人類性別比

性別比是指族群雄性(男性)對雌性(女性)的比率。「第一性別比」指懷孕時的性別比;「第二性別比」指剛出生嬰兒的性別比;「第三性別比」指所有成熟個體(此指出生後至死亡)的性別比[1]

各國總人口中的性別比,藍色代表女性較多;紅色代表男性較多,世界平均值大約是1.01位男性對1位女性。
各國65歲以上人口中的性別比,藍色代表女性較多;紅色代表男性較多,世界平均值約0.79位男性對1位女性。

人口學上對人類社會或國家中的男女性別比,通常是以每100位女性所對應的男性數目為計算標準。目前的人類二級性別比大約是104位男性對100位女性。而生物學上的性別比,則是以族群中雄性所佔比例來做定義。

自然比例

人口學家認為新生兒正常的人口比約為104,在人口統計學上,一般正常範圍則在102至105之間。高於或低於這個數字,背後則可能隱藏了環境、社會、醫療等因素。

雖然在出生時女嬰的數量會略少於男嬰(其比例約為1:1.05),但由於女嬰較男嬰存活率爲高(男胎比女胎更容易流產或死胎,且男嬰出生後較易感染致命疾病),且女性比男性長壽,加上男性比較容易因為工作、衛生習慣、生活習慣(如:好爭執、鬥毆)等因素死亡,通常承受較大的風險,所以整體人口的性別比多在100以下,越高齡、生活環境愈好的國家,因為高齡女性人口愈來愈多,所以性別比也愈低,例如日本在2002年只有95.5。另外男嬰出生的可能性,也與母親懷孕時的生活條件相關,母體在環境艱困時會抑制男孩在子宮內存活,在環境好時則相反,這導致資源缺乏時,母親生下的男胎比平常少,其它哺乳類動物則也有相同的情況。以生物學的觀點來看,在環境艱困生下女嬰將更有利於繁殖[2]

亞洲性別比失衡

在性別取向較強烈的社會中,由於重男輕女的觀念根深蒂固,亞洲國家性別比一直以來都較西方國家為高。根据世界银行2012年估计,中国大陸的新生儿性别比为119、韓國为110、印度为108,在全世界人口超过一千万的国家里分列第一、第二。臺灣為108,新加坡为107,為第三位。但日本香港的性別比統計分別為95(日本)和85(香港)是少數亞洲女多於男的地區,而且香港的女性人数占比持續增加。

華人人口性別比失衡並非是現代獨有的現象,根據南开大学王泉伟在《明代男女比例的统计分析——根据地方志数据的分析》一文當中的研究,明朝性別比相當不平衡,明朝中期後,全國範圍內的性別比曾一度達到每100個女性中有150個男性的狀況,有些地區甚至出現每一百個女性中有大約300個男性的狀況;復旦大學中國歷史地理研究所的曹樹基也曾在《墓誌銘中所見明代人口結構》一文中提及明代性別比失衡、出現男性遠多於女性的狀況。

自1990年代以来,中国的新生儿性别比一直处于全世界最高水平[3],且远远高于其他主要国家。从2004年開始,當地政府推行「關愛女孩行動」,但影响有限。根据2010年人口普查,中国新生儿性别比为118。一些地方的性别比更是极度失衡,例如福建省泉州市安溪县的新生儿性别比高达177。

近年,東亞國家之性別比有下降的趨勢。據2019年CIA人口統顯示中国大陸的性别比为106。臺灣為99。日本的性別比統計為94。印度則為108,與2012年相同。

各年齡層的性別比

由於女性的平均壽命高於男性,因此中老年人的性別比常見女多於男的現象,但是小於或等於適婚年齡的各年齡層,其性別比才是需要關注的問題。

首先,一個看似安全的整體性別比,卻可能是由較低的中老年性別比掩蓋失衡的青年及未成年性別比;再者,因社會環境困境和危害造成女性婚姻生育意願低於男性,代表青年及未成年性別比要更低才安全;若考慮到少子化問題,則代表若新生兒性別比沒有相當低、就不能平衡過去失衡的性別比。

