Whips have managed business and maintained party discipline for Australia's federal political parties in the House of Representatives since Federation. The term has origins in the British parliamentary system. As the number of members of parliament and amount of business before the House has increased, so too has the number of whips. The three parties represented in the first Parliament each appointed one whip. Each of today's three main parties appoint a chief whip, while the Australian Labor Party and Liberals each have an additional two whips and the Nationals have one additional whip. Until 1994, a party's more senior whip held the title "Whip", while the more junior whip was styled "Deputy Whip". In 1994, those titles became "Chief Whip" and "Whip", respectively. The current Chief Government Whip in the House of Representatives is Joanne Ryan of the Australian Labor Party, in office since 31 May 2022.[1] The current Chief Opposition Whip in the House of Representatives is Bert van Manen of the Liberal Party.

While many whips have gone on to serve as ministers, only three have gone on to lead their parties: Labor's Frank Tudor, the Country Party's Earle Page, and the National Party's Mark Vaile. Page is the only one of them to have served as prime minister (albeit for only a short time), and Vaile is the only one to have served as deputy prime minister. Tudor, less auspiciously, was the only of them to serve as leader of the opposition.

Page was also one of four people to serve as whip while representing Cowper, the others being Francis Clarke (Protectionist), John Thomson (Commonwealth Liberal and Nationalist), and Gerry Nehl. As of August 2013, one other constituency has the same distinction: Griffith, represented by William Conelan, William Coutts, Don Cameron, and Ben Humphreys—all of them Labor except Cameron. Oddly, the last three served in the seat consecutively.

Australian Labor Party

Frank Tudor, Labor's 1st whip and its 6th leader.
James Fenton, Labor Whip 1921–1828, was a minister in the Scullin government, serving for a time as Acting Prime Minister. He later left Labor and joined the UAP, serving as Postmaster General at the creation of the ABC.
Les Johnson, Labor Whip 1977–1983, later served as Deputy Speaker and as High Commissioner in New Zealand.
WhipDate Deputy WhipDate Leader
Frank Tudor
(Yarra)		12 June 1901[2][3] Chris Watson
Andrew Fisher
David Watkins
(Newcastle)		12 November 1908[4]
Frank Tudor
Jim Page
(Maranoa)		8 July 1913[5]
James Fenton
(Maribyrnong)		3 June 1921[a 1]
Matthew Charlton
James Scullin
Edward Charles Riley
(Cook)		22 October 1929[8]
George Lawson
(Brisbane)		22 October 1934[9]
John Curtin
William Conelan
(Griffith)		6 October 1941[10]
Tom Sheehan
(Cook)		20 September 1943[11]
Ben Chifley
Arthur Fuller
(Hume)		31 October 1946[12]
Fred Daly
(Grayndler)		21 February 1950[13]
H. V. Evatt
Gil Duthie
(Wilmot)		13 February 1956[14]
Arthur Calwell
Wilfred Coutts
(Griffith)		c. 1963[a 2]
Bert James
(Hunter)		8 February 1967[21][22] Gough Whitlam
Brendan Hansen
(Wide Bay)		18 December 1972[23] Martin Nicholls
(Bonython)		18 December 1972[23]
Martin Nicholls
(Bonython)		10 June 1974[a 3] Bert James
(Hunter)		10 June 1974[a 3]
Les Johnson[a 4]
(Hughes)		9 March 1977[26]
Bill Hayden
Keith Johnson
(Burke)		2 February 1978[27]
Ben Humphreys
(Griffith)		8 November 1980[a 5]
Ben Humphreys
(Griffith)		10 March 1983[30] Barry Cunningham
(McMillan)		10 March 1983[30] Bob Hawke
Barry Cunningham
(McMillan)		14 September 1987[31] Tony Lamb
(La Trobe)		14 September 1987[32]
George Gear
(Canning)		8 May 1990[33] Ted Grace
(Fowler)		8 May 1990[34]
Paul Keating
Leo McLeay[a 6]
(Watson)		24 March 1993[35]

The position of Government Chief Whip was created on 12 May 1994. The one Deputy Government Whip was replaced by two Government Whips.[36]

