菜粉蝶
菜粉蝶(學名:Pieris rapae,英文俗名:,別名:紋白蝶、日本紋白蝶、白紋蝶、菜白蝶,俗稱菜蟲),是屬於粉蝶科的一種蝴蝶,是粉蝶屬的一種。廣泛分佈於歐亞大陸大部分地區,並已入侵並立足於北美、北非、澳洲、紐西蘭等地低至高海拔地區[3][4]。模式產地為瑞典[5]。
菜粉蝶 | |
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合翅形態 | |
展翅形態 | |
科学分类 | |
界: | 动物界 Animalia |
门: | 节肢动物门 Arthropoda |
纲: | 昆虫纲 Insecta |
目: | 鱗翅目 Lepidoptera |
总科: | 鳳蝶總科 Papilionoidea |
科: | 粉蝶科 Pieridae |
属: | 粉蝶屬 Pieris |
种: | 菜粉蝶 P. rapae |
二名法 | |
Pieris rapae (林奈, 1758) | |
亞種 | |
共有17個亞種,詳閱正文。 | |
全球性分佈及入侵時期 | |
異名 | |
異名列表
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一年多代。成蝶飛行緩慢,好訪花。冬季溫度低的地區以蛹態過冬。幼蟲的寄主主要為十字花科植物,大多都是農作產物,所以菜粉蝶是族群密度非常高的農業害蟲。雌蝶將卵單產在十字花科蔬菜上,因此飯盒裡常能找到煮熟的幼蟲,爲了避免各類昆蟲啃食,農夫大多會施以農藥防治以達立竿見影之效。[6]
語源
拉丁學名的種名「rapae」源自古希臘語「ραπάνι」(rapáni),指蘿蔔(radish),也是菜粉蝶幼蟲的一種常用寄主植物。[7]
在台灣以外漢語使用地區,中文種名「菜」源於此種的幼蟲常以十字花科的蔬菜為食。在台灣使用的中文名字直接以屬名「粉蝶」命名,皆因此種的族群數量多,分佈廣,足以作為本屬代表。而別名「紋白蝶」乃源自日文名稱「モン(紋)シロチョウ(白蝶)」。[6]
形態
卵型稍胖,剛產的卵顏色較淡,開始發育後顏色轉深。小幼蟲的背中線呈淡黃色,且模糊。終齡幼蟲體側黃色虛線細,體表的藍黑色突起小。蛹的胸背隆起低,腹背兩側突起短而不明顯。[6]
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成蟲軀體背面黑褐色,腹面白色。翅背面底色白色,前翅翅頂及翅基有黑褐色紋;M3及CuA2室各有一黑褐色斑點排成縱列。後翅翅基亦有黑褐色紋,前緣中央有一黑褐色斑點。翅腹面為帶黃色的白色,前翅亦有兩枚黑褐色斑點。低溫期個體體型較小,黑褐色紋色澤較淺。雌蝶的前翅翅基黑褐色紋較雄蝶明顯,由灰色鱗粉形成。[3][4][6][8][9]
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形態近似的物種有:
習性
幼蟲爬出卵殼後,會回頭噴食卵殼,作為孵化後的第一餐。幼蟲會取食寄主植物的葉片、花序和果實。幼蟲化蛹前通常會爬離寄主,在其他植物或附近雜物上化蛹。[6]寄主植物包括:[4][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]
十字花目 | |
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十字花科 Brassicaceae
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醉蝶花科 Cleomaceae |
木犀草科 Resedaceae
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旱金蓮科 Tropaeolaceae
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白花菜科 Capparaceae
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茄目 | |
茄科 Solanaceae |
成蟲一年多代。全年四季可見,冬季溫度低的地區或以蛹態過冬。出沒於海拔0-2500米地區的常綠闊葉林、農田、鄉村及都市荒地、熱帶季風林、熱帶雨林、海岸林、常綠落葉闊葉混生林、常綠硬葉林。主要出沒於平原到丘陵農田和周圍的荒地。牠喜歡陽性環境,在菜田等農田周圍飛行,又愛在菊科等各種花卉間飛舞。開闊的農耕地正爲其所好,因此成爲十字花科蔬菜的主要蟲害。冬季稻作休耕時,農民習慣種植油菜作爲綠肥,正好提供本種幼蟲大量的食物,每當油菜田裡黃花盛開,總是有成群的白色蝴蝶於田間飛舞。雌蝶將卵單產在十字花科蔬菜上。[3][8]
亞種
- P. r. rapae
- - 指名亞種[15]
- P. r. deleta Strand, 1901[16]
- P. r. mauretanica Verity, 1908
- P. r. transcaucasica (Stauder, 1925)
- P. r. meleager Hemming, 1934
- P. r. kenteana Rühl, [1893]
- P. r. crucivora Boisduval, 1836
- P. r. debilis Alphéraky, 1889 = P. r. eumorpha
- P. r. leucosoma Schawerda, 1905
- P. r. atomaria Fruhstorfer, 1909
- P. r. micipsa Fruhstorfer, 1909
- P. r. lysicles Fruhstorfer, 1909
