1923
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From top to bottom, left to right: The Great Kantō earthquake devastates Tokyo and Yokohama, killing over 100,000 and leveling much of the region; the Population exchange between Greece and Turkey under the Treaty of Lausanne forcibly relocates 1.5 million people, reshaping both nations’ demographics; Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic renders the German mark nearly worthless, causing widespread economic and social upheaval; the Occupation of the Ruhr by French and Belgian forces begins over World War I reparations, worsening political unrest and the economic crisis; the Beer Hall Putsch in Munich sees Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party fail to seize power, shaping Hitler’s future strategy; and the Second Italo-Senussi War ends with Italian consolidation of Libya, completing their colonial ambitions in North Africa.
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| Gregorian calendar | 1923 MCMXXIII |
|---|---|
| Ab urbe condita | 2676 |
| Armenian calendar | 1372 ԹՎ ՌՅՀԲ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6673 |
| Baháʼí calendar | 79–80 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1844–1845 |
| Bengali calendar | 1329–1330 |
| Berber calendar | 2873 |
| British Regnal year | 13 Geo. 5 – 14 Geo. 5 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2467 |
| Burmese calendar | 1285 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7431–7432 |
| Chinese calendar | 壬戌年 (Water Dog) 4620 or 4413 — to — 癸亥年 (Water Pig) 4621 or 4414 |
| Coptic calendar | 1639–1640 |
| Discordian calendar | 3089 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1915–1916 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5683–5684 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1979–1980 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1844–1845 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5023–5024 |
| Holocene calendar | 11923 |
| Igbo calendar | 923–924 |
| Iranian calendar | 1301–1302 |
| Islamic calendar | 1341–1342 |
| Japanese calendar | Taishō 12 (大正１２年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1853–1854 |
| Juche calendar | 12 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4256 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 12 民國12年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 455 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2465–2466 |
| Tibetan calendar | ཆུ་ཕོ་ཁྱི་ལོ་ (male Water-Dog) 2049 or 1668 or 896 — to — ཆུ་མོ་ཕག་ལོ་ (female Water-Boar) 2050 or 1669 or 897 |
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1923 (MCMXXIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1923rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 923rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 23rd year of the 20th century, and the 4th year of the 1920s decade. As of the start of 1923, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was relegated that February to use only by churches after Greece adopted the Gregorian calendar.
In Greece, this year contained only 352 days as 13 days were skipped to achieve the calendrical switch from Julian to Gregorian Calendar. It happened there that Wednesday, February 15 (Julian Calendar) was followed by Thursday, March 1 (Gregorian Calendar).[1]
Events
January–February
- January 5 – Lithuania begins the Klaipėda Revolt to annex the Klaipėda Region (Memel Territory).
- January 11 – Despite strong British protests, troops from France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr area, to force Germany to make reparation payments.
- January 17 (or 9) – First flight of the first rotorcraft, Juan de la Cierva's Cierva C.4 autogyro, in Spain. (It is first demonstrated to the military on January 31.)
- February 5 – Australian cricketer Bill Ponsford makes 429 runs to break the world record for the highest first-class cricket score for the first time in his third match at this level, at Melbourne Cricket Ground, giving the Victoria cricket team an innings total of 1,059.
- February 9 – Billy Hughes, having resigned as Prime Minister of Australia, after the Country Party refuses to govern in coalition with him as the leader of the Nationalist Party, is succeeded by Stanley Bruce. A Liberal–National Coalition will persist in the politics of Australia for at least 100 years.
March–April
- March 1 – Eskom, the largest electricity producer in Africa, is established in South Africa.
- March 3 – The first issue of TIME magazine is published.[2]
- March 6 – The Egyptian Feminist Union (Arabic: الاتحاد النسائي المصري), the first nationwide feminist movement in Egypt, is founded at the home of activist Huda Sha'arawi.[3][4][5]
- March 9 – Vladimir Lenin suffers his third stroke, which renders him bedridden and unable to speak; consequently he retires from his position as Chairman of the Soviet government.
- March 17 – Dobrolyot is formed as the first Soviet civil aviation service; it will become part of flag carrier Aeroflot.[6]
- March 28 – Regia Aeronautica, the air force of Fascist Italy, is founded.
- April 6 – The first Prefects Board in Southeast Asia is formed, in Victoria Institution, Federated Malay States.
- April 12 – The Kandersteg International Scout Centre comes into existence in Switzerland.
- April 19
- Hjalmar Branting leaves office as Prime Minister of Sweden, after the Swedish Riksdag has rejected a government proposal regarding unemployment benefits. Right-wing academic and jurist Ernst Trygger succeeds him.
- The Egyptian Constitution of 1923 is adopted, introducing a parliamentary system of democracy in the country.[7]
- April 23 – The Gdynia seaport is inaugurated, on the Polish Corridor.
- April 26 – Wedding of Prince Albert and Lady Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon: The future King George VI of the United Kingdom marries the future Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother in Westminster Abbey.[8]
- April 28 – The original Wembley Stadium in London, England, opens its doors to the public for the first time, staging the FA Cup Final between Bolton Wanderers and West Ham United.
May–June
- May 9
- Southeastern Michigan receives a record 15 centimetres (5.9 in) of snow, after temperatures plummeted from 17 °F (−8 °C) to 1 °F (−17 °C) between 1 and 6 pm on the previous day.[9]
- The premiere of Bertolt Brecht's play In the Jungle (Im Dickicht), at the Residenztheater in Munich, is interrupted by Nazi demonstrators.
- May 20 – British Prime Minister Bonar Law resigns, due to ill health.[10]
- May 23
- Stanley Baldwin is appointed British Prime Minister.
- Belgium's Sabena Airlines is created.
- May 24 – The Irish Civil War ends.
- May 26 – The first 24 Hours of Le Mans motor race is held, and is won by André Lagache and René Léonard.
- May 27 – The Ku Klux Klan in the United States defies a law requiring publication of its membership.
- June 9 – Bulgarian coup d'état of 1923: A military coup in Bulgaria ousts prime minister Aleksandar Stamboliyski (he is killed June 14).
- June 16 – The storming of Ayan in Siberia concludes the Yakut Revolt and the Russian Civil War.
- June 18 – Mount Etna erupts in Italy, making 60,000 homeless.
July–August
- July 10 – Large hailstones kill 23 people in Rostov, Soviet Union.
- July 13 – American explorer Roy Chapman Andrews discovers the first dinosaur eggs near Flaming Cliffs, Mongolia.
- July 24 – The Treaty of Lausanne (1923), settling the boundaries of the modern Republic of Turkey, is signed in Switzerland by Greece, Bulgaria and other countries that fought in the First World War, bringing an end to the Ottoman Empire after 624 years.