控制性別比的方式

學者對於性別比異常有許多解釋,而一個社會中可能各種影響性別比的方式都同時存在。

胎次

中國大陸目前以「二胎政策[4]取代之前的一胎化政策,台灣雖然未限制婦女生育數目,但在經濟壓力之下,許多夫妻決定只生一胎,也成為「假性一胎化」。在華人傳統社會觀念中,是由男性繼承家族血統,故學者發現,在這種社會中,頭一胎的性別比雖然已經偏高,但是第2、3胎後,更為異常,有時候可以達到2400,明顯有人為因素介入,主要是婦女可能第一胎生女後,第二胎無法再將命運交給概率決定,只好求助生殖科技。

環境

也有學者認為,環境賀爾蒙可能改變夫妻雙方的體質,所以男嬰的比率會愈來愈高。由於華人社會性別比異常的區域,也是B型肝炎盛行區域,也有學者提出假說,認為B型肝炎乙型肝炎)可能影響性別比,但未獲進一步學術上的證實。

避免遺傳疾病

有多種遺傳性疾病只影響男性或女性得病率較低(如色盲色弱);對於一些擁有先天性疾病基因的夫妻來說,最有效益避免方法是只生女嬰、不然就是使用胚胎植入前遺傳篩選(也會降低男嬰比例);這種優生學的倫理問題低於直接禁止生育,因此社會接受率較高,若遺傳檢查普及率高,則會增加女嬰比例,但目前這因素對於性別比是沒有影響的。

影響

婚姻與社會安定

性別比失衡之後,成為人口規畫學上很重要的問題,其中最大的衝擊就是婚姻;一些研究顯示,當大量适婚年龄的年輕男性受到婚姻挤压、無法找到另一半時,社會治安會顯著變差。

清統治時代的台灣是一個例子,由於清政府早期禁止人民全家移民來台,因此當時台灣社會明顯男多餘於女,造成了許多「羅漢腳」,增加台灣社會動亂的頻率。

各地的性別比

每1位女性所对应的男性数目:

