Wind power constitutes a small but growing proportion of New Zealand's electricity. As of December 2020, wind power accounts for 690 MW of installed capacity and over 5 percent of electricity generated in the country.[1]
New Zealand has abundant wind resources. The country is in the path of the Roaring Forties, strong and constant westerly winds, and the funneling effect of Cook Strait and the Manawatū Gorge increase the resource's potential. Over three-quarters (512 MW) of the country's wind generation is installed within a 150 km (93 mi) radius of Palmerston North, with some turbines in the area having a capacity factor of over 50 percent.[2]
Generation capacity and expansion
As of December 2020, New Zealand had an installed wind generation capacity of 690 MW. In the 2020 calendar year, wind power produced 2,282 GWh of electricity, 5.5 percent of the country's electricity generation that year.[1]
A further 2,500 MW of wind farms have received resource consent.[3]
The New Zealand Wind Energy Association predicts that wind could reach 20 percent of New Zealand's annual generation by 2035.[4]
Wind potential
New Zealand has outstanding wind resources, due to its position astride the Roaring Forties, resulting in nearly continuous strong westerly winds over many locations, unimpeded by other nearby landmasses at similar latitude.[5] One study found that using 1% of total available land for wind farms would produce approximately 100,000 gigawatt hours (GWh) per year.[6]
Coping with intermittency
Wind farms partner well with hydro plants on the same grid to create combined power plants, because hydro plants can be uprated with extra turbine units to provide highly dispatchable peak generating capacity above the average flows of their rivers, at lower cost than other peak power options.[7]
List of operating wind farms
Only wind turbines and farms over 5 MW generating capacity are listed. Individual demonstration and prototype wind turbines have been installed at Southbridge in Canterbury,[8] Gebbies Pass near Christchurch and Brooklyn in Wellington. Many small windmills serve as windpumps on New Zealand farms.
Meridian Energy also operates a 1 MW wind farm on Ross Island, Antarctica. It is not included in the above list as it does not contribute electricity to the New Zealand national electricity network.[17][18]
Proposed and under construction
| Name | Operator | Projected capacity (MW) |
Status | Comments | Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Awhitu | Awhitu Windfarms | 25 | Applied for Consent | 1 turbine constructed (private developer).
Genesis Energy originally obtained consent for a wind farm at Awhitu in 2005, but did not proceed with the project. In 2023 Genesis Energy is seeking resource consent for up to 19 wind turbines. |
37°16′S 174°40′E / 37.267°S 174.667°E |
| Blackmount | Southern Generation | 35 | Proposed[19] | ||
| Castle Hill Wind Farm | Genesis | 300 | Consented (expires 2031)[20] | 40°43′0″S 175°56′0″E / 40.71667°S 175.93333°E | |
| Harapaki | Meridian Energy | 176 | Under Construction | First electricity generated is expected to be produced in October 2023 and full production is expected to be achieved in September 2024. | 39°11′2″S 176°41′35″E / 39.18389°S 176.69306°E |
| Kaihiku | Pioneer Energy / Manawa Energy | 300 | Proposed[21][22] | 46°16′3.66″S 169°26′33.74″E / 46.2676833°S 169.4427056°E | |
| Kaimai | Kaimai Wind Farm | 101 | Applied for Consent[23] | ||
| Kaiwaikawe | Mercury Energy | 73 | Consented[24] | 35°52′8.6″S 173°43′50.85″E / 35.869056°S 173.7307917°E | |
| Kaiwera Downs (stage 2) | Mercury Energy | 185 | Consented | 46°14′29″S 169°3′21″E / 46.24139°S 169.05583°E | |
| Mahinerangi (stage 2) | Mercury Energy | 160 | Consented | 45°45′38″S 169°54′18″E / 45.76056°S 169.90500°E | |
| Mount Cass | MainPower | 93 | Consented | Construction to begin in 2024.[25]
In 2023 Marlborough Lines Limited (through its subsidiary Energy Marlborough) has purchased a 50% financial interest in the Mt Cass Wind Farm. |