- July – Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic (Germany) sees the number of marks needed to purchase a single American dollar reach 353,000 – more than 200 times the amount needed at the start of the year.
- August 2 – Vice President Calvin Coolidge becomes the 30th president of the United States, upon the death of President Warren G. Harding in San Francisco.
- August 13
- The first major seagoing ship arrives at Gdynia, the newly constructed Polish seaport.
- Gustav Stresemann is named Chancellor of Germany, and founds a coalition government for the Weimar Republic, where hyperinflation means that more than 4,600,000 marks are now needed to buy a single American dollar.
- August 18 – The first British Track & Field championships for women are held in London.
- August 30 – Hurricane season begins, with a tropical storm northeast of the Turks and Caicos Islands.
- August 31 – The Italian navy occupies Corfu, in retaliation for the murder of an Italian officer. The League of Nations protests, and the occupation ends on September 30.
September–October
- September 1
- The Great Kantō earthquake devastates Tokyo and Yokohama, killing more than 100,000 people.[11]
- The Kantō Massacre begins and continues for several weeks. Ethnic Koreans are killed by lynch mobs based on rumors that Koreans are committing crimes and plotting to overthrow the government. The death toll (and even the occurrence of) the massacre is disputed, with figures ranging from a few dozen to over 6,000 deaths. Most of the deaths are of Korean people, although it is said that other ethnic minorities and even Japanese people with unusual dialects are also killed.[12][13][14]
- September 4 – The United States Navy's first home-built rigid airship USS Shenandoah (ZR-1) makes her first flight at Naval Air Station Lakehurst (New Jersey); she contains most of the world's extracted reserves of helium at this time.[15]
- September 6 – The Fukuda Village Incident occurs as a part of the larger Kantō Massacre. Nine Japanese people, including a pregnant woman and children, are killed based on false beliefs that they are ethnic Koreans.[16][17][18]
- September 7 – At the International Police Conference in Vienna, the International Criminal Police Commission (ICPC), better known as Interpol, is set up.
- September 8 – Honda Point disaster: Nine United States Navy destroyers run aground off the California coast.
- September 9 – Turkish head of state Mustafa Kemal Atatürk founds the Republican People's Party (CHP).
- September 10 – The Irish Free State joins the League of Nations.
- September 13 – Military coup in Spain: Miguel Primo de Rivera takes over, setting up a dictatorship. Trade unions are prohibited for 10 years.
- September 17 – 1923 Berkeley fire: A major fire in Berkeley, California, erupts, consuming some 640 structures, including 584 homes in the densely built neighborhoods north of the campus of the University of California.
- September 26 – In Bavaria, Gustav Ritter von Kahr takes dictatorial powers.
- September 29
- The first American Track & Field championships for women are held in New Jersey.
- The League of Nations Mandate for Palestine (1922) comes into effect, officially creating under British administration the protectorates of Palestine and the separate Emirate of Transjordan under Abdullah I. The French-administered Mandate for Syria and Lebanon also takes effect.
- September 30 – Küstrin Putsch: Outside Berlin, Major Ernst Buchrucker, a leader of the Black Reichswehr, attempts a putsch by seizing several forts.
- October 1 – The Johor–Singapore Causeway opens to public traffic.
- October 2 – Küstrin Putsch: After two days of siege, Major Buchrucker and his men surrender.
- October 6 – The Occupation of Constantinople ends when the great powers of World War I withdraw.
- October 13
- October 14 – The fourth tropical storm of the year forms just north of Panama.
- October 15 – The fifth tropical storm of the year forms north of the Leeward Islands.
- October 16
- A sixth tropical storm develops in the Gulf of Mexico; a rare occurrence, it consists of four active tropical storms simultaneously.
- Roy and Walt Disney found The Walt Disney Company, at this time known as the Disney Brothers Studio.
- October 23 – Hamburg Uprising: In Germany, the Communists attempt a putsch in Hamburg, which results in street battles in that city for the next two days, when it ends unsuccessfully.
- October 27 – In Germany, General Hans von Seeckt orders the Reichswehr to dissolve the Social Democratic-Communist government of Saxony, which is refusing to accept the authority of the Reich government.
- October 28 – In Qajar dynasty Persia, Reza Khan becomes Ahmad Shah Qajar's prime minister.
- October 29 – Turkey becomes a republic, following the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire; Kemal Atatürk is elected as first president.
- October 30 – İsmet İnönü is appointed as the first prime minister of Turkey.
November–December
- November 1
- November 8 – Beer Hall Putsch: In Munich, Adolf Hitler leads the Nazis in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government; police and troops crush the attempt the next day in one of several significant events on 9 November in German history. 20 people die as a result of associated violence.
- November 11 – Adolf Hitler is arrested for his leading role in the Beer Hall Putsch.
- November 12 – Her Highness Princess Maud of Fife marries Captain Charles Alexander Carnegie, in Wellington Barracks, London.
- November 15 – Hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic: Hyperinflation in Germany reaches its height. One United States dollar is worth 4,200,000,000,000 Papiermark[20] (4.2 trillion on the short scale). Gustav Stresemann abolishes the old currency and replaces it with the Rentenmark, at an exchange rate of one Rentenmark to 1,000,000,000,000 (one trillion on the short scale) Papiermark (effective November 20).
- November 23 - The 1923 Irish hunger strikes end. Thousands of Irish republicans took part in prisons across Ireland; five prisoners died in the hunger strikes.[21]
- November 23 – Gustav Stresemann's coalition government collapses in Germany.
- December 1 – In Italy, the Gleno Dam on the Gleno River, in the Valle di Scalve in the northern province of Bergamo, bursts, killing at least 356 people.
- December 6
- 1923 United Kingdom general election: The governing Conservatives under Stanley Baldwin fail to achieve an overall majority and allow the Labour Party to form a minority government.
- Calvin Coolidge addresses the United States Congress in the first radio broadcast from a President of the U.S.
- December 21 – The Nepal–Britain Treaty is the first to define the international status of Nepal as an independent sovereign country.
- December 27 – Toranomon Incident: In Tokyo, Crown Prince Hirohito of Japan survives an assassination attempt by communist student Daisuke Nanba.
- December 29 – Vladimir K. Zworykin files his first patent (in the United States) for "television systems".
