蝾螺科

蝾螺科（學名：）是一個包括有小型到大型海洋腹足纲软体动物的一個科[1]。舊屬原始腹足目，現時蠑螺科是鐘螺目鐘螺總科之下的一個科[2]。

蠑螺科
Three views of a shell of Turbo cornutus with the operculum in place
科学分类 编辑
界： 动物界 Animalia
门： 軟體動物門 Mollusca
纲： 腹足纲 Gastropoda
亚纲： 古腹足亞綱 Vetigastropoda
目： 鐘螺目 Trochida
总科： 鐘螺總科 Trochoidea
科： 蠑螺科 Turbinidae
Rafinesque, 1815
屬與種

見內文

本科在2005年的分類很龐大，包含多個亞科與物種[3]，但這些亞科後來都從蠑螺科獨立出來，組成各自的科與總科，到現在又重聚到鐘螺總科之下[2]。

型態特徵

本科物種的一大特徵，是其鈣質的口蓋，使之與非常近似但有着角質口蓋的鐘螺科物種分辨開來。蠑螺科物種堅固的口蓋成為了牠們的一種被動的防禦構造，得以抵擋捕食者嘗試從其殼口或殼唇進侵其柔軟的身體。

贝壳多呈陀螺形。分布于热带、亚热带、温带的海洋，以热带水域为多，栖息于潮间带到浅海之岩礁区。

分佈及棲息地

按照Williams et al. (2008)，蠑螺科物種由多個支序組成，而且無論在淺水區或深水區皆有其物種棲息[4]。本科物種有很廣闊的分佈範圍，從熱帶到極帶均有分佈，但絕大多數物種都棲息於熱帶及亞熱帶的淺水區。

分類

蠑螺科原為前鰓亞綱原始腹足目蠑螺總科的成員。現時蠑螺總科成為了鐘螺總科的異名。然而，這一個頗為古老的腹足綱群組很可能源於2.98億到2.50億年前的二疊紀[5]。本科物種的型態仍然保有多種原始的特徵，例如：牠們的螺殼內的珠母層。

2005年分類

根據布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)，蠑螺科是蠑螺總科的成員，由下列八個亞科組成[3]：

  • Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
  • 海豚螺亞科 Angariinae Gray, 1857[6]：又名棘冠螺亞科，Delphinulinae Stoliczka, 1868是本亞科的異名。
  • 縮口螺亞科 Colloniinae Cossmann, 1917[7][6]
    • tribe Colloniini Cossmann, 1917 - synonym: Bothropomatinae Thiele, 1924 (inv.); Homalopomatinae Keen, 1960; Petropomatinae Cox, 1960
    • tribe † Adeorbisinini Monari, Conti & szabo, 1995
    • tribe † Crossostomatini Cox, 1960
    • tribe † Helicocryptini Cox, 1960
  • Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
  • † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997
  • Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：異名： Prisogastrinae in Bouchet & Rocroi (2005)，拼寫錯誤。[8]
  • 篷螺亞科 Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851[6]：Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924是本亞科的異名。
  • Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971

2008年分類
Astraea rugosa (Linnaeus, 1767), a fossil turbinid from the Pliocene of Cyprus.

根據Williams et al. (2008)的研究成果，蠑螺科被重新定義，還被移到鐘螺總科[4]。與此同時，原來蠑螺科之下的海豚螺亞科獲提至科級，成為了鐘螺總科之下的海豚螺科（Angariidae）；而原來蠑螺科的縮口螺亞科在提升至科級成為縮口螺科（Colloniidae）之餘，再與蠑螺總科的雉螺科改為合組新的雉螺總科（Phasianelloidea Swainson, 1840）[4]；Margaritinae was moved to Turbinidae from Trochidae[4]。這個時候的蠑螺科包括下列五個亞科[4]：

  • 蠑螺亞科 Turbininae Rafinesque, 1815：異名有 Senectinae Swainson, 1840; Imperatorinae Gray, 1847; Astraliinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854; Astraeinae Davies, 1935; Bolmidae Delpey, 1941
  • Skeneinae W. Clark, 1851 - synonym: Delphinoideinae Thiele, 1924 (upgraded to the rank of family Skeneidae)
  • Margaritinae [9]：根據布歇特和洛克羅伊的腹足類分類 (2005年)，這個亞科由以下三個族組成。upgraded to the rank of family Margaritidae
    • tribe Margaritini Thiele, 1924 - synonym: Margaritinae Stoliczka, 1868 (inv.)
    • tribe Gazini Hickman & McLean, 1990
    • tribe Kaiparathinini Marshall, 1993
  • Tegulinae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971：獲提升至科級成為Tegulidae Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971
  • Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990

下列在2005年分類提及過的亞科都保留了：

  • Moellerinae Hickman & McLean, 1990：但Moelleria這個屬的物種並未有包括在2010年的分子研究裡[4][10]
  • † Moreanellinae J. C. Fischer & Weber, 1997