国家/地区新生儿(CIA估计)[5]15岁以下15–6465岁以上总计新生儿(WDB估计)[6]
 世界1.071.070.990.801.011.07
 阿富汗1.051.031.040.861.031.07
 阿尔巴尼亚1.1181.11.050.871.041.07
 阿尔及利亚1.051.041.020.861.011.05
 美属萨摩亚1.061.041.030.881.02
 安道尔1.0661.061.090.991.07
 安哥拉1.051.021.030.791.021.03
 安圭拉1.0311.050.90.930.94
 安地卡及巴布達1.051.030.870.760.9
 阿根廷1.0521.0510.70.971.04
 亞美尼亞1.1241.150.880.620.891.15
 阿鲁巴1.0211.010.920.660.91.05
 1.0551.051.030.8411.06
 奥地利1.0511.051.010.710.951.06
 1.131.160.970.580.971.16
 巴哈马1.031.030.970.620.961.06
 巴林1.0281.021.331.131.241.05
 1.04321.010.890.930.931.05
 巴巴多斯1.01310.970.640.941.04
 白俄羅斯1.0621.060.940.470.871.06
 比利时1.0451.041.020.710.961.05
 伯利兹1.051.041.020.911.031.03
 1.051.040.990.6911.04
 百慕大1.0151.000.970.710.94
 不丹1.051.041.131.121.11.04
 玻利维亚1.051.040.960.790.981.05
 1.0741.071.020.690.971.07
 博茨瓦纳1.031.041.020.681.011.03
 巴西1.051.040.980.730.981.05
 英屬維爾京群島1.051.031.051.071.05
 文莱1.0471.060.990.9411.06
 保加利亚1.061.050.970.680.921.06
 布吉納法索1.031.0110.640.991.05
 緬甸1.061.040.990.770.99
 1.031.010.970.670.981.03
 柬埔寨1.0451.020.950.60.961.05
 喀麦隆1.031.021.010.851.011.03
 加拿大1.0561.051.020.780.981.05
 佛得角1.031.010.940.610.941.03
 开曼群岛1.0161.010.950.890.96
 中非1.031.010.980.670.981.03
 乍得1.041.030.850.730.921.03
 智利1.051.0510.720.981.04
 中國1.121.171.060.931.061.19
 哥伦比亚1.061.050.970.740.981.05
 科摩罗1.031.010.980.830.981.05
 刚果民主共和国1.031.010.990.690.991.03
 刚果共和国1.031.010.990.70.991.03
 庫克群島1.0481.131.070.961.07
 哥斯达黎加1.051.051.010.861.011.05
 1.031.021.040.991.031.02
 1.0551.060.990.640.931.06
 古巴1.061.0610.830.991.06
 賽普勒斯1.051.061.080.771.041.07
 捷克1.0591.061.010.660.951.06
 丹麦1.0551.051.010.780.981.06
 吉布提1.0310.80.810.861.04
 多米尼克1.051.041.050.761.02
 1.041.041.040.861.031.05
 厄瓜多尔1.051.040.970.930.991.05
 埃及1.051.051.030.831.031.05
 薩爾瓦多1.051.050.890.810.931.05
 赤道几内亚1.031.030.970.780.991.03
 厄立特里亚1.031.010.960.820.981.03
 爱沙尼亚1.0631.060.910.490.841.06
 衣索比亞1.0310.960.750.971.03
 欧洲联盟1.061.0510.730.951.06
 法罗群岛1.0711.071.150.91.09
 斐济1.051.0410.8111.06
 芬兰1.041.041.020.690.961.05
 法國1.0511.0510.720.961.05
 法屬玻里尼西亞1.051.041.071.021.061.05
 加彭1.031.0110.720.991.03
 冈比亚1.031.010.980.9811.03