Births
| Births |
|---|
| January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December |
January
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- January 1
- January 2 – Abdel Aziz Mohamed Hegazy, 38th Prime Minister of Egypt (d. 2014)
- January 5 – Sam Phillips, American record producer (d. 2003)[23]
- January 6 – Norman Kirk, 29th Prime Minister of New Zealand (d. 1974)[24]
- January 7 – Jean Lucienbonnet, French racing driver (d. 1962)
- January 8
- January 11
- January 12 – Ira Hayes, U.S. Marine flag raiser on Iwo Jima (d. 1955)
- January 15 – Lee Teng-hui, Taiwanese politician, 4th President of the Republic of China (d. 2020)
- January 16 – Anthony Hecht, American poet (d. 2004)[25]
- January 20
- January 21 – Prince Andrew Romanov, Russian-American artist and author (d. 2021)
- January 22 – Diana Douglas, British-born American actress, mother of actor/producer Michael Douglas (d. 2015)
- January 23
- January 24 – Geneviève Asse, French painter (d. 2021)
- January 25
- Arvid Carlsson, Swedish scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2018)[26]
- Dirk Bernard Joseph Schouten, Dutch economist (d. 2018)
- January 26 – Anne Jeffreys, American actress, singer (d. 2017)
- January 27 – Enrico Braggiotti, Monegasque banker (d. 2019)
- January 28
- Erling Lorentzen, Norwegian shipowner and industrialist (d. 2021)
- Sante Spessotto, Italian Roman Catholic priest and saint (d. 1980)
- January 29 – Paddy Chayefsky, American writer (d. 1981)[27]
- January 31 – Norman Mailer, American novelist, journalist and dramatist (d. 2007)[28]
February
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- February 1
- February 2
- February 3 – Edith Barney, American female professional baseball player (d. 2010)
- February 4
- February 5
- February 6
- February 7 – George Lascelles, 7th Earl of Harewood, first grandchild of King George V (d. 2011)
- February 8 – Urpo Korhonen, Finnish Olympic cross-country skier (d. 2009)
- February 9 – Brendan Behan, Irish author (d. 1964)[29]
- February 10 – Cesare Siepi, Italian opera singer (d. 2010)
- February 11
- Antony Flew, English philosopher and academic (d. 2010)[30]
- Rosita Fornés, Cuban-American actress (d. 2020)
- February 12 – Franco Zeffirelli, Italian film, opera director (d. 2019)[31]
- February 13
- Yfrah Neaman, Lebanese-born violinist (d. 2003)
- Chuck Yeager, American test pilot, NASA official (d. 2020)
- February 15 – Marcel Denis, Belgian comics artist (d. 2002)
- February 16 – Samuel Willenberg, Polish-born Israeli sculptor, painter and last surviving member of the Treblinka extermination camp revolt (d. 2016)
- February 17 – Jun Fukuda, Japanese film director (d. 2000)
- February 18 – Allan Melvin, American actor (d. 2008)
- February 20
- February 21 – Wilbur R. Ingalls Jr., American architect (d. 1997)
- February 22 – Norman Smith, English singer, record producer (d. 2008)
- February 23 – Ioannis Grivas, Greek judge, politician and 176th Prime Minister of Greece (d. 2016)
- February 27 – Dexter Gordon, American jazz saxophone player, actor (d. 1990)
- February 28
- Jean Carson, American actress (d. 2005)
- Charles Durning, American actor (d. 2012)
March
- March 2
- March 3 – Doc Watson, American folk guitarist, songwriter (d. 2012)
- March 4
- Russell Freeburg, American journalist and author
- Piero D'Inzeo, Italian Olympic show jumping rider (d. 2014)
- Sir Patrick Moore, British astronomer, broadcaster (d. 2012)
- March 6
- Ed McMahon, American television personality (d. 2009)
- Wes Montgomery, African-American jazz musician (d. 1968)
- March 7
- March 8 – Louk Hulsman, Dutch criminologist (d. 2009)
- March 9
- James L. Buckley, American politician, United States Senator (1971–77) (d. 2023)
- Walter Kohn, Austrian-born physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 2016)
- William Lyon, American major general (d. 2020)
- March 10 – Val Logsdon Fitch, American nuclear physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2015)
- March 11
- March 12
- Hjalmar Andersen, Norwegian speed-skater (d. 2013)
- Wally Schirra, American astronaut (d. 2007)
- Mae Young, American wrestler (d. 2014)
- March 14
- Diane Arbus, American photographer (d. 1971)
- Joe M. Jackson, American Medal of Honour recipient (d. 2019)
- Celeste Rodrigues, Portuguese singer (d. 2018)
- March 15
- March 19 – Oskar Fischer, East German politician (d. 2020)
- March 21
- Louis-Edmond Hamelin, Canadian geographer, author and academic (d. 2020)
- Merle Keagle, American female professional baseball player (d. 1960)
- Olive Nicol, Baroness Nicol, British politician, life peer (d. 2018)
- Rezső Nyers, Hungarian politician (d. 2018)
- Nirmala Srivastava, Indian founder of Sahaja Yoga (d. 2011)
- March 22 – Marcel Marceau, world-renowned French mime (d. 2007)
- March 24 – Murray Hamilton, American actor (d. 1986)
- March 25
- March 26
- March 27
- March 28
- March 29 – Geoff Duke, British motorcycle racer (d. 2015)
- March 31
April
- April 2
- April 4
- April 5 – Nguyễn Văn Thiệu, 2nd President of South Vietnam (d. 2001)
- April 8
- April 10 – John Watkins, South African cricketer (d. 2021)
- April 12 – Ann Miller, American actress and dancer (d. 2004)
- April 13 – Don Adams, American actor, comedian (Get Smart) (d. 2005)
- April 14
- April 15 – Douglas Wass, British civil servant (d. 2017)
- April 17 – Étienne Bally, French sprinter (d. 2018)
- April 19 – Sen Sōshitsu XV, Japanese hereditary master (d. 2025)
- April 20
- April 22
- Paula Fox, American writer (d. 2017)
- Geoffrey Hattersley-Smith, English/Canadian geologist and glaciologist (d. 2012)
- Bettie Page, American model (d. 2008)
- Aaron Spelling, American television producer, writer (d. 2006)
- April 23 – Dolph Briscoe, Governor of Texas (d. 2010)
- April 24 – Bülent Ulusu, 18th Prime Minister of Turkey (d. 2015)
- April 25
- April 27 – Lloyd F. Wheat, American lawyer and politician (d. 2004)
- April 30
May
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- May 1
- Frank Brian, American basketball player (d. 2017)
- Fernando Cabrita, Portuguese football forward, manager (d. 2014)
- Joseph Heller, American novelist (Catch-22) (d. 1999)