Chief WhipDate WhipDate WhipDate Leader
Leo McLeay[a 6]
(Watson)		12 May 1994[36] Ted Grace
(Fowler)		12 May 1994[36] Rod Sawford
(Port Adelaide)		12 May 1994[37] Paul Keating
Kim Beazley
Bob Sercombe
(Maribyrnong)		20 October 1998[38]
Janice Crosio
(Prospect)		22 November 2001[39] Michael Danby
(Melbourne Ports)		22 November 2001[40] Harry Quick
(Franklin)		22 November 2001[41] Simon Crean
Mark Latham
Roger Price
(Chifley)		22 October 2004[42] Jill Hall
(Shortland)		22 October 2004[43][44]
Kim Beazley
Kevin Rudd
Chris Hayes
(Fowler)		3 December 2007[45][46]
Julia Gillard
Joel Fitzgibbon
(Hunter)		27 September 2010[47][48]
Ed Husic
(Chifley)		5 July 2011[49][50]
Janelle Saffin
(Page)		27 November 2012[51][52]
Chris Hayes
(Fowler)		14 May 2013[45][46] Graham Perrett
(Moreton)		14 May 2013[53][54] Rob Mitchell
(McEwen)		14 May 2013[55][56]
Kevin Rudd
Jill Hall
(Shortland)		14 October 2013[43][44] Joanne Ryan
(Lalor)		16 October 2013[57] Bill Shorten
Graham Perrett
(Moreton)		30 August 2016[53]
Anne Stanley
(Werriwa)		2 July 2019 Anthony Albanese
Joanne Ryan
(Lalor)		31 May 2022 David Smith
(Bean)		31 May 2022
Notes
  1. ↑ Fenton became acting Whip at Page's death.[6] The arrangement was made permanent on 29 September that year.[7]
  2. ↑ Gil Duthie, the Labor Whip, noted in a debate in November 1968 that the position of Deputy Whip had been created in the Labor party at his request "four or five" years before his speech.[15] That puts the post's creation in the 24th Parliament, which sat from 20 February 1962 to 30 October 1963, or the 25th Parliament, which sat from 25 February 1963 to 28 October 1966. In a debate in 1963, Duthie referred to Coutts as the "Deputy Whip", though it is unclear whether the title had yet been formalised.[16] Coutts participated as a teller, a key duty of a whip, in all divisions in 1962,[17] 1963,[18] and 1964 where Labor and the Coalition were on opposite sides except two in May 1964 and the ones during and immediately before a trip on parliamentary business[19] as part of Australia's delegation to the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association.[20]
  3. 1 2 Nicholls and James were the Whip and Deputy Whip, respectively for the 29th Parliament.[24] Caucus elections were held on 10 June 1974.[25]
  4. ↑ Later Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives.
  5. ↑ Humphreys was the Deputy Whip beginning with the 32nd Parliament,[28] and caucus elections were held on 8 November 1980.[29]
  6. 1 2 Previously Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives

Coalition

Liberal Party of Australia

Allan Guy, the Liberals' 1st whip, lost his seat to Gil Duthie, eventually a Labor whip.
Hubert "Oppy" Opperman, whip 1955–60, was a world-famous cyclist, and later a Cabinet minister.
Bern van Manen, Chief Government Whip since 2 July 2019.