 加沙地带 / 巴勒斯坦1.061.061.050.681.041.05
 1.1131.150.930.660.911.11
 德国1.0551.051.040.720.971.06
 1.031.0210.8411.06
 直布罗陀1.071.061.020.931.01
 希腊1.0641.0610.780.961.07
 格陵兰1.0511.031.151.051.12
 格瑞那達1.0981.051.040.821.021.05
 關島1.061.071.040.851.031.06
 1.051.040.940.860.971.05
 根西1.051.030.980.770.95
 几内亚1.031.0210.7811.06
 几内亚比绍1.0310.930.660.951.03
 圭亚那1.051.0410.7111.05
 海地0.991.020.990.620.981.05
 洪都拉斯1.051.041.010.811.011.05
 香港1.0751.090.940.880.951.07
 匈牙利1.0571.060.980.570.911.06
 冰島1.041.031.020.8311.05
 印度1.121.131.130.91.081.08
 印度尼西亞1.051.031.010.811.05
 伊朗1.051.051.020.921.021.05
 伊拉克1.051.031.030.91.021.07
 愛爾蘭1.071.0710.810.991.07
 马恩岛1.051.051.010.70.96
 以色列1.051.051.030.7711.05
 義大利1.071.061.030.720.961.06
 牙买加1.051.030.970.810.981.05
 日本1.061.061.020.740.951.06
 澤西1.081.0810.80.97
 约旦1.061.041.150.931.11.05
 1.061.040.950.540.921.07
 肯尼亚1.021.011.010.8411.03
 基里巴斯1.051.030.980.740.991.05
 1.061.030.980.630.951.05
 1.071.081.040.6911.10
 科威特1.041.041.781.661.541.03
 1.051.040.960.640.961.06
 老挝1.041.010.980.760.981.05
 拉脫維亞1.051.050.950.490.861.05
 黎巴嫩1.051.040.980.820.971.05
 賴索托1.031.010.960.660.961.03
 利比里亚1.0310.980.940.991.06
 利比亞1.051.041.060.961.051.06
 列支敦斯登1.261.090.990.760.94
 立陶宛1.061.050.960.530.891.05
 盧森堡1.071.061.020.70.971.06
 澳門1.051.140.880.880.921.05
 馬其頓1.081.081.020.7711.08
 马达加斯加1.031.010.990.80.991.03
 马拉维1.0211.010.7411.03
 马来西亚1.071.061.010.791.011.06
 馬爾地夫1.051.041.0411.051.06
 1.031.020.990.640.991.05
 馬爾他1.061.061.030.760.991.06
 马绍尔群岛1.051.041.050.941.04
 毛里塔尼亚1.031.010.890.740.931.05
 模里西斯1.051.030.990.670.971.04
 马约特1.031.011.161.041.081.03
 墨西哥1.051.040.940.820.961.05
 密克羅尼西亞聯邦1.051.030.990.7411.07
 摩尔多瓦1.061.060.940.580.911.06
 摩納哥1.061.050.980.680.91
 蒙古1.051.0410.7711.03
 蒙特內哥羅1.0720.961.080.680.991.08
 蒙特塞拉特1.031.080.921.951.01
 摩洛哥1.051.0410.750.991.06
 莫桑比克1.021.010.960.710.971.03
 纳米比亚1.031.021.020.811.011.03
 瑙鲁1.051.040.971.041
 尼泊尔1.041.040.920.890.961.05
 荷蘭1.051.051.020.760.981.06
 1.051.050.930.680.93
 新喀里多尼亞1.051.041.010.861.011.05
 新西蘭1.051.0510.840.991.06
 尼加拉瓜1.051.0410.7811.05
 尼日尔1.031.020.990.8111.05