- Billy Steel, Scottish footballer (d. 1982)
- May 2 – Patrick Hillery, President of Ireland (d. 2008)
- May 3
- May 4
- May 5
- May 6
- May 7
- May 8 – Yusof Rawa, Malaysian politician (d. 2000)
- May 10 – Heydar Aliyev, 3rd President of Azerbaijan (1993–2003) (d. 2003)
- May 11 – Louise Arnold, American baseball player (d. 2010)
- May 13 – Ruth Adler Schnee, German-American textile, interior designer (d. 2023)
- May 14
- May 15
- May 16
- Merton Miller, American economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2000)
- Lingam Suryanarayana, Indian surgeon
- May 17
- May 18 – Hugh Shearer, Prime Minister of Jamaica (d. 2004)
- May 21
- May 23 – Kalidas Shrestha, Nepalese artist (d. 2016)
- May 24 – Seijun Suzuki, Japanese filmmaker, actor and screenwriter (d. 2017)
- May 25 – Bernard Koura, French painter (d. 2018)
- May 26
- May 27
- Henry Kissinger, German-born United States Secretary of State, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2023)
- Sumner Redstone, American businessman (d. 2020)
- Alfonso Wong, Hong Kong cartoonist (d. 2017)
- May 28
- György Ligeti, Hungarian composer (d. 2006)
- N. T. Rama Rao, Indian (Telugu) film actor, politician (d. 1996)
- T. M. Thiagarajan, Carnatic musicologist from Tamil Nadu in Southern India (d. 2007)
- May 30 – Jimmy Lydon, American actor, producer (d. 2022)
- May 31
- Ellsworth Kelly, American artist (d. 2015)
- Rainier III, Prince of Monaco (d. 2005)
June
- June 2
- June 3 – Peter Thorne, British Royal Air Force pilot (d. 2014)
- June 4 – Yuriko, Princess Mikasa, Japanese princess (d. 2024)
- June 5 – Peggy Stewart, American actress (d. 2019)
- June 6
- June 7
- June 8 – Tang Hsiang Chien, Hong Kong industrialist (d. 2018)
- June 9
- June 10 – Robert Maxwell, Slovak-born media entrepreneur (d. 1991)
- June 12
- June 13 – Lloyd Conover, American scientist (d. 2017)
- June 14
- June 15
- June 16 – Wanda Janicka, Polish architect, participant in the Warsaw Uprising (d. 2023)[36]
- June 17
- William G. Adams, 9th mayor of St. John's, member of the Newfoundland and Labrador House of Assembly (d. 2005)
- Anthony Bevilacqua, American Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 2012)
- W. M. Gorman, Irish economist, academic (d. 2003)
- Arnold S. Relman, American internist (d. 2014)
- Jan Veselý, Czech cyclist (d. 2003)
- June 18 – Szymon Szurmiej, Polish-Jewish actor, director, and general manager (d. 2014)
- June 19 – Andrés Rodríguez, 47th President of Paraguay (d. 1997)
- June 20
- Bjørn Watt-Boolsen, Danish actor (d. 1998)
- Franklin B. Zimmerman, American musicologist and conductor
- June 21 – Johann Eyfells, Icelandic artist (d. 2019)
- June 22
- June 23
- André Antunes, Portuguese sports shooter (d. 2002)
- Makhmut Gareev, Russian general (d. 2019)
- Doris Johnson, American politician (d. 2021)
- Mario Milita, Italian actor and voice actor (d. 2017)
- Ranasinghe Premadasa, Sri Lanka statesman, 3rd President of Sri Lanka (d. 1993)
- Jerry Rullo, American professional basketball player (d. 2016)
- Giuseppina Tuissi, Italian Resistance fighter (d. 1945)
- June 24
- June 25
- June 26 – Ed Bearss, American military historian and author (d. 2020)
- June 27
- June 28
- June 29
- June 30 – Ivo Orlandi, Venezuelan sports shooter (d. 2000)
July
- July 1
- July 2
- Constantin Dăscălescu, 52nd Prime Minister of Romania (d. 2003)
- Wisława Szymborska, Polish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2012)
- July 3
- July 4
- July 5 – Hermann Gummel, German semiconductor industry pioneer (d. 2022)
- July 6 – Wojciech Jaruzelski, Polish Communist politician, 8th Prime Minister of Poland and President of Poland (d. 2014)
- July 7
- July 8 – Harrison Dillard, African-American track and field athlete (d. 2019)
- July 10
- July 11
- July 12
- July 13
- July 14
- July 16
- July 18
- July 20
- July 21
- Walter Brenner, American professor (d. 2017)
- Rudolph A. Marcus, Canadian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate
- July 22
- July 23
- Witto Aloma, Cuban Major League Baseball player (d. 1997)
- Morris Halle, Latvian-American linguist (d. 2018)
- July 24 – Albert Vanhoye, French cardinal (d. 2021)
- July 25 – Estelle Getty, American actress (d. 2008)
- July 29
- Edgar Cortright, American scientist, engineer (d. 2014)
- Jim Marshall, British founder of Marshall Amplification (d. 2012)
- July 31
August
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- August 2
- Shimon Peres, 8th Prime Minister of Israel, 9th President of Israel, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 2016)
- Charlie Wells, American crime novelist (d. 2004)
- Ike Williams, American boxer (d. 1994)
- August 3
- Jean Hagen, American actress (d. 1977)
- Anne Klein, American fashion designer (d. 1974)
- Pope Shenouda III of Alexandria, Pope of the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria (d. 2012)
- August 4
- August 5
- Sir Michael Kerry, QC, British civil servant, Procurator General and Treasury Solicitor (d. 2012)
- Devan Nair, third President of Singapore (d. 2005)
- August 6
- August 7 – Ramesh Mehta, Indian playwright, director and actor (d. 2012)
- August 8
- August 9 – John Stephenson, American actor and voice actor (d. 2015)
- August 10
- August 11
- August 12
- August 14
- August 15
- August 16
- August 17 – Carlos Cruz-Diez, Venezuelan artist (d. 2019)
- August 19 – Esmeralda Agoglia, Argentinian ballerina (d. 2014)
- August 20
- August 21 – Larry Grayson, English comedian, game show host (d. 1995)
- August 22
- August 23
- August 24
- August 25 – Luis Abanto Morales, Peruvian singer, composer (d. 2017)
- August 26
- N. A. Ramaiah, Indian physical chemist
- Wolfgang Sawallisch, German conductor, pianist (d. 2013)
- August 27
- August 28
- Arthur Payne, Australian speedway rider (d. 2025)
- Andrea Veggio, Italian Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2020)
- August 29
- Sir Richard Attenborough, English actor, film director (d. 2014)
- Maurizio Bucci, Italian diplomat
- Ashi Tashi Dorji, Bhutanese royal
- Marmaduke Hussey, Baron Hussey of North Bradley, chairman of the BBC (d. 2006)
- August 30
- Joseph Lawson Howze, American Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2019)