WhipDate Deputy WhipDate Leader
Allan Guy
(Wilmot)		21 February 1945[l 1] Robert Menzies
Allan McDonald
(Corangamite)		8 November 1946[61]
Jo Gullett
(Henty)		16 February 1950[62]
Reginald Swartz
(Darling Downs)		c. Sept 1950[63]
Hubert Opperman
(Corio)		20 August 1952[64]
Hubert Opperman
(Corio)		15 December 1955[65] Henry Pearce
(Capricornia)		Unknown[l 2]
Henry Pearce
(Capricornia)		5 February 1960[66] William Aston[l 3]
(Phillip)		10 March 1960[67]
Fred Chaney, Sr.
(Perth)		23 January 1962[68] Peter Howson
(Fawkner)		23 February 1962[69]
Peter Howson
(Fawkner)		22 December 1963[70] William Aston[l 3]
(Phillip)		22 December 1963[70]
William Aston[l 3]
(Phillip)		10 June 1964[71] Bert Kelly
(Wakefield)		c. August 1964[l 4]
Harold Holt
Dudley Erwin
(Ballarat)		21 February 1967[73] James Killen
(Moreton)		21 February 1967[73]
Kevin Cairns
(Lilley)		23 August 1967[74]
John Gorton
Max Fox
(Henty)		12 February 1969[75]
Geoffrey Giles
(Angas)		24 November 1969[76]
William McMahon
Billy Snedden
Victor Garland
(Curtin)		14 June 1974[77] Don Cameron
(Griffith)		14 June 1974[78]
Malcolm Fraser
John Bourchier
(Bendigo)		26 March 1975[79]
John Hodges
(Petrie)		16 March 1978[80][81]
Ross McLean
(Perth)		May 1982[82]
Don Dobie
(Cook)		16 March 1983[83] Ewen Cameron
(Indi)		16 March 1983[84] Andrew Peacock
Ewen Cameron
(Indi)		9 September 1985[84] Neil Andrew[l 3]
(Wakefield)		9 September 1985[85] John Howard
Michael MacKellar
(Warringah)		12 May 1989[86] David Hawker[l 3]
(Wannon)		12 May 1989[87] Andrew Peacock
Bob Halverson[l 3]
(Casey)		11 April 1990[88] Neil Andrew[l 3]
(Wakefield)		11 April 1990[85] John Hewson
Rod Atkinson
(Isaacs)		7 April 1993[89] Paul Filing
(Moore)		7 April 1993[90]
Chief WhipDate WhipDate WhipDate Leader
Bob Halverson[l 3][l 5]
(Casey)		26 May 1994[88] David Hawker[l 5]
(Wannon)		26 May 1994[87] John Bradford
(McPherson)		2 June 1994[91] Alexander Downer
Kathy Sullivan[l 6]
(Moncrieff)		20 October 1994[92]
John Howard
Alan Cadman
(Mitchell)		11 March 1996[93] Stewart McArthur
(Corangamite)		11 March 1996[94] Trish Worth
(Adelaide)		11 March 1996[95]
Neil Andrew[l 3]
(Wakefield)		11 July 1997[85] Peter Slipper[l 3]
(Fisher)		11 July 1997[96]
Michael Ronaldson
(Ballarat)		18 October 1998[97] Kay Elson
(Forde)		18 October 1998[98]
Jim Lloyd
(Robertson)		23 November 2001[99] Joanna Gash
(Gilmore)		23 November 2001[100]
Kerry Bartlett
(Macquarie)		18 July 2004[101]
Alex Somlyay
(Fairfax)		12 February 2008[102] Nola Marino
(Forrest)		12 February 2008[103][104] Michael Johnson
(Ryan)		12 February 2008[105] Brendan Nelson
Malcolm Turnbull
Tony Abbott
Patrick Secker
(Barker)		26 February 2010[106]
Warren Entsch
(Leichhardt)		14 September 2010[107]
Philip Ruddock
(Berowra)		18 September 2013[108] Scott Buchholz
(Wright)		18 September 2013[109]
Scott Buchholz
(Wright)		13 February 2015[109] Andrew Nikolic
(Bass)		13 February 2015[110]
Nola Marino
(Forrest)		 12 October 2015[103] Ewen Jones
(Herbert)		 12 October 2015[111] Brett Whiteley
(Braddon)		 12 October 2015[112] Malcolm Turnbull
Bert van Manen
(Forde)		 30 August 2016[113] Rowan Ramsey
(Grey)		 30 August 2016[114]
Scott Morrison
Bert van Manen
(Forde)		 28 May 2019[115] Nicolle Flint
(Boothby)		 28 May 2019[115]
Melissa Lee Price
(Durack)		 26 July 2022 Peter Dutton
Notes
  1. ↑ Allan Guy was appointed whip of the United Australia Party on 12 February 1941[58] He continued as whip of the new Liberal Party from the founding of the parliamentary party,[59] announced by Robert Menzies on 21 February 1945.[60]
  2. ↑ While the date is uncertain, it is clear that Pearce was Deputy Whip at the time of his promotion to Whip.[66]
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Later Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives
  4. ↑ Parliament adjourned on 20 May 1964 and returned on 11 August. On 10 June,[71] the Whip, Peter Howson, was promoted to Minister for Air, and his deputy, William Aston, was promoted to replace him. Kelly then replaced Aston as Deputy Whip. A National Archives of Australia document records his service as 1 August 1964 to 28 February 1967.[72] Unfortunately, those documents use the first or last day of a month for the date a term began or ended, respectively, when the exact day is unknown. This can be seen, for example, with Kelly's end date of 28 February 1967, when the actual date was in fact 21 February.[73] It is likely therefore that Kelly's appointment happened somewhere from 1 to 11 August 1964. It is also possible that he was appointed Deputy Whip as early as 10 June and that the document is based on paperwork filed when the House of Representatives convened in August.
  5. 1 2 Halverson and Hawker were appointed Liberal Whip and Deputy Whip, respectively, on 26 May 1994, but took the new titles of Chief Whip and Whip a week later, on 2 June.[88][87]
  6. ↑ As Kathy Martin, Sullivan served as the Liberal deputy whip in the Senate from 1975 to 1977.[92]

Country Party/National Party of Australia

Dr Earle Page was the Country Party's first whip and second leader. He served as Treasurer and, briefly, Prime Minister.
Mark Vaile, whip 1996–97, was later leader of the National Party and Deputy Prime Minister.
WhipDate Deputy WhipDate Leader
Earle Page[n 1]
(Cowper)		25 February 1920[116] William McWilliams
William Gibson
(Corangamite)		5 April 1921[117] Earle Page
Percy Stewart
(Wimmera)		16 January 1923[118]
John Prowse[n 2]
(Forrest)		9 February 1923[119]
James Hunter
(Maranoa)		8 August 1924[120]
Victor Thompson
(New England)		14 November 1934[121]
Horace Nock
(Riverina)		30 November 1937[122]
Archie Cameron
Bernard Corser
(Wide Bay)		16 April 1940[123]
Arthur Fadden
Charles Davidson
(Dawson)		21 February 1950[13]
Winton Turnbull
(Mallee)		14 February 1956[124]
John McEwen
Doug Anthony
John England
(Calare)		10 October 1972[125]
James Corbett
(Maranoa)		c. 17 February 1976[126] Peter Fisher
(Mallee)		c. 17 February 1976[127]
Peter Fisher
(Mallee)		28 August 1980[127]
Noel Hicks
(Riverina, Riverina-Darling)		21 April 1983[128]
Ian Sinclair
Garry Nehl[n 2]
(Cowper)		12 May 1989[129] Charles Blunt
Tim Fischer
Chief WhipDate WhipDate Leader
Noel Hicks
(Riverina)		21 April 1983[128] Garry Nehl
(Cowper)		12 May 1989[129] Tim Fischer
Mark Vaile[n 3]
(Lyne)		29 April 1996[130]
Larry Anthony
(Richmond)		21 October 1997[131]
John Forrest
(Mallee)		10 November 1998[132] Paul Neville
(Hinkler)		23 October 1998[133]
John Anderson
Mark Vaile
Kay Hull
(Riverina)		14 August 2006[134]
Warren Truss
Mark Coulton
(Parkes)		14 September 2010[135][136]
George Christensen
(Dawson)		17 October 2013[137]
Barnaby Joyce
George Christensen
(Dawson)		30 August 2016[137] Michelle Landry
(Capricornia)		30 August 2016[138]
Damian Drum
(Murray)		1 March 2017[139]
Michelle Landry
(Capricornia)		8 February 2018[140] Kevin Hogan
(Page)		8 February 2018[140]
Michael McCormack
Llew O'Brien
(Wide Bay)		26 March 2018[141]
Damian Drum
(Murray)		10 September 2018[142] Ken O'Dowd
(Murray)		10 September 2018[142]
Mark Coulton
Parkes		 26 July 2022 Sam Birrell
Nicholls		 26 July 2022 David Littleproud
Notes
  1. ↑ Later Leader of the Country Party (1922–39) and Prime Minister of Australia (1939).
  2. 1 2 Later Later Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives.
  3. ↑ Later Leader of the Country Party and Deputy Prime Minister (2005–07)

