联合国安全理事会主席国

Identity

The Permanent Representative (ambassador) of the state to the security council is usually the president of the council,[12] but the presidency is technically given to a state and not a person.[16] For example, in January 2000, a month in which the United States held the presidency of the Security Council,[20] 美国副总统 阿尔·戈尔 headed the United States delegation to the United Nations for a few days. As a result, Gore was the president of the Security Council during this time.[21] Heads of state have met six times at the UNSC.[22] All members of the council, including the president, must present credentials issued by either the head of state, the head of government, or the minister of foreign affairs of their respective states to the 联合国秘书长, except if the representative is also the head of government or minister of foreign affairs.[23]

Early function

德米特里·曼努伊尔斯基

In 1947 and 1948, the UNSC was involved in the 以色列独立宣言 and the ensuing 第一次中东战争. In July 1948, the 乌克兰苏维埃社会主义共和国 held the presidency. The council met on 7 July upon the request of a United Nations mediator, to consider whether it should promote peace. The UNSC had previously invited representatives of the Arab Higher Committee and the Jewish Agency of Palestine to discuss the issue.[30]

德米特里·曼努伊尔斯基, the president in July, addressed the Jewish Agency as 'the representative of the State of Israel'. However, the UNSC had not formally recognized the state. Various member-states criticized his action, and only the United States supported it. In response, the Arab Higher Committee representatives left discussions, and did not return, hindering the UNSC's ability to negotiate the matter. Historian Istvan Pogany considers that "the President deliberately abused his office in order to further the objectives of his government."[30]

In 1948, the president informally engaged in diplomacy several times, the first in January 1948, when the Belgian president requested that India and Pakistan "refrain from any step incompatible with the Charter and liable to result in an aggravation of the situation’'. In April, the Colombian president met with representatives of the Jewish Agency and Arab Higher Committee to discuss possible terms for peace. Later that year, the Argentinian president established a 'Technical Committee on Berlin Currency and Trade'.[31] In August 1950, Sydney D. Bailey writes that the holder of the presidency, the Soviet Union, manipulated "the procedure of the Council for partisan purposes during debates on Korea".[32]

The president has also formally negotiated on behalf of the UNSC several times. In February 1957, upon the request of the UNSC, then-president Gunnar Jarring of Sweden prepared a report on 印度–巴基斯坦关系. He consulted with both nations and discussed many potential solutions to their disagreements, none of which were agreed upon. Such actions have generally not been requested since the 1970s. The president will also manage less formal negotiations upon request of the council.[31]

Later function

T. F. Tsiang held the presidency 16 times.

In a 31 March 1976 meeting discussing South African aggression against 安哥拉, the meeting continued past midnight and it was technically 1 April. Thomas S. Boya, the representative of 贝宁 and president for March, offered to pass the presidency on to China. Though the meeting was adjourned before a decision was reached, it became established procedure for the president to step down exactly when the month elapsed. A similar case on 31 May 2010 resulted in Nawaf Salam of Lebanon giving the presidency to Claude Heller of Mexico.[28]

In September 1994, during the 卢旺达种族灭绝, 卢旺达 was supposed to hold the presidency, but had not been present at Security Council meetings from 14 July. On 25 August, the Council decided to allow Spain to hold the position for September. A Rwandan delegation was again present on 16 September, and it was decided that the nation would hold the presidency in December.[17] The presidency has been ceded several times. The first was from 10 to 12 January 1950, when the representative of 中華民國 ceded to Cuba. The United States ceded in 1948, China in 1950, India in 1951, Lebanon in 1956, and the United Kingdom in 1968. On 10 November 1993 the representative of 佛得角, José Luís Jesus, ceded to China as he was a candidate for election to the 国际法院; and on 15 December 1994 the Rwandan representative ceded to Argentina. Both the United States and 苏联 refused requests to cede the presidency, the US during the 冷战 and USSR during the 刚果危机.[33][34]

Taieb Slim, the 突尼西亞n holder of the presidency in September 1980, asked 伊朗 and 伊拉克 to "desist from all armed activity and all acts that might worsen the dangerous situation and to settle their dispute by peaceful means.[11] The presidency was reformed in a 2010 note revised its function, largely focusing on increasing transparency. Efforts at such reform had begun in the 1990s.[35] There have been various other efforts to reform the position, such as allowing terms to be extended during times of war.[36]

Numerous people have served multiple times as president. The most times anyone has held the position is sixteen, by 蔣廷黻, a representative of the Republic of China; the second-most was held by 雅科夫·馬利克, a representative of the USSR, ten.[37]