- Giacomo Rondinella, Italian singer, actor (d. 2015)
- Vic Seixas, American tennis player (d. 2024)
- August 31 – Emilinha Borba, popular Brazilian singer (d. 2005)
September
- September 1
- Rocky Marciano, American boxer (d. 1969)
- Tunku Ampuan Najihah, Queen consort of Malaysia (d. 2023)
- Kenneth Thomson, Canadian businessman, art collector (d. 2006)
- September 3
- September 4
- September 5 – Aileen Adams, English consultant anaesthetist
- September 6
- Eloy Tato Losada, Spanish Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2022)
- King Peter II of Yugoslavia (d. 1970)
- September 7
- September 8
- September 9
- Daniel Carleton Gajdusek, American virologist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 2008)
- Cliff Robertson, American actor (d. 2011)
- Charles Grier Sellers, American historian (d. 2021)
- Marcel Zanini, Turkish-born French jazz musician (d. 2023)
- September 10
- Uri Avnery, Israeli writer (d. 2018)
- Joe Wallach, American businessman
- September 11
- September 12 – Joe Shulman, American jazz bassist (d. 1957),
- Mary E Reed, Member of Mt Rainier Methodist Church (d. 2015)
- September 13
- Natália Correia, Portuguese writer, poet and social activist (d. 1993)
- U. L. Gooch, American politician (d. 2021)
- Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya, Soviet partisan (d. 1941)
- September 14 – Carl-Erik Asplund, Swedish speed skater (d. 2024)
- September 15 – Audrey Stuckes, English material scientist (d. 2006)
- September 16 – Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore (d. 2015)
- September 17
- David Oreck, American entrepreneur (d. 2023)
- Hank Williams, American country musician (d. 1953)
- September 18
- September 20 – Geraldine Clinton Little, Northern Ireland-born poet (d. 1997)
- September 21
- September 22
- September 23
- Anita Cornwell, American lesbian feminist author (d. 2023)
- Basil Feldman, Baron Feldman, English politician (d. 2019)
- Eberhard W. Kornfeld, Swiss auctioneer and art collector (d. 2023)
- Maybell Lebron, Argentine-born Paraguayan writer
- Socorro Ramos, Filipino entrepreneur
- Shubert Spero, American rabbi
- Jimmy Weldon, American voice actor and ventriloquist (d. 2023)
- Samuel V. Wilson, American army general (d. 2017)
- September 24
- September 26
- September 27
- September 28
- Giuseppe Casale, Italian Roman Catholic bishop (d. 2023)
- Roedad Khan, Pakistani politician and civil servant (d. 2024)
- September 29 – Nicholas Amer, English actor (d. 2019)
- September 30
October
- October 1
- October 2
- Abdullah CD, Malaysian politician (d. 2024)
- Shih Chun-jen, Taiwanese neurosurgeon (d. 2017)
- Absalón Castellanos Domínguez, Mexican politician (d. 2017)
- Judith Hemmendinger, German-born Israeli researcher and author (d. 2024)
- Eugenio Cruz Vargas, Chilean poet, painter (d. 2014)
- Hershel W. Williams, American Medal of Honour recipient (d. 2022)
- October 3
- October 4 – Charlton Heston, American actor (The Ten Commandments) (d. 2008)
- October 5
- October 6
- Odile Croissant, French biologist, physicist, specialist in electron microscopy (d. 2020)
- Yasar Kemal, Turkish writer (d. 2015)
- Robert Kuok, Malaysian-Chinese business magnate, investor
- Yakov Neishtadt, Russian-born Israeli chess player (d. 2023)
- Emmett Hulcy Tidd, American military officer (d. 2018)
- October 7 – Irma Grese, German Nazi concentration camp guard, war criminal (executed 1945)
- October 9
- October 10
- October 13
- October 15
- Italo Calvino, Italian writer (d. 1985)[41]
- Bettina Moissi, German actress (d. 2023)
- October 16 – Linda Darnell, American actress (d. 1965)
- October 17
- October 18 – Eileen Sheridan, English cyclist (d. 2023)
- October 19 – Beatrix Hamburg, American psychiatrist (d. 2018)
- October 20
- October 23
- October 24
- October 25
- October 27
- Dorothy Kloss, American dancer
- Roy Lichtenstein, American pop artist (d. 1997)
- October 29
November
- November 1
- November 2
- November 3
- Garnett Thomas Eisele, American district court judge (d. 2017)
- Violetta Elvin, née Prokhorova, Russian-born ballerina (d. 2021)
- Charles Nolte, American actor, director, playwright and educator (d. 2010)
- Tomás Cardinal Ó Fiaich, Irish Roman Catholic prelate (d. 1990)
- Giovanni Battista Urbani, Italian politician (d. 2018)
- November 4
- November 5
- November 6 – Nizoramo Zaripova, Soviet politician and women's rights activist (d. 2024)
- November 8
- Józef Hen, Polish writer
- Jack Kilby, American electrical engineer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2005)
- Jaroslav Šír, Czechoslovak soldier and skier
- November 9 – Elizabeth Hawley, American journalist (d. 2018)
- November 11
- November 12 – Loriot, German actor (d. 2011)
- November 13 – Linda Christian, Mexican film actress (d. 2011)
- November 14
- November 17
- November 18
- Edith Graef McGeer, American-born Canadian neuroscientist (d. 2023)
- Cornelis Ruhtenberg, American painter (d. 2008)
- Alan Shepard, first American astronaut, fifth person to walk on the Moon (d. 1998)[42]
- Ted Stevens, American politician (d. 2010)
- November 20 – Nadine Gordimer, South African fiction writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2014)[43]
- November 22
- November 23
- November 24 – Octavio Lepage, Venezuelan politician, Acting President of Venezuela (d. 2017)
- November 25 – Mauno Koivisto, 2-Time Prime Minister of Finland and 9th President of Finland (d. 2017)
- November 26
- November 28
- November 29 – Augusto Lauro, Italian prelate (d. 2023)
December
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- December 1
- Maurice De Bevere, better known as Morris, Belgian cartoonist, comics artist and illustrator (d. 2001)
- William F. House, American otologist, inventor of the Cochlear implant (d. 2012)
- Stansfield Turner, American admiral, Director of Central Intelligence (d. 2018)
- December 2 – Maria Callas, Greek soprano (d. 1977)
- December 3
- December 5
- Khosiat Boboeva, Tajikistani historian
- Eleanor Dapkus, American female professional baseball player (d. 2011)
- December 6
- Emile Hemmen, Luxembourg poet and writer (d. 2021)
- Bryan Thwaites, English mathematician, educationalist and administrator