Defunct parties

Free Trade/Anti-Socialist Party

Austin Chapman (Protectionist) was Australia's first government whip, and later served under Alfred Deakin in various capacities.
WhipDate Leader
Sydney Smith
(Macquarie)		10 May 1901[143] George Reid
William Wilks
(Dalley)		3 September 1904[144][d 1]
Willie Kelly
(Wentworth)		20 February 1907[149]
Joseph Cook

Protectionist Party

WhipDate Leader
Austin Chapman
(Eden-Monaro)		17 May 1901[150] Edmund Barton
Francis Clarke
(Cowper)		29 September 1903[151] Alfred Deakin
James Hume Cook
(Bourke)		1 March 1904[152]

Commonwealth Liberal Party

Elliot Johnson (Liberal) was the first whip later elected Speaker of the House of Representatives.
WhipDate WhipDate Leader
James Hume Cook
(Bourke)		21 June 1909[153] Alfred Deakin
Elliot Johnson[d 2]
(Lang)		by 1 July 1910[154]
Walter Massy Greene
(Richmond)		10 July 1913[155] John Thomson
(Cowper)		10 July 1913[155]
Joseph Cook

National Labor

WhipDate Leader
Reginald Burchell
(Fremantle)		14 November 1916[156] Billy Hughes

Nationalist Party of Australia

WhipDate WhipDate Leader
Walter Massy Greene
(Richmond)		13 June 1917[165] John Thomson
(Cowper)		13 June 1917[165] Billy Hughes
John Thomson
(Cowper)		William Story
(Boothby)		c. 25 April 1918[d 3]
William Story
(Boothby)		3 February 1920[170] Reginald Burchell
(Fremantle)		3 February 1920[170][171]
Charles Marr
(Parkes)		c. 21 October 1921[172]
Charles Marr
(Parkes)		9 February 1923[119] Stanley Bruce
Arthur Manning
(Macquarie)		6 September 1927[173]
John Perkins
(Eden-Monaro)		27 January 1929[174]
James Bayley[d 4]
(Oxley)		19 November 1929[175] John Latham

United Australia Party

WhipDate WhipDate Leader
James Bayley[d 4]
(Oxley)		8 May 1931[176][177] John Price
(Boothby)		8 May 1931[176] Joseph Lyons
Sydney Gardner
(Robertson)		10 February 1932[178]
Robert Menzies
John Price
(Boothby)		19 November 1940[179]
Allan Guy
(Wilmot)		12 February 1941[58]
Billy Hughes
Robert Menzies

Lang Labor

New South Wales Premier and Labor Party Leader Jack Lang's adherents in the Federal Parliament crossed the floor in 1931 to defeat Labor Prime Minister James Scullin, precipitating the 1931 election. Following the election, Lang's NSW Labor Party expelled members who, being loyal to the federal party, had stood against official NSW Labor candidates. The federal party then expelled Lang and his supporters. Lang's four supporters formed their own parliamentary party, with Jack Beasley (who had led the faction within the Labor Party) as leader. The party expanded to nine following the 1934 election and at their pre-sessional meeting in October re-elected Beasley and elected a deputy leader and whip. Following Scullin's resignation as Labor leader in late 1935, the Lang and Official Labor began negotiating a resolution to the split, and the two parties formally adopted an agreement under which the NSW Labor Party was absorbed back into the federal party on 25 February 1936.[180]

WhipDate Leader
Joe Gander24 October 1934[181][182] Jack Beasley
Notes
  1. ↑ Identically worded news stories appeared in newspapers in July 1905 following the fall of the Reid government that suggested Sydney Smith would resume the position.[145] Wilks, however, continued as whip.[146][147][148] These reports may have been simple misreporting, or the appointment of Smith may have been due to Wilks's intention at that point to nominate for Deputy Speaker; Wilks, in the end, did not put himself forward. Smith may have been a placeholder due to the unlikelihood of Wilks's success given the state of the parties, or Wilks may have been given back the role of whip when he chose not to stand for Deputy Speaker.
  2. ↑ Later Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives
  3. ↑ Story acted as a teller for all divisions bar two from 25 April to end of the Parliament[168][169] and was senior whip in the succeeding Parliament (following Thomson's defeat), therefore he was almost certainly junior whip following Massy Greene's appointment as a minister.
  4. 1 2 Later Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives.

