根瘤菌

根瘤菌主要指与豆类作物根部共生形成根瘤并能固氮的细菌，一般指根瘤菌属和慢生根瘤菌属；两属都属于根瘤菌目。

根瘤菌属
琼脂平皿上的热带根瘤箘。
科学分类 编辑
域： 细菌域 Bacteria
界： 细菌界 Bacteria
门： 變形菌門 Pseudomonadota
纲： α-变形菌纲 Alphaproteobacteria
目： 根瘤菌目 Rhizobiales
科： 根瘤菌科 Rhizobiaceae
属： 根瘤菌属 Rhizobium
Frank, 1889
模式種
Rhizobium leguminosarum
(Frank, 1879) Frank, 1889
Species [1]

See text.

大豆的根瘤，每一个都含有數十億根瘤菌（Bradyrhizobium）。

根瘤菌侵入寄主根内，刺激根部皮层和中柱鞘的某些细胞，引起这些细胞的强烈生长，使根的局部膨大形成根瘤；根瘤菌在根内定居，植物供给根瘤菌以矿物养料和能源，根瘤菌固定大气中游离氮气，为植物提供氮素养料，两者在拮抗寄生关系中处于均衡状态而表现共生现象。

根瘤菌细胞呈杆状，有鞭毛和荚膜，鞭毛为正常的活动器官，无芽孢，革兰氏染色阴性，属需氧型。在根瘤中生活的菌体形式多种多样，有梨形、棍棒型或T、X、Y等型，这种变形的菌体成为类菌体；类菌体在豆科植物体内不生长繁殖，却能与豆科植物共同固氮，对豆科植物有良好作用。

每种根瘤菌只能与一种或几种植物建立共生关系，如下表：

根瘤菌种类对应共生植物
苜蓿根瘤菌苜蓿、草木樨
三叶草根瘤菌三叶草
豌豆根瘤菌豌豆、蚕豆
菜豆根瘤菌菜豆
紫云英根瘤菌紫云英
大豆根瘤菌大豆
豇豆根瘤菌豇豆、花生、绿豆、赤豆、柽麻、扁豆、刀豆等