- December 7
- December 8
- December 9
- December 10
- December 11
- December 12
- Bob Barker, American game show host (The Price Is Right) (d. 2023)
- Bob Dorough, American pianist and composer (d. 2018)
- Jacqueline Fleury, French resistance fighter
- Emahoy Tsegué-Maryam Guèbrou, Ethiopian nun (d. 2023)
- Ken Kavanagh, Australian motorcycle racer (d. 2019)
- December 13
- Philip Warren Anderson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2020)
- Larry Doby, African-American baseball player (d. 2003)
- Doireann MacDermott, Irish translator, writer and academic (d. 2024)
- Alfonso Osorio, Spanish politician (d. 2018)
- Antoni Tàpies, Catalan painter (d. 2012)
- Herb Wilkinson, American basketball player (d. 2026)
- December 14
- December 15
- Freeman Dyson, English-born physicist (d. 2020)
- Aishah Ghani, Malaysian politician (d. 2013)
- Viktor Shuvalov, Soviet ice hockey player (d. 2021)
- December 16
- December 17
- December 18 – Émile Knecht, Swiss Olympic rower (d. 2019)
- December 20 – Ambalavaner Sivanandan, Sri Lankan novelist (d. 2018)
- December 21 – Wat Misaka, American baseball player (d. 2019)
- December 23
- December 25
- December 26
- December 27 – Lucas Mangope, President of Bophuthatswana Bantustan (d. 2018)
- December 28
- Louis Lansana Beavogui, Guinean politician (d. 1984)
- Georg Hille, Norwegian clergyman (d. 2023)
- Mira Sulpizi, Italian composer
- December 29
- Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat, French mathematician and physicist (d. 2025)
- Cheikh Anta Diop, Senegalese historian, anthropologist, physicist and politician (d. 1986)
- Lily Ebert, Hungarian-born English Holocaust survivor (d. 2024)
- David Teacher, British RAF veteran (d. 2024)
- Dina Merrill, American actress, heiress, socialite and philanthropist (d. 2017)
- Mike Nussbaum, American actor and director (d. 2023)
- December 30 – Carl-Göran Ekerwald, Swedish novelist, literary critic and teacher (d. 2025)
- December 31 – Balbir Singh Sr., Indian hockey player (d. 2020)
Deaths
| Deaths |
|---|
| January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December · Date unknown |
January
- January 1 – Willie Keeler, American baseball player, MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1872)
- January 2
- January 3 – Jaroslav Hašek, Czech writer (b. 1883)
- January 8 – Shimamura Hayao, Japanese admiral (b. 1858)
- January 9
- Katherine Mansfield, New Zealand-born British novelist, died in France (b. 1888)[45]
- Edith Thompson and Frederick Bywaters, British couple hanged for murder (Thompson b. 1893, Bywaters b. 1902)
- January 11 – Constantine I, abdicated king of Greece (b. 1868)
- January 12 – Herbert Silberer, Austrian psychoanalyst (b. 1882)
- January 13 – Alexandre Ribot, French statesman, 46th Prime Minister of France (b. 1842)
- January 16 – Abdul Kerim Pasha, Ottoman general (b. 1872)
- January 18 – Wallace Reid, American actor (b. 1891)
- January 19 – Amalia Eriksson, Swedish businesswoman (b. 1824)
- January 23 – Max Nordau, Hungarian author, philosopher and Zionist leader (b. 1849)
- January 27 – Carolina Santocanale, Italian Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1852)
- January 30 – Columba Marmion, Irish Benedictine and Roman Catholic monk and blessed (b. 1858)
- January 31 – Eligiusz Niewiadomski, Polish artist, political activist and assassin (executed) (b. 1869)
February
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- February 1
- Ernst Troeltsch, German theologian (b. 1865)
- Luigi Variara, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1875)
- February 3 – Count Kuroki Tamemoto, Japanese general (b. 1844)
- February 4 – Prince Fushimi Sadanaru of Japan (b. 1858)
- February 5 – Count Erich Kielmansegg, former Prime Minister of Austria (b. 1847)
- February 6
- February 8 – Bernard Bosanquet, English philosopher and political theorist (b. 1848)
- February 10 – Wilhelm Röntgen, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1845)[46]
- February 14 – Bartolomeo Bacilieri, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (b. 1842)
- February 19 – Gerónimo Giménez, Spanish conductor, composer (b. 1854)
- February 21 – Prince Miguel, Duke of Viseu (b. 1878)
- February 22
- February 24 – Edward W. Morley, American physicist, chemist (b. 1838)
- February 26 – Walter B. Barrows, American naturalist (b. 1855)
March
- March 1 – Rui Barbosa, Brazilian polymath, diplomat, writer, jurist and politician (b. 1849)
- William Bourke Cockran, Irish-American congressman and politician (b. 1854)
- March 3 – Melancthon J. Briggs, American lawyer, politician (b. 1846)
- March 6 – Joseph McDermott, American actor (b. 1878)
- March 8
- Pascual Álvarez, Filipino general (b. 1861)
- Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1837)
- March 11 – Júlia da Silva Bruhns, Brazilian merchant (b. 1851)
- March 25 – Inokuchi Ariya, Japanese technologist, professor (b. 1856)
- March 26 – Sarah Bernhardt, French actress (b. 1844)
- March 27 – Sir James Dewar, British chemist (b. 1842)
- March 28 – Michel-Joseph Maunoury, French general (b. 1847)
- March 31 – Konstantin Budkevich, Soviet Roman Catholic priest and servant of God (executed) (b. 1867)
April
- April 1 – Prince Naruhisa Kitashirakawa of Japan (b. 1887)
- April 2 – Michel Théato, Luxembourg athlete (b. 1878)[47]
- April 4
- April 5 – George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon, British financier of Egyptian excavations (b. 1866)
- April 6 – Alice Cunningham Fletcher, American ethnologist and anthropologist (b. 1838)
- April 15 – Ascensión Esquivel Ibarra, 17th President of Costa Rica (b. 1844)
- April 16 – Isidore Jacques Eggermont, Belgian diplomat (b. 1844)
- April 17 – Madre Teresa Nuzzo, Maltese Roman Catholic nun and blessed (b. 1851)
- April 18 – Savina Petrilli, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1851)
- April 22
- Frank Baldwin, American general (b. 1842)
- Thomas Perrett, Sgt in the Confederate States Army and North Carolina State Senator (b. 1843)
- April 23
- April 24 – William Ernest, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach (b. 1876)
May
- May 5 – Rosario de Acuña, Spanish author (b. 1850)