References

  1. ↑ "Ms Joanne Ryan MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 11 June 2022.
  2. ↑ Janet McCalman. "Francis Gwynne (Frank) Tudor (1866–1922)". Tudor, Francis Gwynne (Frank) (1866–1922). National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 8 August 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ "Commonwealth Labor Party". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 June 1901. p. 7. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  4. ↑ "New Federal Ministry: Allocation of Portfolios". Riverine Herald. Echuca, Vic. 13 November 1908. p. 2. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  5. ↑ "Labor Party Elects Officers". Barrier Miner. Broken Hill, NSW. 9 July 1913. p. 4. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  6. ↑ "Maranoa Vacancy". The Sydney Morning Herald. 13 June 1921. p. 9. Retrieved 7 August 2013. No action has yet been taken to fill the position of Opposition Whip, so ably filled by Mr. Page. For the present, the Deputy Whip, Mr. Fenton, will act.
  7. ↑ "Personal: Vice-Regal". The Sydney Morning Herald. 30 September 1921. p. 8. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  8. ↑ "The Scullin Ministry". The Canberra Times. 23 October 1929. p. 1. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  9. ↑ "Federal Session: The Speakership – Colonel Bell to be Nominated". The Sydney Morning Herald. 23 October 1934. p. 12. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  10. ↑ "Party Offices: Senator Clothier Appointed Whip". The West Australian. 7 October 1941. p. 5. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  11. ↑ "Federal Cabinet: One Change by Caucus". The West Australian. 21 September 1943. p. 2. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  12. ↑ "New Fed. Cabinet: Chiffley Leader, Evatt Deputy". The Central Queensland Herald. Rockhampton. 7 November 1946. p. 3. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  13. 1 2 "Parliamentary Parties Appoint Former Leaders". The Canberra Times. 22 February 1950. p. 4. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  14. ↑ "Labor Pins Faith in Dr. Evatt". The Argus. Melbourne. 14 February 1956. p. 1. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  15. ↑ Gil Duthie, Opposition Whip (21 November 1968). "Parliamentary Allowances Bill 1968 – Second Reading". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. p. 3112.
  16. ↑ Gil Duthie, Opposition Whip (26 September 1963). "Parliament House". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. p. 1422.
  17. ↑ "Hansard search result for divisions in 1962". Parlinfo. Australian Parliamentary Library. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  18. ↑ "Hansard search result for divisions in 1963". Parlinfo. Australian Parliamentary Library. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  19. ↑ "Leave of Absence". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. 23 September 1964. p. 1411.
  20. ↑ "Commonwealth common market mooted". The Canberra Times. 19 November 1964. p. 7. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
  21. ↑ Gough Whitlam, Leader of the Opposition (21 February 1967). "Appointment of Opposition Whip". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. p. 37.
  22. ↑ Jonathan Gaul (8 February 1967). "Whitlam to be chosen, factions say". The Canberra Times. p. 3. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
  23. 1 2 "Portfolios announced". The Canberra Times. 12 December 1972. p. 14. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  24. ↑ Gough Whitlam, Leader of the Opposition (9 July 1974). "Ministerial Arrangements". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. p. 16.
  25. ↑ "Cairns to bid for more say". The Age. 11 June 1974. p. 1. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  26. ↑ "New Labor Whip". The Canberra Times. 10 March 1977. p. 12. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  27. ↑ "Change in shadow ministry". The Sydney Morning Herald. 3 February 1978. p. 2. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  28. ↑ Bill Hayden, Leader of the Opposition (25 November 1980). "Leadership of the Opposition". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. p. 10.
  29. ↑ "Caucus vote reveals Hayden split with NSW". The Age. 10 November 1980. p. 1. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  30. 1 2 "Keating tops caucus ballot". The Age. 11 March 1983. p. 5. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  31. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Cunningham, Barry Thomas (1939–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  32. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Lamb, Antony (1939–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  33. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Gear, G." Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  34. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Grace, Edward Laurence (1931–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  35. ↑ Amanda Fazio, Chair of Committees (16 November 2004). "Tribute to the Honourable Leo McLeay". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). New South Wales: Legislative Council. p. 12855.
  36. 1 2 3 "Government Chief Whip". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. 12 May 1994. p. 834–839.
  37. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Sawford, Rodney Weston (1944–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  38. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Sercombe, Robert Charles Grant (1949–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  39. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Crosio, Janice Ann (1939–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  40. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Danby, Michael David (1955–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  41. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Quick, Harry". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  42. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Price, Roger (1945–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  43. 1 2 "Ms Jill Hall MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  44. 1 2 Australian Parliamentary Library. "Hall, Jill Griffiths (1949–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  45. 1 2 "Chris Hayes MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  46. 1 2 Australian Parliamentary Library. "Hayes, Christopher Patrick (1955–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  47. ↑ "The Hon Joel Fitzgibbon MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  48. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Fitzgibbon, Joel Andrew, (the Hon) (1962–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  49. ↑ "The Hon Ed Husic MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  50. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Husic, Edham Nurredin (1970–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  51. ↑ "Ms Janelle Saffin MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  52. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Saffin, Janelle Anne (1954–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  53. 1 2 "Mr Graham Perrett MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  54. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Perrett, Graham Douglas (1966–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  55. ↑ "Mr Rob Mitchell MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  56. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Mitchell, Rob (1967–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 7 August 2013.
  57. ↑ "Ms Joanne Ryan MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  58. 1 2 "Mr. J. Allan Guy Appointed Government Whip". Examiner. Launceston, Tas. 13 February 1941. p. 1. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  59. ↑ Bennett, Scott. "Guy, James Allan (1890–1979)". James Allan Guy. National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. Retrieved 28 July 2013. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  60. ↑ Robert Menzies, Leader of the Opposition (21 February 1945). "Liberal Party of Australia". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia. p. 19.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  61. ↑ "Federal Politics – The Opposition: All Leaders Re-elected". The Western Australian. 9 November 1946. p. 15. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  62. ↑ "Under-Secretaries Named By Menzies". Sydney Morning Herald. 17 February 1950. p. 1. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  63. ↑ "Mr. Gullett Resigns as Govt. Whip". The Age. 26 September 1951. p. 1. Retrieved 28 July 2013. Mr. Gullett's successor as Liberal party Whip will likely be Mr. R. W. C. Swartz, member for Darling Downs, Queensland. Mr Swartz has acted as deputy Whip for the past 12 months. (N.B. The Prime Minister, Robert Menzies, convinced Gullett not to resign, despite the headline.)
  64. ↑ "About People". The Age. 21 August 1952. p. 2. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  65. ↑ "Mr. Opperman New Whip". The Canberra Times. 16 December 1955. p. 2. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  66. 1 2 "Mr. Opperman New Shipping Minister". The Age. 6 February 1960. p. 1. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  67. ↑ "Deputy Liberal Whip Chosen". The Canberra Times. 10 May 1960. p. 1. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  68. ↑ "Mr. Chaney Appointed Government Whip". The Age. 23 January 1962. p. 1. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  69. ↑ "Victorian Deputy Government Whip". The Age. 23 February 1962. p. 3. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  70. 1 2 "Sir Robert Names Vic. M.P. as New Whip". The Age. 23 December 1963. p. 1. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  71. 1 2 "P.M. Fills Vacancies in Cabinet Reshuffle: Anderson and Howson New Ministers". The Canberra Times. 11 June 1964. p. 1. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  72. ↑ "Person Details: Hon Charles Robert Kelly". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  73. 1 2 3 "Erwin chosen Government Whip". The Canberra Times. 22 February 2013. p. 3. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  74. ↑ "Assistant Government Whip". Prime Minister's Department. 23 August 1967.
  75. ↑ "Erwin to be new Minister for Air". The Age. 12 February 2013. p. 1. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  76. ↑ "Fox is new Govt. Whip". The Age. 25 November 1969. p. 3. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  77. ↑ "Person Details: Hon Sir Ransley Victor Garland KBE". National Archives of Australia. Retrieved 30 July 2013.
  78. ↑ "Cameron, Donald Milner (1940–)". Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  79. ↑ "Fraser's 6 new men". The Sydney Morning Herald. 27 March 1975. p. 1. Retrieved 28 July 2013.
  80. ↑ "MPs wrangle, so Fraser cracks a Whip". The Age. 17 March 1978. p. 3. Retrieved 28 July 2013. The Prime Minister, Mr. Fraser, yesterday dumped Mr. Don Cameron as deputy Government Whip. Mr. Fraser appointed another Queenslander, Mr. John Hodges, to replace Mr. Cameron.
  81. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Hodges, J. C." Trove. National Library of Australia.
  82. ↑ "Ministers at risk in some marginal seats". The Canberra Times. 4 February 1983. p. 7.
  83. ↑ "Peacock names shadow Cabinet (Sidebar: The outer shadow Ministry)". The Age. 17 March 1983. p. 6. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  84. 1 2 Australian Parliamentary Library. "Cameron, Ewen Colin (1930–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  85. 1 2 3 Australian Parliamentary Library. "Andrew, John Neil, (the Hon) (1944–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  86. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "MacKellar, M. J. R. (Michael John Randal) (1938–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  87. 1 2 3 Australian Parliamentary Library. "Hawker, David P. M." Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  88. 1 2 3 Australian Parliamentary Library. "Halverson, Robert George, OBE, (the Hon) (1937–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  89. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Atkinson, Rodney Alexander (1948–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  90. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Filing, Paul Anthony (1955–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  91. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Bradford, John Walter (1946–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  92. 1 2 Australian Parliamentary Library. "Sullivan, Kathryn Jean (1942–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 22 August 2013.