此外，还有些微生物能同非豆类植物共同形成根瘤固氮，主要是一些放线菌（如：小头木麻黄、赤杨、杨梅）、蓝绿菌（如：苏铁、竹柏、满江红）。

下属物种

根瘤菌属 包括以下物种：

  • Rhizobium acaciae Hsouna et al. 2023[2]
  • Rhizobium acidisoli Román-Ponce et al. 2016
  • Rhizobium aegyptiacum Shamseldin et al. 2017
  • Rhizobium aethiopicum Aserse et al. 2017
  • Rhizobium aggregatum (Hirsch and Müller 1986) Kaur et al. 2011
  • Rhizobium alamii Berge et al. 2009
  • Rhizobium alkalisoli Lu et al. 2009，异名
  • Rhizobium altiplani Baraúna et al. 2016
  • Rhizobium alvei Sheu et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium anhuiense Zhang et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium aquaticum Máthé et al. 2019
  • Rhizobium arenae Zhang et al. 2017
  • Rhizobium arsenicireducens Mohapatra et al. 2020
  • Rhizobium azibense Mnasri et al. 2014
  • Rhizobium azooxidifex Behrendt et al. 2016
  • Rhizobium bangladeshense Rashid et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium beringeri Young et al. 2023[3]
  • Rhizobium binae Rashid et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium borbori Zhang et al. 2011，为Allorhizobium borbori (Zhang et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
  • Rhizobium brockwellii Young et al. 2023[4]
  • Rhizobium calliandrae Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
  • Rhizobium capsici Lin et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium cauense Liu et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium cellulosilyticum García-Fraile et al. 2007
  • Rhizobium chutanense Huo et al. 2019
  • Rhizobium ciceri Nour et al. 1994，为Mesorhizobium ciceri (Nour et al. 1994) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
  • Rhizobium croatiense Rajnovic et al. 2023[5]
  • 大田根瘤菌 Rhizobium daejeonense Quan et al. 2005[6]
  • Rhizobium dioscoreae Ouyabe et al. 2020
  • Rhizobium ecuadorense Ribeiro et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium endolithicum Parag et al. 2014
  • Rhizobium endophyticum López-López et al. 2011
  • Rhizobium esperanzae Cordeiro et al. 2017
  • Rhizobium etli Segovia et al. 1993
  • Rhizobium fabae Tian et al. 2008
  • Rhizobium favelukesii Torres Tejerizo et al. 2016
  • Rhizobium flavum Gu et al. 2014
  • Rhizobium fredii Scholla and Elkan 1984，异名
  • Rhizobium freirei Dall'Agnol et al. 2013
  • Rhizobium galegae Lindström 1989，异名
  • Rhizobium gallicum Amarger et al. 1997
  • 格氏根瘤菌 Rhizobium gei Shi et al. 2016
  • Rhizobium giardinii Amarger et al. 1997
  • Rhizobium grahamii López-López et al. 2012
  • 海南根瘤菌 Rhizobium hainanense Chen et al. 1997
  • Rhizobium halophytocola Bibi et al. 2012
  • Rhizobium helianthi Wei et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium herbae Ren et al. 2011，为Pararhizobium herbae (Ren et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
  • Rhizobium hidalgonense Yan et al. 2020
  • 华氏根瘤菌 Rhizobium huakuii Chen et al. 1991，为Mesorhizobium huakuii (Chen et al. 1991) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
  • Rhizobium huautlense Wang et al. 1998，为Neorhizobium huautlense (Wang et al. 1998) Mousavi et al. 2015的异名
  • Rhizobium indigoferae Wei et al. 2002
  • Rhizobium ipomoeae Sheu et al. 2016
  • Rhizobium jaguaris Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
  • 日本根瘤菌 Rhizobium japonicum (Kirchner 1896) Buchanan 1926，为Bradyrhizobium japonicum (Kirchner 1896) Jordan 1982的异名
  • Rhizobium johnstonii Young et al. 2023[7]
  • Rhizobium laguerreae Saïdi et al. 2014
  • Rhizobium larrymoorei (Bouzar and Jones 2001) Young 2004，异名
  • 豌豆根瘤菌 Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889
  • Rhizobium lemnae Kittiwongwattana and Thawai 2014
  • Rhizobium lentis Rashid et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium leucaenae Ribeiro et al. 2012
  • Rhizobium loessense Wei et al. 2003，为Rhizobium mongolense subsp. loessense (Wei et al. 2003) Hördt et al. 2020的异名
  • Rhizobium loti Jarvis et al. 1982，为Mesorhizobium loti (Jarvis et al. 1982) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
  • Rhizobium lupini (Schroeter 1886) Eckhardt et al. 1931，异名
  • Rhizobium lusitanum Valverde et al. 2006
  • Rhizobium marinum Liu et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium mayense Rincón-Rosales et al. 2013
  • 地中海根瘤菌 Rhizobium mediterraneum Nour et al. 1995，为Mesorhizobium mediterraneum (Nour et al. 1995) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
  • Rhizobium meliloti Dangeard 1926，为Ensifer meliloti (Dangeard 1926) Young 2003的异名
  • Rhizobium mesoamericanum López-López et al. 2012
  • Rhizobium mesosinicum Lin et al. 2009
  • Rhizobium metallidurans Grison et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium miluonense Gu et al. 2008
  • 内蒙根瘤菌 Rhizobium mongolense Van Berkum et al. 1998
  • Rhizobium multihospitium Han et al. 2008
  • Rhizobium naphthalenivorans Kaiya et al. 2018
  • Rhizobium nepotum Puławska et al. 2012，为Agrobacterium nepotum (Puławska et al. 2012) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
  • Rhizobium oryzae Peng et al. 2008，为Allorhizobium oryzae (Peng et al. 2008) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
  • 稻生根瘤菌 Rhizobium oryzicola Zhang et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium oryziradicis Zhao et al. 2017，为Allorhizobium oryziradicis (Zhao et al. 2017) Lin et al. 2020的异名
  • 巴基斯坦根瘤菌 Rhizobium pakistanense Khalid et al. 2015，也拼作：Rhizobium pakistanensis
  • Rhizobium paknamense Kittiwongwattana and Thawai 2013
  • Rhizobium paranaense Dall'Agnol et al. 2014
  • Rhizobium petrolearium Zhang et al. 2012
  • Rhizobium phaseoli Dangeard 1926
  • Rhizobium pisi Ramírez-Bahena et al. 2008
  • Rhizobium populi Rozahon et al. 2014
  • Rhizobium pseudoryzae Zhang et al. 2011，为Allorhizobium pseudoryzae (Zhang et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
  • Rhizobium puerariae Boonsnongcheep et al. 2016
  • Rhizobium pusense Panday et al. 2011，为Agrobacterium pusense (Panday et al. 2011) Mousavi et al. 2016的异名
  • Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Young et al. 2001，为Agrobacterium radiobacter (Beijerinck and van Delden 1902) Conn, 1942 的异名
  • Rhizobium redzepovicii Rajnovic et al. 2023[8]
  • Rhizobium rhizogenes (Riker et al. 1930) Young et al. 2001
  • Rhizobium rhizophilum Gao et al. 2020
  • Rhizobium rhizoryzae Zhang et al. 2014
  • Rhizobium rhododendri Kuzmanović et al. 2023[9]
  • Rhizobium rosettiformans Kaur et al. 2011
  • Rhizobium rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Young et al. 2001，为Agrobacterium rubi (Hildebrand 1940) Starr and Weiss 1943的异名
  • Rhizobium ruizarguesonis Jorrin et al. 2020
  • Rhizobium selenitireducens Hunter et al. 2008，也拼作：Rhizobium selenireducens
  • Rhizobium setariae Kang and Seo 2023
  • Rhizobium skierniewicense Puławska et al. 2012
  • Rhizobium smilacinae Zhang et al. 2015
  • 土壤根瘤菌 Rhizobium soli Yoon et al. 2010
  • Rhizobium sophorae Jiao et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium sophoriradicis Jiao et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium sphaerophysae Xu et al. 2012
  • Rhizobium straminoryzae Lin et al. 2014
  • Rhizobium subbaraonis Ramana et al. 2013
  • Rhizobium sullae Squartini et al. 2002
  • 太白山根瘤菌 Rhizobium taibaishanense Yao et al. 2012，异名
  • Rhizobium tarimense Turdahon et al. 2013
  • 天山根瘤菌 Rhizobium tianshanense Chen et al. 1995，为Mesorhizobium tianshanense (Chen et al. 1995) Jarvis et al. 1997的异名
  • 西藏根瘤菌 Rhizobium tibeticum Hou et al. 2009
  • Rhizobium trifolii Dangeard 1926，为Rhizobium leguminosarum (Frank 1879) Frank 1889的异名
  • Rhizobium tropici Martínez-Romero et al. 1991
  • Rhizobium tubonense Zhang et al. 2011
  • Rhizobium tumorigenes Kuzmanović et al. 2019
  • Rhizobium undicola (de Lajudie et al. 1998) Young et al. 2001，异名
  • Rhizobium vallis Wang et al. 2011
  • Rhizobium vignae Ren et al. 2011，为Neorhizobium vignae (Ren et al. 2011) Hördt et al. 2020的异名
  • Rhizobium viscosum (Gasdorf et al. 1965) Flores-Félix et al. 2017
  • Rhizobium vitis (Ophel and Kerr 1990) Young et al. 2001，异名
  • 文新根瘤菌 Rhizobium wenxiniae Gao et al. 2017，以土壤微生物及细菌分类学家、中国科学院院士陈文新的名字命名
  • 梧州根瘤菌 Rhizobium wuzhouense Yuan et al. 2018[10]
  • 杨凌根瘤菌 Rhizobium yanglingense Tan et al. 2001
  • 盐亭根瘤菌 Rhizobium yantingense Chen et al. 2015
  • Rhizobium zeae Celador-Lera et al. 2017

