缅甸语
缅甸语 ,简称缅语(缅甸语:)属汉藏语系藏缅语族,以仰光音为标准。它是缅甸联邦的官方语言,在該國有大约3200万人使用,而且在孟加拉国、马来西亚、泰国、美国也有少量分布。
缅甸语 | |
---|---|
myanma bhatha | |
区域 | 緬甸 泰國 老挝 马来西亚 新加坡 美國 |
母语使用人数 | 3320万 (2007年)[1] 第二语言:1000万(日期不詳)[2] |
語系 | |
文字 | 缅文 |
官方地位 | |
作为官方语言 | 緬甸
东南亚国家联盟 |
管理机构 | 缅甸语委员会 |
語言代碼 | |
ISO 639-1 | my |
ISO 639-2 | bur (B) mya (T) |
ISO 639-3 | mya |
入聲獨立算的話,缅甸语一共有四个声调,分别是高平、高降、低平、高降喉塞。
缅甸文字的特征是它呈圆形,這是因為古時候的緬甸文是書寫在棕櫚葉上的,必須設計圓弧形的筆劃才能避免劃破葉面。字符的構成是以輔音字母與元音拼合後形成音節符號。
历史演变
缅甸文在某种程度上代表古缅甸语,因此可以用缅甸文的罗马转写来推测古缅甸文的发音,从此也可以看出其与仰光话之间的巨大的区别。
緬甸文的拉丁字母轉寫方案主要有John Okell制定的Okell拼音,緬甸語委會制定的語委拼音等。
音系
辅音
双唇音 | 齿音 | 齿龈音 | 舌面音 和软颚音 |
硬颚音和 唇化舌根音 |
喉音 | 无发音部位 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
塞音和塞擦音 | pʰ p b | tʰ t d | tʃʰ tʃ dʒ | kʰ k g | ʔ | ||
鼻音 | m̥ m | n̥ n | ɲ̥ ɲ | ŋ̊ ŋ | ~ (鼻化元音) | ||
擦音 | θ (ð) | sʰ s z | ʃ | h | |||
半元音 | (r) | j | (ʍ) w | ||||
边音 | l̥ l |
引用
- Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in Nationalencyklopedin
- Burmese于《民族语》的链接(第15版,2005年)
- Sagart et al. (2019),第10319–10320頁.
參考文獻
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- Aung-Thwin, Michael. illustrated. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-8248-2886-8.
- Aung Bala. . Contributions to Asian Studies. 1981, 16.
- Barron, Sandy; Okell, John; Yin, Saw Myat; VanBik, Kenneth; Swain, Arthur; Larkin, Emma; Allott, Anna J.; Ewers, Kirsten. (PDF) (报告). Center for Applied Linguistics. 2007 [2010-08-20]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2011-04-27).
- Benedict, Paul K. . Journal of the American Oriental Society (American Oriental Society). Oct–Dec 1948, 68 (4). JSTOR 595942. doi:10.2307/595942.
- Bradley, David. (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman area (Melbourne: La Trobe University). Spring 1993, 16 (1) [2016-10-17]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-03-07).
- Bradley, David. Ulrich Ammon, Norbert Dittmar, Klaus J. Mattheier, Peter Trudgill , 编. 3. Walter de Gruyter. 2006. ISBN 978-3-11-018418-1.
- Bradley, David. 1. Walter de Gruyter. 1996. ISBN 978-3-11-013417-9.
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- Bradley, David. . Martin J. Ball (编). (PDF). Routledge. 2010: 98–99. ISBN 978-0-415-42278-9. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2016-07-16).
- Bradley, David. (PDF). Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 13: studies in Burmese languages (Australian National University). 1995, (A-83): 139–172 [2016-10-17]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-03-13).
- Bradley, David. . SEALS Conference. Kasetsart University. May 2011 [19 October 2013]. (原始内容存档于2021-04-14).
- Bradley, David. . Language and Linguistics. 2012, 13 (1): 171–192 [2016-10-17]. (原始内容存档于2020-08-03).
- Chang, Charles Bond. (B.A.论文). Harvard University. 2003 [2011-05-24]. (原始内容存档于2022-05-27).
- Chang, Charles B. (PDF). Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 2009, 1: 77–94 [2016-10-17]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-03-13).
- Harvey, G. E. . London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. 1925.
- Herbert, Patricia M.; Milner, Anthony. . University of Hawaii Press. 1989. ISBN 978-0-8248-1267-6.
- Hill, Nathan W. (PDF). Transactions of the Philological Society. 2012, 110 (1): 64–79 [2016-10-17]. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968x.2011.01282.x. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-03-13).
- Hnin Tun, San San. . Vicky Bowman. Lonely Planet. 2001. ISBN 978-1-74059-048-8.
- Houtman, Gustaaf. . Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. 1990.
- Jones, Robert. McCoy, John; Light, Timothy , 编. . Contributions to Sino-Tibetan Studies (E. J. Brill). 1986.