  93. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Cadman, Alan Glyndwr, (the Hon) (1937–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  94. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "McArthur, Fergus Stewart (1937–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  95. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Worth, Patricia Mary (1946–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  96. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Slipper, Peter Neil, (the Hon)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  97. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Ronaldson, Michael John Clyde, (the Hon) (1954–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  98. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Elson, Kay Selma (1947–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  99. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Lloyd, James Eric, (the Hon) (1954–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  100. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Gash, Joanna (1944–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  101. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Bartlett, Kerry". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  102. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Somlyay, A. M." Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  103. 1 2 "Ms Nola Marino MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  104. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Marino, Nola Bethwyn (1954–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  105. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Johnson, Michael Andrew (1970–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  106. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Secker, Patrick Damien (1956–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  107. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Entsch, Warren". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 1 August 2013.
  108. ↑ "Mr Philip Ruddock MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  109. 1 2 "Mr Scott Buchholz MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  110. ↑ "Mr Andrew Nikolic MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  111. ↑ "Mr Ewen Jones MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  112. ↑ "Mr Brett Whiteley MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  113. ↑ "Mr Bert van Manen MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  114. ↑ "Mr Rowan Ramsey MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  115. 1 2 David Crowe (28 May 2019). "'Wind at our backs': Morrison warns against complacency in party room meeting". Sydney Morning Herald.
  116. ↑ "The Country Party: Election of a Leader". The Western Australian. 25 February 1920. p. 5. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  117. ↑ "The Country Party: Dr. Earle Page Elected Leader". The Mercury. Hobart. 6 April 1921. p. 5. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  118. ↑ "The Country Party: Dr. Earle Page Re-Elected Leader". The Mercury. Hobart. 17 January 1923. p. 7. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  119. 1 2 "Federal Politics: The Bruce–Page Ministry". The Western Australian. 10 February 1923. p. 9. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  120. ↑ "The Vacant Portfolio Offered to Mr. W. C. Hill, Mr. Hunter as Junior Whip". Barrier Miner. Broken Hill, NSW. 8 August 1924. p. 1. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  121. ↑ "Wasting Time". The Canberra Times. 16 November 1934. p. 1. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  122. ↑ "Country Party: Mr. Prowse to be Nominated as Deputy Speaker". The Canberra Times. 1 December 1937. p. 3. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  123. ↑ "Mr. Corser C.P. Whip". The Argus. Melbourne. 17 April 1940. p. 9. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  124. ↑ "He'll be Speaker again". The Argus. Melbourne. 15 February 1956. p. 6. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  125. ↑ "Tributes to CP Whip". The Canberra Times. 29 September 1972. p. 10. Retrieved 10 August 2012.
  126. ↑ Doug Anthony, Leader of the National Country Party of Australia (17 February 1976). "Broadcasting and Television: Religious Programs". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. p. 12.
  127. 1 2 Australian Parliamentary Library. "Fisher, Peter Stanley (1936–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  128. 1 2 Australian Parliamentary Library. "Hicks, Noel Jeffrey (1940–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  129. 1 2 "The New Team". The Canberra Times. 13 May 1989. p. 1. Retrieved 9 August 2013.
  130. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Vaile, Mark Anthony James, (the Hon) (1956–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  131. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Anthony, Lawrence James, (the Hon) (1961–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  132. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Forrest, John Alexander (1949–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  133. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Neville, Paul Christopher". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  134. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Hull, Kay Elizabeth (1954–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  135. ↑ "Mr Mark Coulton MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  136. ↑ Australian Parliamentary Library. "Coulton, Mark Maclean (1958–)". Trove. National Library of Australia. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  137. 1 2 "Mr George Christensen MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  138. ↑ "Ms Michelle Landry MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  139. ↑ "Mr Damian Drum MP". Senators and Members of the Parliament of Australia. Retrieved 6 November 2021.
  140. 1 2 Barnaby Joyce, Leader of the Nationals (8 February 2018). "The Nationals". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). p. 771.
  141. ↑ Michael McCormack, Leader of the Nationals (26 March 2018). "The Nationals". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). p. 2662.
  142. 1 2 Michael McCormack, Leader of the Nationals (10 September 2018). "Ministerial Arrangements". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). p. 8376.
  143. ↑ "Opposition Caucus, Mr. Reid Leader, Mr. Smith Whip". Bathurst Free Press and Mining Journal. 11 May 1901. p. 2. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  144. ↑ "Federal Government Whip". The Maitland Daily Mercury. Maitland, NSW. 3 September 1904. p. 5. Retrieved 27 August 2013.
