |
| Buckingham County | 2,481 | 55.49% | 1,941 | 43.41% | 32 | 0.72% | 17 | 0.38% | 540 | 12.08% | 4,471 |
| Campbell County | 12,713 | 72.51% | 4,574 | 26.09% | 193 | 1.10% | 53 | 0.30% | 8,139 | 46.42% | 17,533 |
| Caroline County | 3,065 | 48.71% | 3,186 | 50.64% | 21 | 0.33% | 20 | 0.32% | -121 | -1.92% | 6,292 |
| Carroll County | 6,377 | 66.17% | 3,190 | 33.10% | 41 | 0.43% | 29 | 0.30% | 3,187 | 33.07% | 9,637 |
| Charles City County | 826 | 30.59% | 1,839 | 68.11% | 18 | 0.67% | 17 | 0.63% | -1,013 | -37.52% | 2,700 |
| Charlotte County | 2,699 | 57.44% | 1,923 | 40.92% | 56 | 1.19% | 21 | 0.45% | 776 | 16.51% | 4,699 |
| Chesterfield County | 58,828 | 75.34% | 18,723 | 23.98% | 262 | 0.34% | 270 | 0.35% | 40,105 | 51.36% | 78,083 |
| Clarke County | 2,502 | 62.24% | 1,478 | 36.77% | 12 | 0.30% | 28 | 0.70% | 1,024 | 25.47% | 4,020 |
| Craig County | 1,112 | 55.46% | 864 | 43.09% | 16 | 0.80% | 13 | 0.65% | 248 | 12.37% | 2,005 |
| Culpeper County | 5,896 | 68.57% | 2,555 | 29.71% | 103 | 1.20% | 45 | 0.52% | 3,341 | 38.85% | 8,599 |
| Cumberland County | 1,978 | 62.61% | 1,132 | 35.83% | 34 | 1.08% | 15 | 0.47% | 846 | 26.78% | 3,159 |
| Dickenson County | 3,091 | 40.65% | 4,461 | 58.67% | 36 | 0.47% | 16 | 0.21% | -1,370 | -18.02% | 7,604 |
| Dinwiddie County | 4,165 | 54.38% | 3,405 | 44.46% | 51 | 0.67% | 38 | 0.50% | 760 | 9.92% | 7,659 |
| Essex County | 2,038 | 60.56% | 1,294 | 38.45% | 17 | 0.51% | 16 | 0.48% | 744 | 22.11% | 3,365 |
| Fairfax County | 200,641 | 61.10% | 125,711 | 38.28% | 892 | 0.27% | 1,121 | 0.34% | 74,930 | 22.82% | 328,365 |
| Fauquier County | 11,733 | 69.86% | 4,837 | 28.80% | 161 | 0.96% | 65 | 0.39% | 6,896 | 41.06% | 16,796 |
| Floyd County | 2,921 | 61.69% | 1,727 | 36.47% | 56 | 1.18% | 31 | 0.65% | 1,194 | 25.22% | 4,735 |
| Fluvanna County | 2,447 | 60.29% | 1,562 | 38.48% | 26 | 0.64% | 24 | 0.59% | 885 | 21.80% | 4,059 |
| Franklin County | 7,391 | 55.73% | 5,734 | 43.24% | 90 | 0.68% | 46 | 0.35% | 1,657 | 12.50% | 13,261 |
| Frederick County | 9,921 | 72.33% | 3,707 | 27.02% | 42 | 0.31% | 47 | 0.34% | 6,214 | 45.30% | 13,717 |
| Giles County | 3,490 | 52.50% | 3,042 | 45.76% | 80 | 1.20% | 36 | 0.54% | 448 | 6.74% | 6,648 |
| Gloucester County | 7,646 | 68.38% | 3,372 | 30.16% | 116 | 1.04% | 47 | 0.42% | 4,274 | 38.23% | 11,181 |
| Goochland County | 3,765 | 62.61% | 2,209 | 36.74% | 20 | 0.33% | 19 | 0.32% | 1,556 | 25.88% | 6,013 |
| Grayson County | 3,968 | 61.51% | 2,441 | 37.84% | 35 | 0.54% | 7 | 0.11% | 1,527 | 23.67% | 6,451 |
| Greene County | 2,234 | 69.29% | 899 | 27.88% | 72 | 2.23% | 19 | 0.59% | 1,335 | 41.41% | 3,224 |
| Greensville County | 1,610 | 43.13% | 2,083 | 55.80% | 24 | 0.64% | 16 | 0.43% | -473 | -12.67% | 3,733 |
| Halifax County | 5,671 | 56.02% | 4,282 | 42.30% | 97 | 0.96% | 74 | 0.73% | 1,389 | 13.72% | 10,124 |