参考资料
  1. J.P. Euzéby. . List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN). [2012-05-02]. （原始内容存档于2012年5月23日）.
  2. Hsouna J, Ilahi H, Han JC, Gritli T, Ellouze W, Zhang XX, Mansouri M, Rahi P, El Idrissi MM, Lamrabet M, et al. Rhizobium acaciae sp. nov., a new nitrogen-fixing symbiovar isolated from root nodules of Acacia saligna in Tunisia. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5900.
  3. Young JPW, Jorrin B, Moeskjaer S, James EK. Rhizobium brockwellii sp. nov., Rhizobium johnstonii sp. nov. and Rhizobium beringeri sp. nov., three genospecies within the Rhizobium leguminosarum species complex. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5979.
  4. Young JPW, Jorrin B, Moeskjaer S, James EK. Rhizobium brockwellii sp. nov., Rhizobium johnstonii sp. nov. and Rhizobium beringeri sp. nov., three genospecies within the Rhizobium leguminosarum species complex. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5979.
  5. Rajnovic I, Ramirez-Bahena MH, Kajic S, Igual JM, Peix A, Velazquez E, Sikora S. Rhizobium croatiense sp. nov. and Rhizobium redzepovicii sp. nov., two new species isolated from nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris in Croatia. Syst Appl Microbiol 2022; 45:126317.
  6. Quan, Z. X., Bae, H. S., Baek, J. H., Chen, W. F., Im, W. T., Lee, S. T. (2005). Rhizobium daejeonense sp. nov., isolated from a cyanide treatment bioreactor. Int.J.Syst.Evol.Microbiol. 55 : 2543-2549 . http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16280524
  7. Young JPW, Jorrin B, Moeskjaer S, James EK. Rhizobium brockwellii sp. nov., Rhizobium johnstonii sp. nov. and Rhizobium beringeri sp. nov., three genospecies within the Rhizobium leguminosarum species complex. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2023; 73:5979.
  8. Rajnovic I, Ramirez-Bahena MH, Kajic S, Igual JM, Peix A, Velazquez E, Sikora S. Rhizobium croatiense sp. nov. and Rhizobium redzepovicii sp. nov., two new species isolated from nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris in Croatia. Syst Appl Microbiol 2022; 45:126317.
  9. Kuzmanovic N, diCenzo GC, Bunk B, Sproer C, Fruhling A, Neumann-Schaal M, Overmann J, Smalla K. Genomics of the "tumorigenes" clade of the family Rhizobiaceae and description of Rhizobium rhododendri sp. nov. Microbiologyopen 2023; 12:e1352.
  10. Yuan T , Liu L , Huang S ,et al.Rhizobium wuzhouense sp. Nov. isolated from roots of Oryza officinalis[J].International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 2018, 68(9):51.DOI:10.1099/ijsem.0.002921.

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