 奈及利亞1.061.051.040.941.041.06
 1.061.10.851.080.74
 挪威1.051.051.030.750.981.06
 阿曼1.051.041.381.321.221.05
 巴基斯坦1.051.061.050.881.091.05
 帛琉1.061.061.260.451.14
 巴拿马1.041.041.020.871.021.05
 巴布亚新几内亚1.051.031.060.861.041.08
 巴拉圭1.051.031.010.861.011.05
 秘魯1.051.041.010.891.011.05
 菲律賓1.051.0410.7611.06
 波蘭1.061.060.990.620.941.06
 葡萄牙1.071.090.990.70.951.06
 波多黎各1.051.050.930.760.921.05
 1.061.062.461.3821.04
 羅馬尼亞1.061.050.990.690.951.06
 俄羅斯1.061.050.920.440.861.06
 卢旺达1.031.0110.660.991.01
 1.051.061.190.991.14
 聖赫勒拿1.051.041.040.91.03
 圣基茨和尼维斯1.061.0510.720.99
 圣卢西亚1.061.050.940.820.961.03
 法属圣马丁1.040.990.910.810.92
 1.051.041.030.861.01
 1.031.021.060.821.031.03
 萨摩亚1.051.041.10.81.061.08
 圣马力诺1.091.080.920.760.91
 聖多美和普林西比1.031.030.940.820.981.03
 沙烏地阿拉伯1.051.041.291.061.181.03
 塞内加尔1.031.010.980.880.991.03
 塞爾維亞1.071.0710.70.951.08
 塞舌尔1.031.051.080.591.03
 塞拉利昂1.030.960.920.840.941.02
 新加坡1.081.080.950.80.951.07
 斯洛伐克1.051.050.990.60.941.05
 斯洛維尼亞1.071.061.020.640.951.05
 所罗门群岛1.051.041.020.91.021.09
 1.03110.7211.03
 南非1.0211.020.690.991.03
 西班牙1.071.061.010.720.961.06
 斯里蘭卡1.041.040.960.870.971.04
 苏丹1.051.041.011.071.031.05
 苏里南1.071.040.990.760.991.08
 斯威士兰1.031.020.930.590.951.03
 瑞典1.061.061.030.790.981.06
 瑞士1.051.081.020.710.971.06
 叙利亚1.061.061.050.891.051.05
 臺灣1.091.081.020.941.02
 1.051.040.980.740.991.05
 坦桑尼亚1.0310.970.780.981.03
 泰國1.051.050.980.830.981.06
 东帝汶1.051.031.040.911.031.05
 多哥1.031.010.960.650.971.02
 1.051.040.990.710.991.05
 千里達及托巴哥1.031.051.050.751.021.04
 突尼西亞1.071.071.010.871.011.05
 土耳其1.051.051.020.841.021.05
 1.051.020.980.770.981.05
 1.051.041.10.951.07
 图瓦卢1.051.040.960.590.96
 乌干达1.031.011.010.7111.03
 烏克蘭1.061.060.920.50.851.06
 阿联酋1.051.052.741.822.191.05
 英国1.051.051.030.760.981.05
 美国1.051.041.070.750.971.05
 美屬維爾京群島1.061.030.880.820.91.06
 乌拉圭1.041.030.990.670.951.05
 1.061.050.990.750.991.05
 瓦努阿圖1.051.041.041.061.041.07
 委內瑞拉1.051.030.970.80.981.05
 越南1.121.10.990.630.981.05
 1.051.1110.831.01
 约旦河西岸 / 巴勒斯坦1.061.051.050.711.041.05
 西撒哈拉1.041.030.970.730.99
 葉門1.051.041.030.921.031.05
 尚比亞1.031.0110.711.03
 辛巴威1.031.020.810.780.911.02