43°4′30″S 172°50′15″E / 43.07500°S 172.83750°E |
| Mount Munro | Meridian Energy | 90 | Proposed | ||
| Project Huriwaka | Manawa Energy | 230 | Proposed[26] | 39°31′52.02″S 175°48′25.7″E / 39.5311167°S 175.807139°E | |
| Project Hurunui | Meridian Energy | 71 | Consented (expires 2023)[27] | 42°59′33″S 172°57′32″E / 42.992595°S 172.958794°E | |
| Puketoi | Mercury Energy | 310 | Consented (expires 2031)[28][29] | 40°32′23″S 176°3′23″E / 40.53972°S 176.05639°E | |
| Slopedown | Contact Energy | 330 | Proposed[30] | ||
| South Taranaki Offshore Wind | Bluefloat | 900 | Proposed[31] | ||
| Taumatatotara | Ventus Energy | 48.44 | Consented | Application for variation.[32] | 38°14′22.93″S 174°49′37.52″E / 38.2397028°S 174.8270889°E |
| Waikato Offshore Wind | Bluefloat | 1050–1400 | Proposed[33] | ||
| Wyndham | Contact Energy | 300 | Proposed[34] | ||
| Te Rere Hau (repowering) | NZ Windfarms | Consented | Remove the 97 two-blade, 47m-high turbines already there and replace them with 30 three-blade, 162m-high turbines. | 40°23′S 175°43′E / 40.383°S 175.717°E | |
| Aokautere Extension | NZ Windfarms | 45 | Proposed | Extend the Te Rere Hau wind farm footprint to the northwest, into the Ernslaw forestry block. If successful, would be able to install up to nine new wind turbines of 5MW each capacity. |
Abandoned
| Name | Operator | Projected capacity (MW) | Comments | Coordinates |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hauāuru mā raki | Contact Energy | 540 | Abandoned[35] | 37°34′4″S 174°48′18″E / 37.56778°S 174.80500°E |
| Project Hayes | Meridian Energy | 630 | Abandoned in January 2012 | 45°30′39″S 169°53′3″E / 45.51083°S 169.88417°E |
| Long Gully | Windflow Technology | 12.5 | Consents lapsed | 41°19′36″S 174°43′4″E / 41.32667°S 174.71778°E |
| Maungatua Wind Farm[36][37] | Windpower Maungatua | 25 | Abandoned[38] | |
| Motorimu Wind Farm[39] | Motorimu Wind Farm | 108 | Consents surrendered[40] | |
| Project Gumfields[41] | Meridian Energy | 99 | No consents, apparently abandoned | |
| Puketiro | RES NZ | 150 | No consents, apparently abandoned | 41°06′S 174°54′E / 41.100°S 174.900°E |
| Rototuna | Meridian Energy | 500 | No consents, abandoned[42] | 36°15′0″S 174°1′48″E / 36.25000°S 174.03000°E |
| Taharoa Wind Farm[43] | Taharoa C | 100 | Consents lapsed[44] | |
| Waitahora | Contact Energy | 177 | Consents lapsed, abandoned[45] | 40°21′44″S 176°10′24″E / 40.36222°S 176.17333°E |
See also
References
- 1 2 "Energy in New Zealand 2021". MBIE. August 2021. Retrieved 31 December 2021.
- ↑ Bradley, Grant Bradley, Grant (7 June 2011). "Wellington winds too windy for wind farm". The New Zealand Herald. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "New Zealand's wind farms". New Zealand Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
- ↑ "Wind Energy to be 20% of NZ Generation by 2035". New Zealand Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 5 June 2019.
- ↑ "New Zealand wind resource". New Zealand Wind Energy Association. 10 January 2008. Archived from the original on 10 January 2008. Retrieved 8 August 2008.
- ↑ "New Zealand's Wind Resource". New Zealand Wind Energy Association. Archived from the original on 20 March 2007. Retrieved 8 March 2008.
- ↑ "Hydroelectric Power" (PDF). United States Bureau of Reclamation. Retrieved 13 October 2008.
- ↑ New Zealand Wind Energy Association – Southbridge Wind Turbine Archived 4 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine
- ↑ "List of Generating Stations". New Zealand Electricity Authority. November 2010. Archived from the original on 24 July 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
- ↑ "Flat Hill". New Zealand Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
- ↑ MCleod, Hannah (1 September 2015). "New Bluff wind farm can power 2500 homes". stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 20 October 2017.