| Hanover County | 20,570 | 76.99% | 5,985 | 22.40% | 75 | 0.28% | 88 | 0.33% | 14,585 | 54.59% | 26,718 |
| Henrico County | 62,284 | 69.29% | 26,980 | 30.02% | 378 | 0.42% | 245 | 0.27% | 35,304 | 39.28% | 89,887 |
| Henry County | 10,871 | 58.04% | 7,536 | 40.24% | 258 | 1.38% | 64 | 0.34% | 3,335 | 17.81% | 18,729 |
| Highland County | 807 | 62.75% | 456 | 35.46% | 13 | 1.01% | 10 | 0.78% | 351 | 27.29% | 1,286 |
| Isle of Wight County | 5,779 | 60.07% | 3,747 | 38.95% | 63 | 0.65% | 32 | 0.33% | 2,032 | 21.12% | 9,621 |
| James City County | 8,945 | 64.95% | 4,642 | 33.70% | 124 | 0.90% | 62 | 0.45% | 4,303 | 31.24% | 13,773 |
| King and Queen County | 1,376 | 50.46% | 1,309 | 48.00% | 26 | 0.95% | 16 | 0.59% | 67 | 2.46% | 2,727 |
| King George County | 2,587 | 62.40% | 1,519 | 36.64% | 21 | 0.51% | 19 | 0.46% | 1,068 | 25.76% | 4,146 |
| King William County | 2,735 | 62.89% | 1,561 | 35.89% | 31 | 0.71% | 22 | 0.51% | 1,174 | 26.99% | 4,349 |
| Lancaster County | 3,380 | 67.02% | 1,551 | 30.76% | 84 | 1.67% | 28 | 0.56% | 1,829 | 36.27% | 5,043 |
| Lee County | 4,080 | 45.11% | 4,906 | 54.24% | 30 | 0.33% | 29 | 0.32% | -826 | -9.13% | 9,045 |
| Loudoun County | 20,448 | 66.26% | 10,101 | 32.73% | 206 | 0.67% | 107 | 0.35% | 10,347 | 33.53% | 30,862 |
| Louisa County | 3,831 | 57.16% | 2,789 | 41.61% | 42 | 0.63% | 40 | 0.60% | 1,042 | 15.55% | 6,702 |
| Lunenburg County | 2,530 | 56.27% | 1,870 | 41.59% | 76 | 1.69% | 20 | 0.44% | 660 | 14.68% | 4,496 |
| Madison County | 2,501 | 62.12% | 1,427 | 35.44% | 59 | 1.47% | 39 | 0.97% | 1,074 | 26.68% | 4,026 |
| Mathews County | 2,752 | 67.52% | 1,235 | 30.30% | 57 | 1.40% | 32 | 0.79% | 1,517 | 37.22% | 4,076 |
| Mecklenburg County | 5,887 | 63.45% | 3,275 | 35.30% | 71 | 0.77% | 45 | 0.49% | 2,612 | 28.15% | 9,278 |
| Middlesex County | 2,571 | 63.99% | 1,361 | 33.87% | 42 | 1.05% | 44 | 1.10% | 1,210 | 30.11% | 4,018 |
| Montgomery County | 12,326 | 57.48% | 8,909 | 41.55% | 98 | 0.46% | 111 | 0.52% | 3,417 | 15.93% | 21,444 |
| Nelson County | 2,502 | 51.60% | 2,272 | 46.86% | 35 | 0.72% | 40 | 0.82% | 230 | 4.74% | 4,849 |
| New Kent County | 2,917 | 66.54% | 1,427 | 32.55% | 20 | 0.46% | 20 | 0.46% | 1,490 | 33.99% | 4,384 |
| Northampton County | 2,562 | 52.00% | 2,242 | 45.50% | 94 | 1.91% | 29 | 0.59% | 320 | 6.49% | 4,927 |
| Northumberland County | 2,984 | 65.14% | 1,506 | 32.87% | 61 | 1.33% | 30 | 0.65% | 1,478 | 32.26% | 4,581 |
| Nottoway County | 3,161 | 57.38% | 2,217 | 40.24% | 103 | 1.87% | 28 | 0.51% | 944 | 17.14% | 5,509 |
| Orange County | 4,319 | 61.57% | 2,592 | 36.95% | 69 | 0.98% | 35 | 0.50% | 1,727 | 24.62% | 7,015 |
| Page County | 5,013 | 66.18% | 2,499 | 32.99% | 35 | 0.46% | 28 | 0.37% | 2,514 | 33.19% | 7,575 |
| Patrick County | 3,990 | 64.06% | 2,093 | 33.60% | 124 | 1.99% | 22 | 0.35% | 1,897 | 30.45% | 6,229 |