  145. ↑ "The Federal Oppositionists". The North Western Advocate and the Emu Bay Times. Devonport and Burnie, Tas. 2 August 1905. p. 2. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  146. ↑ H. B. Higgins, William Wilks (16 November 1905). "New Standing Order: Limitation of Debate". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). Commonwealth of Australia: House of Representatives. p. 5326.
  147. ↑ "Political Activity". Examiner. Launceston, Tas. 2 April 1906. p. 6. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  148. ↑ "Federal Politics: Gossip from the Lobbies". The Register. Adelaide. 16 February 1907. p. 8. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  149. ↑ "Notes in the Commonwealth Parliament". Port Pirie Recorder and North Western Mail. Port Pirie, SA. 21 February 1907. p. 2. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  150. ↑ "Government Whip". Singleton Argus. 18 May 1901. p. 4. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  151. ↑ "Federal Parliament". The Tenterfield Intercolonial Courier and Fairfield and Wallangarra Advocate. 2 October 1903. p. 3. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  152. ↑ "The Federal Parliament". The North Western Advocate and the Emu Bay Times. Devonport and Burnie, Tas. 2 March 1904. p. 2. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  153. ↑ "Federal Politics: The Government Policy". The West Australian. 22 June 1909. p. 5. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  154. ↑ "Federal Opposition: Deakin To Be Leader". The Sydney Morning Herald. 2 July 1910. p. 13. Retrieved 12 August 2013.
  155. 1 2 "Federal Topics: Liberal Whips Appointed". Queensland Times. 11 July 2013. p. 6. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  156. ↑ "The Federal Crisis: Definite Labor Split, a New Development, New Hughes Ministry". The Mercury. Hobart. 15 November 1916. p. 4. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  157. ↑ "Mr. W. Massy Greene For Lismore". The Sydney Stock and Station Journal. 27 April 1917. p. 4.
  158. ↑ "'Win the War' Party". Morning Bulletin. Rockhampton, Qld. 7 April 1917. p. 9. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  159. ↑ "The National Government: Agreement Reached". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 14 February 1917. p. 7. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
  160. ↑ "Federal Political Parties: Pre-Sessional Meetings". Gilgandra Weekly. Gilgandra, NSW. 15 June 1917. p. 11. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  161. ↑ "Federal Politics: Plot to Defeat the Ministry". Zeehan and Dundas Herald. Zeehan, Tas. 22 January 1918. p. 2. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  162. ↑ "Street Collision: Mrs. Thomson Injured". The Argus. Melbourne. 20 July 1917. p. 6. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  163. ↑ "Prime Minister Interviews Whip". Riverine Herald. Echuca, Vic. 29 December 1917. p. 2. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  164. ↑ "The Federal Situation: Position of the Ministry". The Mercury. Hobart. 3 June 1918. p. 5. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  165. 1 2 Massy Greene and Thomson were the whips of the Commonwealth Liberal Party when it entered a coalition with the Prime Minister Hughes's National Labor Party.[157][158] The coalition followed a schism months earlier when Hughes and his supporters were expelled from the Australian Labor Party, of which Hughes was until then the leader, over conscription of soldiers for the First World War. The Liberal whips acted as de facto government whips during the period between schism and the coalition agreement.[159] Hughes soon called an election in May 1917, at which the two parties formally merged and after which Massy Greene was reported in the press as continuing as Nationalists' whip in the new Parliament,[160] though he and Thomson were both government whips during that Parliament until Massy Greene was made an Honorary Minister in March 1918.[161][162][163][164]
  166. "New Ministers Sworn in". Northern Star. Lismore, NSW. 28 March 1918. p. 5. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  167. "Concerning People". The Register. Adelaide. 18 May 1918. p. 6. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  168. ↑ "Hansard search results for divisions in 1918". Parlinfo. Australian Parliamentary Library. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  169. ↑ "Hansard search results for divisions in 1919". Parlinfo. Australian Parliamentary Library. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  170. 1 2 "Federal Cabinet: Poynton and Wise Appointed, Mr. Burchell Whip". Daily Observer. Tamworth, NSW. 4 February 1920. p. 2. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  171. ↑ "Mr. R. J. Burchell". The Register. Adelaide. 4 February 1920. p. 2. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  172. ↑ "In the Public Eye". Recorder. Port Pirie, SA. 21 October 1921. p. 2. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  173. ↑ "Government Whip". Northern Star. Lismore, NSW. 7 September 1927. p. 5. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  174. ↑ "The Nationalist Whip". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 28 January 1929. p. 11. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  175. ↑ "Another Surprise: Resignation of Senator". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 20 November 1929. p. 21. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  176. 1 2 "United Party Officials: Mr. Price Assistant Whip". Advertiser and Register. Adelaide. 8 May 1931. p. 21. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  177. ↑ "Mr. MacKay Speaker: U.A.P. Nomination, Election Today". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 17 February 1932. p. 21. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  178. ↑ "Federal Cabinet: Whips Appointed". Cairns Post. 11 February 1932. p. 7. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  179. ↑ "Federal Speaker: Mr. W. M. Nairn Nominated, Defeats Mr. Francis in Ballot". Cairns Post. 20 November 1940. p. 4. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
  180. ↑ "Unity in Labor Party: Terms Accepted, Expulsions Removed". The Sydney Morning Herald. 26 February 1936. p. 13. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  181. ↑ "Lang Labor Party Officials". Advocate. Burnie, Tas. 25 October 1934. p. 8. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
  182. ↑ "Dr. Maloney 'Out of Bounds'". The Advertiser. Adelaide. 6 December 1935. p. 7. Retrieved 17 August 2013.
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