- ↑ "Mercury opens Kaiwera Downs wind farm near Gore". Stuff. 21 November 2023. Retrieved 21 November 2023.
- ↑ "Meridian's new windfarm open". Dominion-Post. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 14 August 2015.
- ↑ "Proposed Mt Stuart Windfarm Information". Clutha District Council. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
- ↑ Cook, Alexa (8 May 2021). "First stage of Mercury's Turitea Wind Farm to be switched on in October after year-long delay". Newshub. Retrieved 9 June 2021.
- ↑ "Wind power blows in to South Taranaki". Stuff. 17 November 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021.
- ↑ "Ross Island wind farm". New Zealand Wind Energy Association. Archived from the original on 17 November 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
- ↑ "McCully opens Antarctic wind farm". The New Zealand Herald. 16 January 2010. Retrieved 16 January 2010.
- ↑ Rachel Kelly (1 December 2022). "Southern Generation proposes to build a wind farm at Southland's Jericho Station". Stuff. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
- ↑ "Wind farm halves in size". Wairarapa Times-Age. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ↑ "Plan for large South Otago wind farm". Otago Daily Times. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ↑ "Proposal for South Otago wind farm unveiled". Stuff. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.
- ↑ Lawrence Gullery (28 September 2018). "Wind farm's towering turbines worry nearby Te Aroha residents". Stuff. Retrieved 17 June 2021.
- ↑ "THE KAIWAIKAWE WIND FARM". Mercury Energy. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
- ↑ "Lines companies unite to deliver South Island's largest wind farm". Mainpower. 2 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
- ↑ "Manawa gains rights to develop 230MW Central NI wind farm". New Zealand Herald. 2 May 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
- ↑ Rachel Young (18 April 2013). "31 wind turbines for Hurunui". Stuff. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ↑ Janine Rankin (5 June 2013). "Puketoi wind farm gets final go-ahead". Stuff. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ↑ Janine Rankin (18 March 2023). "Winding road to turbine sites provides lessons for next wind farm projects". Stuff. Retrieved 18 March 2023.
- ↑ Harding, Evan (8 November 2023). "Contact Energy to lodge $1b Southland wind farm consent application by year's end". Stuff. Retrieved 14 November 2023.
- ↑ "New Zealand's first offshore wind farm gets underway in Taranaki". Stuff. 2 November 2022. Retrieved 2 November 2022.
- ↑ "Wind farm proposed near Taharoa". Stuff. 2 April 2023. Retrieved 3 April 2023.
- ↑ "$6 billion-plus wind farm investment blowing Waikato's way". Stuff. 11 November 2022. Retrieved 11 November 2022.
- ↑ Rachael Kelly (12 May 2023). "Contact Energy plans to build a 50-turbine wind farm in Southland". Stuff. Retrieved 12 May 2023.
- ↑ "Windfarm backtrack has heavy cost". Stuff. 21 August 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ↑ "Mt Maungatua wind-farm proposal grows 25%". Otago Daily Times. 15 July 2008.
- ↑ 6 month report to 31 December 2008, NZ Windfarms Limited, 2 March 2009. Quote: "the WindPower Maungatua wind farm ... is now unlikely to proceed in the near future, if at all".
- ↑ "Wind farm development abandoned". Otago Daily Times. 29 August 2009.
- ↑ "Notice of Decision" (PDF). Joint Hearings Commissioners. Retrieved 14 February 2009.
- ↑ Miller, Grant (25 August 2009). "Wind farm idea off table as liquidators surrender consent". The Manawatu Standard.
- ↑ "Windfarm investigation blows on". Northern News. 9 October 2007. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
- ↑ "Kaipara settlement trust joins one billion tree scheme". 5 April 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ↑ NZPA (2 February 2006). "Three wind farms planned for Waikato". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 March 2011.
- ↑ "Taharoa". New Zealand Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 27 June 2021.
- ↑ McKay, Christine (31 August 2016). "Surprise at windfarm consent expiry". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
External links
- New Zealand Wind Energy Association
- "Carbon neutral wind energy can close off nuclear option" (PDF). New Zealand Wind Energy Association. 13 September 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 13 September 2008.
Media related to Wind power in New Zealand at Wikimedia Commons