- - 分佈於日本[25]
- P. r. tochica Peile, 1937[26]
- P. r. originalis Bryk, 1940
- P. r. crucivorina Bryk, 1942
- P. r. yunnana Mell, 1943
- P. r. bernardii Le Moult, 1945[31]
參考
- van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Wiemers, M., Katbeh-Bader, A., Power, A., Benyamini, D., Tzirkalli, E., Balletto, E., Monteiro, E., Karaçetin, E., Franeta, F., Pe'er, G., Welch, H., Thompson, K., Pamperis, L., Dapporto, L., Šašić, M., López Munguira, M., Micevski, N., Dupont, P., Garcia-Pereira, P., Moulai, R., Caruana, R., Verovnik, R., Bonelli, S. & Beshkov, S. 2014. Pieris rapae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2014: e.T174353A53720063.
- van Swaay, C., Wynhoff, I., Verovnik, R., Wiemers, M., López Munguira, M., Maes, D., Sasic, M., Verstrael, T., Warren, M. & Settele, J. 2010. Pieris rapae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T174353A7056010.
- 徐堉峰. . 台灣: 晨星出版有限公司. 2013年2月10日: 303-304. ISBN 9789861776705 (中文(繁體)).
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- 菜粉蝶 (页面存档备份,存于) - 香港生物多樣性數據庫 - 漁農自然護理署 (繁體中文)
- Bryk, 1942; Zur Kenntnis der Großschmetterlinge der Kurilen Dt. Ent. Z. Iris 56: 11
- (Mell, 1943); Zool. Stuttgart 36 (100): 104
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- 賴浩然, 2020-03-30.【動物之森/動物森友會】攻略 3月昆蟲圖鑑 特殊出現及捕捉方法 (页面存档备份,存于). 香港01. (繁體中文)
文獻
- 17世紀
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- 19世紀
- Grum-Grshimailo, 1890, Le Pamir et sa faune lépidoptérologique in Romanoff, Mém. Lép. 4: 218
- 20世紀
- Dyar, 1903, A List of North American Lepidoptera and Key to the Literature of this Order of Insects Bull. U.S. nat. Mus. 52: 6
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- Leraut P. (1992): Les papillons dans leur milieu, Bordas (法文)
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- Tolman T. & R. Lewington (1998): Die Tagfalter Europas und Nordwestafrikas, übersetzt von M. Nuß, Franckh-Kosmos Verlags-GmbH & Co., Stuttgart (德文)
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- 21世紀
- Capinera JL. 2001. Handbook of Vegetable Pests. Academic Press, San Diego. 729 pp.
- Pyle, 2002. The Butterflies of Cascadia, 140.
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外部連結
- 维基共享资源上的相關多媒體資源:菜粉蝶
- 維基物種上的相關:菜粉蝶
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- Pieris rapae (页面存档备份,存于) - Natural History Information System (德文)
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