- May 9 – Constantin Cristescu, Romanian general (b. 1866)
- May 10 – Charles de Freycinet, French statesman, Prime Minister of France (b. 1828)
- May 17
- Manuel Allendesalazar y Muñoz de Salazar, Spanish nobleman, politician, and Prime Minister of Spain (b. 1856)
- Thomas Scott Baldwin, American balloonist, general (b. 1854)
- Duke Paul Frederick of Mecklenburg (b. 1852)
- May 21
- May 23 – Nicola Barbato, Italian doctor, socialist and politician (b. 1856)
- May 29 – Albert Deullin, French flying ace of World War I (b. 1890)
June
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- June 4
- Alexander Milne Calder, Scottish-born American sculptor (b. 1846)
- Filippo Smaldone, Italian Roman Catholic priest, saint (b. 1848)
- June 5 – Carl von Horn, German general (b. 1847)
- June 9
- Takeo Arishima, Japanese novelist, writer and essayist (b. 1878)
- Princess Helena of the United Kingdom, third daughter of Queen Victoria (b. 1846)
- June 10 – Pierre Loti, French writer, naval officer (b. 1850)
- June 12 – Kate Bishop, English actress (b. 1848)
- June 14
- June 17 – Alexis-Xyste Bernard, Canadian Catholic bishop (b. 1847)
- June 18 – Hristo Smirnenski, Bulgarian poet (b. 1898)
- June 20 – Princess Marie of Battenberg (b. 1852)
- June 23 – Keiichi Aichi, Japanese physicist (b. 1880)
- June 24 – Edith Södergran, Finnish author (b. 1892)
July
- July 9 – William R. Day, American lawyer and diplomat, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (b. 1849)
- July 10 – Albert Chevalier, British music hall comedian (b. 1861)
- July 12 – Ernst Otto Beckmann, German pharmacist, chemist (b. 1853)
- July 17 – Theodor Rosetti, 16th Prime Minister of Romania (b. 1837)
- July 19 – Auguste Bouché-Leclercq, French historian (b. 1842)
- July 20 – Pancho Villa, Mexican revolutionary (assassinated) (b. 1878)
- July 23 – Charles Dupuy, French statesman, Prime Minister of France (b. 1851)
- July 30 – Sir Charles Hawtrey, British actor (b. 1858)
August
- August 1 – Pierre Brizon, French teacher, deputy and pacifist (b. 1878)
- August 2 – Warren G. Harding, American politician, 29th President of the United States (b. 1865)
- August 5 – Vatroslav Jagić, Croatian scholar (b. 1838)
- August 9 – Victor II, Duke of Ratibor (b. 1847)
- August 10 – Joaquín Sorolla, Spanish painter (b. 1863)
- August 15 – Marty Hogan, English baseball player (b. 1869)
- August 19 – Vilfredo Pareto, Italian economist (b. 1848)
- August 21 – Sir William Meredith, Canadian politician and judge (b. 1840)
- August 24
- Katō Tomosaburō, Imperial Japanese Navy officer, 12th Prime Minister of Japan (b. 1861)
- Kate Douglas Wiggin, American author (b. 1856)
- August 26 – Hertha Ayrton, English engineer, mathematician and inventor (b. 1854)[48]
- August 29 – Princess Anastasia of Greece and Denmark (b. 1878)
September
- September 6 – Pedro José Escalón, Salvadorian military officer, 21st President of El Salvador (b. 1847)
- September 9 – Hermes Rodrigues da Fonseca, Brazilian soldier and politician, 8th President of Brazil (b. 1855)
- September 14 – Nemesio Canales, Puerto Rican essayist, novelist, playwright, journalist, activist and politician (b. 1878)
- September 17 – Stefanos Dragoumis, Prime Minister of Greece (b. 1842)
- September 19 – Sophus Andersen, Danish composer (b. 1859)
- September 23
- September 25 – Elbazduko Britayev, Russian playwright, author (b. 1881)
- September 26 – Luigi Tezza, Italian Roman Catholic priest and blessed (b. 1841)
October
- October 3 – Kadambini Ganguly, doctor (b. 1861)[49]
- October 6 – Damat Ferid Pasha, Grand Vizier of the Ottoman Empire
- October 10
- October 12 – Diego Manuel Chamorro, 14th President of Nicaragua (b. 1861)
- October 26 – Charles Proteus Steinmetz, German-American engineer and electrician (b. 1865)[50]
- October 28
- October 30 – Bonar Law, British politician, 39th Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1858)
November
- November 5 – Jacques d'Adelswärd-Fersen, French novelist and poet (b. 1880)
- November 9 (among those killed in Munich Beer Hall Putsch):
- Oskar Körner, German businessman (b. 1875)
- Karl Laforce, German student (b. 1904)
- Ludwig Maximilian Erwin von Scheubner-Richter, German diplomat, revolutionary (b. 1884)
- November 10 – Ricciotto Canudo, Italian theoretician (b. 1877)
- November 14 – Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover (b. 1845)
- November 15 – Mohammad Yaqub Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (b. 1849)
- November 21 – Lars Emil Bruun, Danish grocer, numismatist (b. 1852)
- November 30 – Martha Mansfield, American actress (b. 1899)
December
- December 2 – Tomás Bretón, Spanish composer (b. 1850)
- December 4 – Maurice Barres, French novelist, journalist and politician (b. 1862)[51]
- December 9 – Meggie Albanesi, British actress (b. 1899)
- December 10 – Thomas George Bonney, English geologist (b. 1833)
- December 11 – Kata Dalström, Swedish politician (b. 1858)
- December 13 – Théophile Steinlen, Swiss painter (b. 1859)
- December 14 – Giuseppe Gallignani, Italian composer, conductor and teacher (b. 1851)
- December 22 – Georg Luger, German firearms designer (b. 1849)
- December 25 – William Ludwig, Irish opera singer (b. 1847)
- December 26 – Rafael Valentín Errázuriz, Chilean politician, diplomat (b. 1861)
- December 27
- Gustave Eiffel, French engineer, architect (Eiffel Tower) (b. 1832)
- Lluís Domènech i Montaner, Spanish architect (b. 1850)
- December 28 – Frank Hayes, American actor (b. 1871)
Date unknown
- Józef Tretiak, Polish writer (b. 1841)
Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Robert Andrews Millikan
- Chemistry – Fritz Pregl
- Physiology or Medicine – Frederick Banting, John Macleod
- Literature – W. B. Yeats
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to 1923.
- ↑ "Calendar for Year 1923 (Greece)". timeanddate.com. Retrieved June 19, 2024.
- ↑ "The Dawn of TIME: The Magazine Turns 100 | The New York Historical". www.nyhistory.org. Retrieved August 5, 2025.
- ↑ Mariz Tadros (March 18–24, 1999). "Unity in diversity". Al Ahram Weekly (421). Archived from the original on May 30, 2014. Retrieved September 30, 2014.