世界概况

本表根據 2006年美国中央情报局出版的《世界概况 页面存档备份,存于

地區總計新生兒15 歲以下15–6565 歲以上
世界1.011.061.061.030.79
 0.771.061.10.71.05
 爱沙尼亚0.841.061.060.910.5
 俄羅斯0.861.061.050.940.46
 拉脫維亞0.861.051.050.940.48
 烏克蘭0.861.071.050.920.52
 白俄羅斯0.881.051.040.950.5
 立陶宛0.891.061.050.960.52
 亞美尼亞0.91.171.120.880.67
 匈牙利0.911.061.060.970.57
 摩納哥0.911.051.050.970.69
 美屬維爾京群島0.911.061.020.90.79
 摩尔多瓦0.911.051.040.930.59
 0.911.151.130.930.67
 澳門0.921.051.070.910.72
 波多黎各0.921.051.050.920.76
 圣马力诺0.921.091.070.930.76
 阿鲁巴0.931.051.050.950.69
 0.931.051.050.920.7
 保加利亚0.931.061.050.970.7
 塞舌尔0.931.031.020.950.47
 0.931.061.040.960.55
 0.931.061.050.990.62
 几内亚0.941.0310.920.72
 塞拉利昂0.941.030.960.920.89
 波蘭0.941.061.060.990.62
 黎巴嫩0.941.051.040.920.83
 巴巴多斯0.941.0110.970.62
 斯洛伐克0.941.051.050.990.6
 澤西0.941.041.030.980.73
 马恩岛0.951.051.051.010.68
 日本0.951.051.051.010.73
 南非0.951.021.010.950.63
 列支敦斯登0.951.010.980.990.73
 图瓦卢0.951.051.040.950.61
 賴索托0.951.031.010.940.66
 奥地利0.951.051.051.010.68
 薩爾瓦多0.951.051.040.910.8
 葡萄牙0.951.071.090.980.7
 柬埔寨0.951.051.020.940.62
 乌拉圭0.951.041.030.980.69
 佛得角0.951.031.020.950.59
 法國0.951.051.0510.7
 捷克0.951.061.061.010.64
 斯洛維尼亞0.951.071.061.020.63
 斯威士兰0.951.031.020.920.66
 羅馬尼亞0.951.061.050.990.7
 義大利0.961.071.061.020.72
 衣索比亞0.961.031.061.010.83
 墨西哥0.961.051.040.940.83
 0.961.0510.970.69
 西班牙0.961.071.061.010.72
 新加坡0.961.081.070.950.8
 哥伦比亚0.961.031.020.950.78
 百慕大0.961.021.010.980.77
 斯里蘭卡0.961.051.050.940.86
 0.961.051.040.960.64
 乍得0.961.041.010.920.66
 博茨瓦纳0.961.031.030.940.61
 比利时0.961.051.041.020.7
 赤道几内亚0.961.031.010.930.77
 德国0.961.061.051.040.7
 开曼群岛0.961.0210.950.89
 芬兰0.961.041.041.020.66
 多哥0.961.031.010.950.69
 香港0.961.081.10.950.87
 蒙特塞拉特0.961.051.040.911.06
 希腊0.961.061.0610.79
 圣卢西亚0.971.071.070.970.58
 阿根廷0.971.051.0510.7
 海地0.971.031.010.960.79
 模里西斯0.971.021.0110.64
 0.971.071.071.020.7
 瑞士0.971.051.081.020.7
 盧森堡0.971.071.061.020.68
 美国0.971.051.0510.72
 緬甸0.971.061.020.970.76
 莫桑比克0.971.031.010.940.72
 0.971.051.050.990.71
 澤西0.971.081.080.990.79
 挪威0.981.051.051.030.73
 瑞典0.981.061.061.030.77
 坦桑尼亚0.981.0310.970.76
 0.981.051.040.980.69
 智利0.981.051.0510.72
 留尼汪0.981.051.050.980.69
 0.981.031.020.970.69
 中非0.981.031.010.980.66
 英国0.981.051.051.020.75
 玻利维亚0.981.051.040.960.8
 越南0.981.071.080.980.64
 0.981.051.060.960.62
 加拿大0.981.051.051.010.75
 巴西0.981.051.040.980.7
 丹麦0.981.061.051.020.75
 牙买加0.981.051.030.970.82
 老挝0.981.041.010.980.81
 泰國0.981.051.050.980.84
 荷蘭0.981.051.051.020.73
 毛里塔尼亚0.981.031.010.970.67
 0.981.031.030.960.7
 聖多美和普林西比0.981.031.030.940.85
 圣基茨和尼维斯0.991.061.0510.71
 0.991.051.051.020.79
 卢旺达0.991.031.010.990.67
 以色列0.991.051.051.010.75
 愛爾蘭0.991.071.0710.79
 0.991.051.040.980.75
 新西蘭0.991.041.051.010.78
 古巴0.991.061.0610.85
 0.991.051.020.990.79
 0.991.021.0310.82
 馬爾他0.991.061.061.020.75
 马拉维0.991.031.020.980.68
 利比里亚0.991.0310.980.94