- Khin Min, Maung. . Myanmar Unicode & NLP Research Center. 1987 [2008-07-29]. (原始内容存档于2006-09-23).
- Lieberman, Victor B. . Cambridge University Press. 2003. ISBN 978-0-521-80496-7.
- Sagart, Laurent; Jacques, Guillaume; Lai, Yunfan; Ryder, Robin; Thouzeau, Valentin; Greenhill, Simon J.; List, Johann-Mattis, , Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019, 116 (21): 10317–10322, PMC 6534992 , PMID 31061123, doi:10.1073/pnas.1817972116 , 简明摘要 – ScienceDaily (May 6, 2019).
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- Nishi, Yoshio. (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (国立民族学博物館). 30 October 1998, 23 (1): 253–260.
- Nishi, Yoshio. (PDF). Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology (国立民族学博物館). 31 March 1998, 22: 975–999. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013年10月22日).
- Okell, John. (PDF). London: The School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London. 2002 [2016-10-17]. ISBN 978-1-86013-758-7. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2021-04-20).
- . . Myanmar Language Commission. 1993 [2016-10-17]. ISBN 978-1-881265-47-4. (原始内容存档于2021-05-02).
- San San Hnin Tun. (PDF) (学位论文). University of Nottingham. 2006 [2013-10-20]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2013-10-21).
- Taw Sein Ko. . Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. 1924.
- Taylor, L. F. . Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies (Cambridge University Press). 1920, 1 (4). JSTOR 607065. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00101685.
- Wheatley, Julian; Tun, San San Hnin. . The Journal of Burma Studies. 1999, 4.
- Wheatley, Julian. . Randy J. LaPolla, Graham Thurgood (编). . Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-1-135-79717-1.
- Aung Zaw. . The Irrawaddy (Chiang Mai). September 2010, 18 (9). (原始内容存档于2010-09-18).
- Wheatley, Julian K. . B. Comrie (ed.) (编). . Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1987: 834–54. ISBN 978-0-19-520521-3.
- Yanson, Rudolf A. Nathan Hill , 编. . Medieval Tibeto-Burman Languages IV. BRILL. 2012: 17–29. ISBN 978-90-04-23202-0.
- Yanson, Rudolf. Uta Gärtner, Jens Lorenz , 编. . Tradition and Modernity in Myanmar (LIT Verlag Münster). 1994: 366–426. ISBN 978-3-8258-2186-9.
參考資料
- Becker, Alton L. . E. M. Bruner (ed.) (编). . Washington, D.C.: American Ethnological Society. 1984: 135–55.
- Bernot, Denise. . Paris: SELAF. 1980. ISBN 2-85297-072-4 (法语).
- Cornyn, William Stewart. . Baltimore: Linguistic Society of America. 1944.
- Cornyn, William Stewart; D. Haigh Roop. . New Haven: Yale University Press. 1968.
- Cooper, Lisa; Beau Cooper; Sigrid Lew. . . Nanyang Technological University, Singapore. 2012 [2016-10-17]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-12).
- Green, Antony D. . J. Watkins (ed.) (编). . Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. 2005: 1–25. ISBN 0-85883-559-2.
- Okell, John. . London: Oxford University Press. 1969. ISBN 0-7007-1136-8.
- Roop, D. Haigh. . New Haven: Yale University Press. 1972. ISBN 0-300-01528-3.
- Taw Sein Ko. . Rangoon: American Baptist Mission Press. 1924.
- Watkins, Justin W. . Journal of the International Phonetic Association. 2001, 31 (2): 291–95. doi:10.1017/S0025100301002122.
- Patricia M Herbert, Anthony Milner (编). . University of Hawaii Press. 1989. ISBN 0-8248-1267-0.
- Waxman, Nathan; Aung, Soe Tun. . Journal of Burma Studies. 2014, 18 (2): 259–290. doi:10.1353/jbs.2014.0016.
參見
外部連結
维基百科提供如下语言版本:缅甸语维基百科 |
维基词典有此种语言版本:缅甸语维基词典 |
维基孵育场的維基教科書語言試驗版:缅甸语試驗版 |
關於一系列與缅甸语有關的詞語,參見維基詞典上缅甸语的詞語目錄 |
- 维基导游上有關Burmese phrasebook的旅行指南
- Omniglot: Burmese Language (页面存档备份,存于)
- Learn Burmese online (页面存档备份,存于)
- Online Burmese lessons (页面存档备份,存于)
- Burmese language resources (页面存档备份,存于) from SOAS
- . Unite for Literacy library. [2014-06-21]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-03).
- Myanmar Unicode and NLP Research Center
- Myanmar 3 font and keyboard (页面存档备份,存于)
- Burmese online dictionary (页面存档备份,存于) (Unicode)
- Ayar Myanmar online dictionary (页面存档备份,存于)
- Myanmar unicode character table (页面存档备份,存于)
- Download KaNaungConverter_Window_Build200508.zip from the Kanaung project page and Unzip (页面存档备份,存于) Ka Naung Converter Engine (页面存档备份,存于)
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