| Pittsylvania County | 12,229 | 63.69% | 6,612 | 34.44% | 283 | 1.47% | 77 | 0.40% | 5,617 | 29.25% | 19,201 |
| Powhatan County | 4,040 | 72.91% | 1,467 | 26.48% | 16 | 0.29% | 18 | 0.32% | 2,573 | 46.44% | 5,541 |
| Prince Edward County | 3,147 | 55.02% | 2,434 | 42.55% | 95 | 1.66% | 44 | 0.77% | 713 | 12.47% | 5,720 |
| Prince George County | 4,982 | 66.29% | 2,469 | 32.85% | 38 | 0.51% | 26 | 0.35% | 2,513 | 33.44% | 7,515 |
| Prince William County | 39,654 | 66.70% | 19,198 | 32.29% | 434 | 0.73% | 167 | 0.28% | 20,456 | 34.41% | 59,453 |
| Pulaski County | 6,844 | 58.40% | 4,686 | 39.99% | 140 | 1.19% | 49 | 0.42% | 2,158 | 18.41% | 11,719 |
| Rappahannock County | 1,657 | 61.69% | 1,003 | 37.34% | 8 | 0.30% | 18 | 0.67% | 654 | 24.35% | 2,686 |
| Richmond County | 1,862 | 66.24% | 924 | 32.87% | 15 | 0.53% | 10 | 0.36% | 938 | 33.37% | 2,811 |
| Roanoke County | 22,011 | 62.61% | 12,938 | 36.80% | 115 | 0.33% | 93 | 0.26% | 9,073 | 25.81% | 35,157 |
| Rockbridge County | 3,541 | 58.41% | 2,412 | 39.79% | 65 | 1.07% | 44 | 0.73% | 1,129 | 18.62% | 6,062 |
| Rockingham County | 13,241 | 72.59% | 4,716 | 25.85% | 190 | 1.04% | 94 | 0.52% | 8,525 | 46.74% | 18,241 |
| Russell County | 4,374 | 40.68% | 6,222 | 57.86% | 130 | 1.21% | 27 | 0.25% | -1,848 | -17.19% | 10,753 |
| Scott County | 4,986 | 56.76% | 3,616 | 41.16% | 139 | 1.58% | 44 | 0.50% | 1,370 | 15.59% | 8,785 |
| Shenandoah County | 8,612 | 71.74% | 3,276 | 27.29% | 67 | 0.56% | 49 | 0.41% | 5,336 | 44.45% | 12,004 |
| Smyth County | 7,446 | 63.49% | 3,989 | 34.02% | 236 | 2.01% | 56 | 0.48% | 3,457 | 29.48% | 11,727 |
| Southampton County | 3,439 | 52.96% | 3,000 | 46.20% | 35 | 0.54% | 19 | 0.29% | 439 | 6.76% | 6,493 |
| Spotsylvania County | 10,978 | 66.16% | 5,486 | 33.06% | 84 | 0.51% | 45 | 0.27% | 5,492 | 33.10% | 16,593 |
| Stafford County | 12,234 | 69.07% | 5,380 | 30.37% | 55 | 0.31% | 43 | 0.24% | 6,854 | 38.70% | 17,712 |
| Surry County | 1,246 | 42.98% | 1,602 | 55.26% | 22 | 0.76% | 29 | 1.00% | -356 | -12.28% | 2,899 |
| Sussex County | 1,822 | 46.77% | 1,958 | 50.26% | 79 | 2.03% | 37 | 0.95% | -136 | -3.49% | 3,896 |
| Tazewell County | 7,165 | 46.37% | 8,098 | 52.40% | 152 | 0.98% | 38 | 0.25% | -933 | -6.04% | 15,453 |
| Warren County | 4,700 | 61.86% | 2,769 | 36.44% | 103 | 1.36% | 26 | 0.34% | 1,931 | 25.41% | 7,598 |
| Washington County | 10,722 | 63.45% | 5,819 | 34.43% | 293 | 1.73% | 65 | 0.38% | 4,903 | 29.01% | 16,899 |
| Westmoreland County | 2,974 | 55.38% | 2,311 | 43.04% | 60 | 1.12% | 25 | 0.47% | 663 | 12.35% | 5,370 |
| Wise County | 6,189 | 46.23% | 7,017 | 52.42% | 130 | 0.97% | 50 | 0.37% | -828 | -6.19% | 13,386 |
| Wythe County | 5,827 | 63.17% | 3,201 | 34.70% | 170 | 1.84% | 27 | 0.29% | 2,626 | 28.47% | 9,225 |
| York County | 11,103 | 69.96% | 4,639 | 29.23% | 84 | 0.53% | 45 | 0.28% | 6,464 | 40.73% | 15,871 |