2017年分類

亞倫氏螺屬（Yaronia Mienis, 2011）被重新分到縮口螺科去[11]。

以下為本科現時餘下的屬[12]。

屬
The shell of Guildfordia yoka, a deep water turbinid

現時本科包括以下各屬：

不屬於任何亞科：
  • Phanerolepida Dall, 1907
  • Tropidomarga Powell, 1951
蠑螺亞科（Turbininae）[12]
Lithopoma tectum
Prisogasterinae Hickman & McLean, 1990
  • Prisogaster  Mörch, 1850[8]
異名：
  • Astrea Link, 1807: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
  • Agathistoma Olsson & Harbison, 1953: synonym of Tegula Lesson, 1832
  • Amyxa Troschel, 1852: synonym of Prisogaster Mörch, 1850
  • Calcar Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Canthorbis Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
  • Cardinalia Gray, 1842: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
  • Crosseia P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Crossea A. Adams, 1865
  • Cyclocantha Swainson, 1840: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Dinassovica Iredale, 1937: synonym of Turbo (Turbo) Linnaeus, 1758 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
  • Distellifer Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Foliastralium Habe & Okutani, 1980: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Galeoastraea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
  • Halopsephus Rehder, 1943: synonym of Turbo (Halopsephus) Rehder, 1943 represented as Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
  • Harisazaea Habe, 1958: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
  • Imperator Montfort, 1810: synonym of Astraea Röding, 1798
  • † Incilaster Finlay, 1926: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
  • Livona Gray, 1842: synonym of Cittarium Philippi, 1847
  • Lunatica Röding, 1798: synonym of Turbo Linnaeus, 1758
  • Macropelmus Gistel, 1848: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Margarita Leach, 1819: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847
  • Micrastraea Cotton, 1939: synonym of Bellastraea Iredale, 1924
  • Notosetia Iredale, 1915: synonym of Putilla A. Adams, 1867
  • Okinawastraea Habe & Okutani, 1981: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • † Oobolma Sacco, 1896 : synonym of Bolma'' Risso, 1826
  • † Ormastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
  • Pachypoma Gray, 1850: synonym of Lithopoma Gray, 1850
  • Pagocalcar Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Pseudastralium Schepman, 1908: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
  • Pyramidea Swainson, 1840: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
  • Pyramis Schumacher, 1817: synonym of Tectus Montfort, 1810
  • Rugastella Iredale, 1937: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Senobolma Okutani, 1964: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
  • Stella P. Fischer, 1885: synonym of Astralium Link, 1807
  • Submargarita Strebel, 1908: synonym of Lissotesta Iredale, 1915
  • Tharsiella Bush, 1897: synonym of Cirsonella Angas, 1877
  • Trochiscus G.B. Sowerby I, 1838: synonym of Norrisia Bayle, 1880
  • † Tylastralium Sacco, 1896: synonym of Bolma Risso, 1826
  • Valvatella Gray, 1857: synonym of Margarites Gray, 1847

参考文献
  1. Bouchet, P. . WoRMS.
  2. Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Hausdorf, B.; Kaim, A.; Kano, Y.; Nützel, A.; Parkhaev, P.; Schrödl, M.; Strong, E.E. . Malacologia. 2017, 61 (1–2): 1–526. OCLC 7296100651. S2CID 91051256. doi:10.4002/040.061.0201.
  3. Bouchet, P.; Rocroi, J.-P.; Frýda, J.; Hausdorf, B.; Ponder, W.; Valdés, Á. & Warén, A. . Malacologia (Hackenheim, Germany: ConchBooks). 2005, 47 (1–2): 1–397. ISBN 3-925919-72-4. OCLC 61351079. OL 42989175M. S2CID 83847814.
  4. Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. . Zoologica Scripta. 2008-09, 37 (5): 483–506. doi:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00341.x （英语）.
  5. Alf A., Kreipl K. & Poppe G. T. (2003) The Family Turbinidae, Subfamily Turbininae, Genus Turbo. In: Poppe G. T. & Groh K. (eds.): A Conchological Iconography: 68 pp., 95 colour plates, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, ISBN 3-925919-27-9.
  6. 中国科学院中国动物志编辑委员会主编；董正之编著 (编). . 无脊椎动物 第29卷 软体动物门 腹足纲 原始腹足目 马蹄螺总科. 科学出版社. 2002: 210页 [2018-08-21]. ISBN 9787030095091. （原始内容存档于2018-10-03） （中文（简体））.
  8. Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 编. . WoRMS. 2009 [2010-04-19] –WoRMS.
  10. . National Center for Biotechnology Information. [2010-04-19]. （原始内容存档于2018-04-06）.
  11. . WoRMS. 2016-06-16 [2018-03-13].
  12. Gofas, S. Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. , 编. . WoRMS. 2009-02-02 [2018-03-13] –WoRMS.
  13. Alf, A.; Kreipl, K. . G.T. Poppe; K. Groh (编). . Hackenheim: Conchbooks. 2011: pp. 1–82, pls 104–245 （英语）.
  • Marshall, B.A. 1988. Skeneidae, Vitrinellidae and Orbitestellidae (Mollusca: Gastropoda) associated with biogenic substrata from bathyal depths off New Zealand and New South Wales. Journal of Natural History 22(4): 949-1004.
  • Vaught, K.C. (1989). A classification of the living Mollusca. American Malacologists: Melbourne, FL (USA). ISBN 0-915826-22-4. XII, 195 pp.
  • Williams, Suzanne T.; Karube, S.; Ozawa, T. . Zoologica Scripta. 2008, 37: 483–506 （英语）.

外部連結
维基共享资源上的相关多媒体资源：蝾螺科
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