 厄立特里亚0.991.031.010.980.95
 马达加斯加0.991.0310.980.82
 0.991.051.040.970.87
 摩洛哥0.991.051.040.990.77
 0.991.031.010.990.67
 布吉納法索0.991.031.010.990.67
 尚比亞0.991.031.010.990.74
 科摩罗0.991.031.010.980.7
 賽普勒斯11.051.041.030.77
 安地卡及巴布達11.051.041.010.61
 冰島11.041.031.030.82
 哥斯达黎加11.050.971.020.95
 厄瓜多尔11.051.040.990.89
 辛巴威11.031.0210.88
 馬其頓11.081.071.020.78
 菲律賓11.051.040.990.77
 11.031.0310.89
 加彭11.031.010.991.05
 印度尼西亞11.051.0410.77
 尼加拉瓜11.051.040.990.78
 蒙古11.051.0410.77
 乌干达11.031.011.010.76
 塞内加尔11.031.020.990.88
 瑙鲁11.051.050.971.13
 11.031.011.010.73
 圭亚那1.011.051.041.020.75
 直布罗陀1.011.061.051.050.81
 喀麦隆1.011.031.021.010.86
 肯尼亚1.011.021.021.010.83
 基里巴斯1.011.051.111.040.68
 新喀里多尼亞1.011.051.041.010.87
 多米尼克1.011.051.021.060.67
 秘魯1.011.051.041.010.89
 马来西亚1.011.071.061.010.79
 洪都拉斯1.011.051.0410.83
 纳米比亚1.011.031.021.010.84
 1.011.071.051.030.84
 巴拉圭1.011.051.031.010.86
 斐济1.011.051.0410.83
 伊拉克1.021.051.031.030.89
 阿尔及利亚1.021.051.041.020.88
 安哥拉1.021.051.021.030.8
 巴拿马1.021.051.041.030.88
 委內瑞拉1.021.081.071.010.83
 苏丹1.021.051.0411.15
 埃及1.021.051.051.020.74
 土耳其1.021.051.041.030.84
 奈及利亞1.021.031.021.040.91
 突尼西亞1.021.071.071.010.91
 所罗门群岛1.031.051.041.020.92
 1.031.051.051.040.87
 聖赫勒拿1.031.051.041.060.84
 安圭拉1.031.031.031.060.81
 伯利兹1.031.051.041.020.93
 伊朗1.041.051.051.040.96
 加沙地带1.041.051.051.040.71
 马绍尔群岛1.041.051.041.050.94
 苏里南1.041.051.051.060.79
 阿尔巴尼亚1.041.11.11.050.86
 關島1.041.061.081.040.88
 中華民國1.041.11.091.030.99
 葉門1.041.051.041.040.96
 1.041.031.041.070.78
 约旦河西岸1.041.061.051.050.74
 东帝汶1.041.051.031.040.95
 巴布亚新几内亚1.051.051.031.060.88
 吉布提1.051.031.011.091.02
 尼日尔1.051.031.041.060.99
 馬爾地夫1.051.051.061.040.98
 英屬維爾京群島1.051.051.031.061.1
 阿富汗1.051.051.051.050.95
 叙利亚1.051.061.061.050.9
 1.051.061.061.041.16
 利比亞1.051.051.041.060.96
 瓦努阿圖1.051.051.041.041.1
 巴基斯坦1.051.051.061.050.92
 法罗群岛1.05111.120.83
 尼泊尔1.061.051.071.060.95
 美属萨摩亚1.061.061.081.080.59
 中华人民共和国1.061.151.131.060.91
 印度1.061.051.061.071.02
 千里達及托巴哥1.071.051.061.10.81
 1.071.051.041.110.83
 法屬玻里尼西亞1.071.051.041.081.02
 不丹1.071.051.071.061.01
 安道尔1.081.071.091.10.98
 格瑞那達1.031.11.091.030.69
 文莱1.091.061.041.120.91
 1.101.131.121.030.63
 约旦1.101.061.041.150.95
 马约特1.101.031.011.181.02
 1.121.051.051.161.04
 格陵兰1.121.021.051.170.9
 帛琉1.131.061.061.170.9
 沙烏地阿拉伯1.21.051.041.331.13
 阿曼1.251.051.041.441.23
 巴林1.261.031.021.381.07
 萨摩亚1.391.051.041.650.83
 阿联酋1.431.051.041.552.73
 科威特1.521.041.041.771.71
 1.871.051.042.242.84

參見

参考

  1. Nancy S. Coney and W. C. Mackey. 1998. "The woman as final arbiter: a case for the facultative character of the human sex ratio," Journal of Sex Research 35 (May): 169-175.
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  5. "Sex Ratio 页面存档备份,存于", The World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, accessed various dates.
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