| Alexandria City | 20,913 | 45.66% | 24,358 | 53.18% | 347 | 0.76% | 186 | 0.41% | -3,445 | -7.52% | 45,804 |
| Bedford City | 1,322 | 56.79% | 960 | 41.24% | 36 | 1.55% | 10 | 0.43% | 362 | 15.55% | 2,328 |
| Bristol City | 4,407 | 63.92% | 2,446 | 35.47% | 28 | 0.41% | 14 | 0.20% | 1,961 | 28.44% | 6,895 |
| Buena Vista City | 1,121 | 56.08% | 828 | 41.42% | 37 | 1.85% | 13 | 0.65% | 293 | 14.66% | 1,999 |
| Charlottesville City | 5,817 | 42.61% | 7,671 | 56.19% | 62 | 0.45% | 102 | 0.75% | -1,854 | -13.58% | 13,652 |
| Chesapeake City | 29,738 | 60.87% | 18,828 | 38.54% | 173 | 0.35% | 116 | 0.24% | 10,910 | 22.33% | 48,855 |
| Clifton Forge City | 759 | 43.65% | 961 | 55.26% | 10 | 0.58% | 9 | 0.52% | -202 | -11.62% | 1,739 |
| Colonial Heights City | 6,001 | 78.57% | 1,581 | 20.70% | 25 | 0.33% | 31 | 0.41% | 4,420 | 57.87% | 7,638 |
| Covington City | 1,274 | 43.70% | 1,567 | 53.76% | 41 | 1.41% | 33 | 1.13% | -293 | -10.05% | 2,915 |
| Danville City | 12,221 | 61.49% | 7,353 | 37.00% | 224 | 1.13% | 76 | 0.38% | 4,868 | 24.49% | 19,874 |
| Emporia City | 1,289 | 56.61% | 977 | 42.91% | 7 | 0.31% | 4 | 0.18% | 312 | 13.70% | 2,277 |
| Fairfax City | 5,576 | 61.27% | 3,430 | 37.69% | 49 | 0.54% | 46 | 0.51% | 2,146 | 23.58% | 9,101 |
| Falls Church City | 2,470 | 49.51% | 2,484 | 49.79% | 17 | 0.34% | 18 | 0.36% | -14 | -0.28% | 4,989 |
| Franklin City | 1,557 | 48.50% | 1,630 | 50.78% | 12 | 0.37% | 11 | 0.34% | -73 | -2.27% | 3,210 |
| Fredericksburg City | 3,401 | 55.26% | 2,683 | 43.60% | 40 | 0.65% | 30 | 0.49% | 718 | 11.67% | 6,154 |
| Galax City | 1,278 | 58.09% | 907 | 41.23% | 8 | 0.36% | 7 | 0.32% | 371 | 16.86% | 2,200 |
| Hampton City | 24,034 | 54.85% | 19,106 | 43.60% | 527 | 1.20% | 151 | 0.34% | 4,928 | 11.25% | 43,818 |
| Harrisonburg City | 5,376 | 64.86% | 2,799 | 33.77% | 84 | 1.01% | 29 | 0.35% | 2,577 | 31.09% | 8,288 |
| Hopewell City | 4,672 | 63.48% | 2,566 | 34.86% | 93 | 1.26% | 29 | 0.39% | 2,106 | 28.61% | 7,360 |
| Lexington City | 994 | 49.11% | 997 | 49.26% | 21 | 1.04% | 12 | 0.59% | -3 | -0.15% | 2,024 |
| Lynchburg City | 15,323 | 64.04% | 8,279 | 34.60% | 243 | 1.02% | 81 | 0.34% | 7,044 | 29.44% | 23,926 |
| Manassas City | 5,980 | 68.59% | 2,658 | 30.49% | 55 | 0.63% | 26 | 0.30% | 3,322 | 38.10% | 8,719 |
| Manassas Park City | 993 | 68.67% | 434 | 30.01% | 9 | 0.62% | 10 | 0.69% | 559 | 38.66% | 1,446 |
| Martinsville City | 3,360 | 53.64% | 2,794 | 44.60% | 86 | 1.37% | 24 | 0.38% | 566 | 9.04% | 6,264 |
| Newport News City | 32,570 | 59.88% | 21,413 | 39.37% | 287 | 0.53% | 125 | 0.23% | 11,157 | 20.51% | 54,395 |
| Norfolk City | 30,538 | 44.33% | 37,778 | 54.84% | 347 | 0.50% | 228 | 0.33% | -7,240 | -10.51% | 68,891 |
| Norton City | 608 | 42.73% | 795 | 55.87% | 15 | 1.05% | 5 | 0.35% | -187 | -13.14% | 1,423 |
| Petersburg City | 4,231 | 33.60% | 8,177 | 64.94% | 131 | 1.04% | 52 | 0.41% | -3,946 | -31.34% | 12,591 |