- ↑ Earl L. Sullivan (January 1, 1986). Women in Egyptian Public Life. Syracuse University Press. p. 172. ISBN 978-0-8156-2354-0. Retrieved October 6, 2014.
- ↑ Nadje S. Al Ali (January 2002). "Women's Movements in the Middle East: Case Studies of Egypt and Turkey" (Report). SOAS. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved September 21, 2014.
- ↑ "History of Dobrolyot /Russian Society of Voluntary Air Fleet/". Medals of Asia. Retrieved April 6, 2025.
- ↑ "Constitutional history at a glance". Al-Ahram Weekly On-line. March 3–9, 2005. Archived from the original on March 8, 2005. Retrieved December 11, 2013.
- ↑ "King George VI | The Canadian Encyclopedia". thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved December 4, 2022.
- ↑ "Snowstorm of May 9th, 1923". National Weather Service. NOAA. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved August 25, 2013.
- ↑ Emery, Katherine (March 31, 2023). "Andrew Bonar Law | Parliamentary Archives: Inside the Act Room". Retrieved September 16, 2025.
- ↑ "Remembering the Great Kanto Earthquake killingsーNHK WORLD-JAPAN NEWS" – via YouTube.
- ↑ "Un-remembering the Massacre: How Japan's "History Wars" are Challenging Research Integrity Domestically and Abroad". October 25, 2021.
- ↑ "Yokohama recalls texts describing 1923 'massacre' of Koreans". The Japan Times. August 29, 2013. Archived from the original on March 3, 2018. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ↑ "1923 Kanto Earthquake Massacre seen through American viewpoints". The Korea Times. August 31, 2016. Retrieved March 3, 2018.
- ↑ Named and commissioned October 10. Hayward, John T. (August 1978). "Comment and Discussion". United States Naval Institute Proceedings.
- ↑ Ishitobi, Noriki (September 12, 2022). "Director shining a light on the 'dark history' of 1923 killings". The Asahi Shimbun. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
- ↑ Kyodo News (September 2023). "FEATURE: Efforts ongoing to shed light on 1923 Kanto quake's Korean massacre". Kyodo News. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
- ↑ Gunji, Yasushi (September 6, 2023). "Panic, false rumors and massacre: martial law amid 1923 Kanto quake". Kyodo News. Retrieved September 30, 2023.
- ↑ "1923 Police Strike". Marvellous Melbourne. Museum Victoria. Archived from the original on April 13, 2008. Retrieved February 19, 2018.
- ↑ Tonge, Stephen. "Weimar Germany 1919–1933". A Web of English History. Retrieved March 14, 2012.
- ↑ McElhatton, Shane (October 14, 2023). "Hunger strike: The last act of the Civil War". RTE. Decade of Commemorations. Retrieved March 25, 2026.
- ↑ "CORTESE, Valentina - Enciclopedia". Treccani (in Italian). Retrieved June 3, 2026.
- ↑ "Sam Phillips Obituary". The Times. August 1, 2003. Archived from the original on September 7, 2008. Retrieved October 6, 2011.
- ↑ Bassett, Michael (2000). "Kirk, Norman Eric". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
- ↑ Shapiro, Harvey (October 22, 2004). "Anthony Hecht, a Formalist Poet, Dies at 81". The New York Times.
- ↑ Gellene, Denise (July 1, 2018). "Arvid Carlsson, Who Discovered a Treatment for Parkinson's, Dies at 95". The New York Times. Retrieved July 3, 2018.
- ↑ Thomson, David (2002). The New Biographical Dictionary of Film. New York City: Alfred A. Knopf. p. 155. ISBN 9780375411281.
- ↑ Campbell, James (November 12, 2007). "Obituary: Norman Mailer". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 7, 2015. Retrieved October 11, 2015.
- ↑ Joan Littlewood, 'Behan, (Francis) Brendan (1923–1964)’, Brendan Behan Archived 23 September 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography on line ed., Oxford University Press, 2004. Retrieved 14 June 2014 (subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required)
- ↑ "Antony Flew | English philosopher". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
- ↑ "Franco Zeffirelli obituary". The Guardian. June 15, 2019. Retrieved August 6, 2022.
- ↑ "Josette Molland obituary: painter who joined the French Resistance". The Times. March 12, 2024. Retrieved October 5, 2025.
- ↑ "Fédération Française de Football – Désiré Carré". www.fff.fr. 2022. Retrieved March 26, 2025.
- ↑ "Dorothy Hewett". AustLit. January 28, 2015. Archived from the original on March 5, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2022.
- ↑ Eccleshare, Julia (May 23, 2019). "Judith Kerr obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved June 6, 2019.
- ↑ "Odeszła na wieczną wartę – Wanda Janicka ps. "Zofia"". 1bltr.wp.mil.pl. Archived from the original on January 24, 2024. Retrieved September 9, 2024.
- ↑ Contemporary Dramatists. St. James Press. 1993. p. 6. ISBN 978-1-55862-185-5.
- ↑ "Indian Army List For October I Part 1". 1945.
- ↑ Smith, Lyn (1993). Swann's Way: A Life in Song. London: Arthur James Limited. p. 297. ISBN 0-85305-329-4.
- ↑ British Film and Television Yearbook. British and American Film Press. 1956. p. 178.
- ↑ Italo Calvino (2014). Italo Calvino: Letters, 1941-1985. Princeton University Press. p. 569. ISBN 9780691162430.
- ↑ Thompson, Neal (2004). Light This Candle: The Life & Times of Alan Shepard, America's First Spaceman (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. p. 7. ISBN 0-609-61001-5. LCCN 2003015688. OCLC 52631310.
- ↑ David Smith (July 15, 2014). "Nadine Gordimer dies aged 90". Guardian. Retrieved June 1, 2026.
- ↑ "Gloria Grahame". Golden Globes. Retrieved June 2, 2026.
- ↑ Reid, Panthea (1996). Art and Affection: A Life of Virginia Woolf. Oxford University Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-0-19-510195-9.
- ↑ "Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen – Biographical". NobelPrize.org.
- ↑ "Olympedia – Michel Théato". Olympedia.
- ↑ Mason, Joan. "Ayrton [née Marks], (Phoebe) Sarah [Hertha]". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37136.
- ↑ The Quarterly Review of Historical Studies. Institute of Historical Studies. 1995. p. 38.
- ↑ "Charles Proteus Steinmetz (1865-1923)".
- ↑ Michael Sollars; Arbolina Llamas Jennings (2008). The Facts on File Companion to the World Novel: 1900 to the Present. Infobase Publishing. p. 60. ISBN 978-1-4381-0836-0.