| Poquoson City | 3,840 | 80.83% | 877 | 18.46% | 18 | 0.38% | 16 | 0.34% | 2,963 | 62.37% | 4,751 |
| Portsmouth City | 16,087 | 44.61% | 19,698 | 54.63% | 166 | 0.46% | 108 | 0.30% | -3,611 | -10.01% | 36,059 |
| Radford City | 2,481 | 56.84% | 1,855 | 42.50% | 21 | 0.48% | 8 | 0.18% | 626 | 14.34% | 4,365 |
| Richmond City | 31,586 | 42.26% | 42,155 | 56.41% | 639 | 0.86% | 356 | 0.48% | -10,569 | -14.14% | 74,736 |
| Roanoke City | 15,389 | 46.90% | 17,185 | 52.37% | 132 | 0.40% | 107 | 0.33% | -1,796 | -5.47% | 32,813 |
| Salem City | 5,694 | 59.77% | 3,760 | 39.47% | 40 | 0.42% | 33 | 0.35% | 1,934 | 20.30% | 9,527 |
| South Boston City | 1,694 | 64.05% | 936 | 35.39% | 11 | 0.42% | 4 | 0.15% | 758 | 28.66% | 2,645 |
| Staunton City | 5,775 | 69.29% | 2,457 | 29.48% | 87 | 1.04% | 15 | 0.18% | 3,318 | 39.81% | 8,334 |
| Suffolk City | 9,742 | 54.27% | 8,080 | 45.01% | 79 | 0.44% | 49 | 0.27% | 1,662 | 9.26% | 17,950 |
| Virginia Beach City | 76,481 | 68.89% | 33,780 | 30.43% | 397 | 0.36% | 360 | 0.32% | 42,701 | 38.46% | 111,018 |
| Waynesboro City | 4,672 | 68.72% | 2,038 | 29.97% | 67 | 0.99% | 22 | 0.32% | 2,634 | 38.74% | 6,799 |
| Williamsburg City | 1,648 | 50.91% | 1,534 | 47.39% | 26 | 0.80% | 29 | 0.90% | 114 | 3.52% | 3,237 |
| Winchester City | 4,497 | 65.53% | 2,300 | 33.52% | 25 | 0.36% | 40 | 0.58% | 2,197 | 32.02% | 6,862 |
| Totals | 1,309,162 | 59.74% | 859,799 | 39.23% | 14,312 | 0.65% | 8,336 | 0.38% | 449,363 | 20.50% | 2,191,609 |
Counties and independent cities that flipped from Republican to Democratic
See also
References
- ↑ Priest, Dana (October 1, 1989). "COAL STRIKE STUBBORNLY PASSES 6-MONTH MARK IN VA". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved November 30, 2020.
- ↑ Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review; June 29, 2016
- ↑ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 235-236.
- ↑ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 237.
- ↑ Black & Black 1992, p. 263-266.
- ↑ Black & Black 1992, p. 288.
- ↑ Black & Black 1992, p. 295.
- ↑ Black & Black 1992, p. 335.
- ↑ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991, p. 239.
- ↑ Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives. "Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 8, 1988" (PDF). U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 50.
- 1 2 "VA US President Race, November 08, 1988". Our Campaigns.
Works cited
- Black, Earl; Black, Merle (1992). The Vital South: How Presidents Are Elected. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674941306.
- Moreland, Laurence; Steed, Robert; Baker, Tod, eds. (1991). The 1988 Presidential Election in the South: Continuity Amidst Change in Southern Party Politics. Praeger Publishers. ISBN 0275931455.
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