執政黨

執政黨（英語：），又稱與黨，指在政府中獲得政權的政黨，通常是國家元首、政府首腦或地方行政長官所屬的政黨，或者是其他形式而掌握執政權的政黨。标准的議會民主政體下，执政党是指实际控制立法行政权力的政党，政治下的执政权力一般限于治理，不是能真正掌握建制的权力，因为单一政党及其政治家无法代表绝对多数政治力量。民主政體的執政黨政治人物在担任中央及地方政府重要职务时，擁有依法組織政府和制定政策的权力，同时执政党負起政治責任，以維護執政權，否則會在下次選舉中成為在野黨甚至丧失政治活动地位。在政党轮替中與執政黨相反的是在野黨（Opposition），即在立法行政机关中拥有席位，有政治地位的政党；或反對黨，即广义上反对执政党的政党。

總統制

總統制下以總統所屬的政黨作為執政黨，總統兼任國家元首和政府首腦。如美國、墨西哥、巴西、阿根廷、智利、哥倫比亞、菲律賓和南韓。執政黨在議會未必是多數黨，或擁有佔多數的執政聯盟，擁有行政权力，属行政主導。政治較為穩定，總統受到任期保障，除非犯下嚴重罪行，否則難以被趕下台，而民主政體下議會擁有彈劾總統的權力。

实行总统制的政府

实行总统制的政权，多集中在美洲、非洲及中亞，总统制以美國為代表。

实行总统制但总理为超级部长的政府

实行总统制但設最高領袖的政府

伊朗[註 4]

实行总统制的未被普遍承认的政府

中華民國

半總統制

半總統制又稱雙首長制，民選的總統和受任命的總理共同行使行政權，然而各地的半總統制實施的方式不一樣。

總統優勢制

總統擁有最高的行政權力，可以不經國會同意，逕行任免總理（多為同一政黨），再由總理組成內閣，所以總理又稱閣揆。閣揆必須受總統領導。閣揆由總統任命、免除、替換，也不須徵詢國會的意見，閣揆及部會首長惟有代表總統，接受國會的質詢。國會可以行使倒閣權，但總統通常也有權解散國會。實行國家如下：

雙軌制

總統提名總理和內閣須咨询国会、得到國會的同意或依慣例任命議會最大黨主席為總理，內閣與總統互不隸屬，當兩者分屬不同政黨時總統將喪失部份或全部權力。只有國會有權撤換總理和內閣，但總統有權解散國會。當兩者屬同個政黨，就會像總統優勢制一樣，總統擁有最高的行政權力，總理將失去部分或全部權力。實行政府如下：

內閣制

內閣制或君主立憲制下政府需要經公民直接選舉國會議員，再由國會多數黨作為執政黨。現時行兩院制的政府多數會以下議院多數，作為執政基礎，政府亦需要獲下議院的多數才能繼續執政。若有一黨贏得國會下議院過半數席次並自行組閣，該黨即為執政黨，如英國和日本；若無任一政黨席次過半，則各參與聯合政府的政黨皆為執政黨，如德國和意大利；若数个政党组成联盟，赢得最多议席的政党占据主导优势，如马来西亚。

完整的议会共和制度

混合的议会共和制度

具有礼仪/非执行君主的议会制君主立宪制

君主掌握实权的议会制君主立宪制

混合制

也因实行總統內閣制，總統由议会選出，但握有实际行政权力，如緬甸聯邦共和國、南非共和國、博茨瓦納共和國。

混合制的總統、议会共和制度

君主獨裁

君主專制獨裁，政權為君主絕對掌控，如沙烏地阿拉伯、阿曼。這些政權不會有政黨存在。

君主掌握实权的君主獨裁制政府
欧洲	亚洲	非洲	大洋洲
梵蒂冈馬爾他騎士團	文莱阿曼巴林阿联酋沙烏地阿拉伯	斯威士兰

共和獨裁

在一黨獨大或一黨執政下，只有一個具支配地位的合法執政黨，反對黨長期處於在野地位且无机会執政，有的不允許具競爭性的政黨存在，如俄羅斯、白俄羅斯、亞塞拜然、土耳其、敘利亞、葉門、埃及、阿爾及利亞、安哥拉、新加坡、土庫曼斯坦、烏茲別克斯坦、哈薩克斯坦、辛巴威、蘇丹、厄利垂亞、赤道幾內亞、查德、喀麥隆、吉布地、烏干達、剛果民主共和國、剛果共和國、加彭、多哥、蒲隆地、衣索比亞、坦桑尼亞、莫三比克、盧安達等。

最高領導人掌權的共和制獨裁政府
欧洲	亚洲	非洲	拉丁美洲
俄羅斯[註 5] 白俄羅斯	中华人民共和国[註 6] 朝鮮民主主義人民共和國[註 7] 越南[註 8] 老挝[註 9] 柬埔寨緬甸[註 10] 新加坡[註 11] 土耳其伊朗伊拉克叙利亚葉門阿富汗	埃及利比亞阿尔及利亚安哥拉南蘇丹苏丹加彭多哥奈及利亞几内亚几内亚比绍布吉納法索毛里塔尼亚尚比亞辛巴威厄立特里亚赤道几内亚乍得喀麦隆吉布提尼日尔乌干达中非刚果民主共和国刚果共和国衣索比亞坦桑尼亚莫桑比克纳米比亚卢旺达科摩罗	古巴[註 12] 尼加拉瓜委內瑞拉

一黨專政

在共產黨执政下，共产党常常是唯一合法的执政党，只不過有時也允许存在一些其他卫星党参政议政，卻不能取得执政地位，屬政治花瓶。如中華人民共和國、朝鲜民主主义人民共和国、古巴、越南、老撾。

現存的一黨專政制度

参見

各国执政党列表
革命黨
在野黨/反对党
政党制
政党政治
多党制
兩党制
一党制
一党优势制
独裁
黨國體制
政黨輪替
聯合政府

备注

在法國，總統可以任命總理，但不能解僱總理，只有國會才能利用不信任權來解僱總理。總統也可以解散國會一次。
根據第19條修正案，斯里蘭卡總統只能在原來的總理遭到失去國會信任、辭職或死亡而空缺職位後才能任命新總理，並且不擁有隨意解解僱總理的權力。
依中華民國憲法增修條文第三條第一項規定，總統依法任命行政院院長，除經立法院以不信任權迫其被動辭職或經行政院院長主動辭職外，憲法未明確授權總統得免職行政院院長，中華民國總統無權隨意免職行政院院長。

阿富汗总统作为阿富汗的国家元首兼任政府首脑，阿富汗首席执行官只是作為政府首席部長，类似于美国国务卿的职务。
阿爾察赫总统作为阿爾察赫的国家元首兼任政府首脑，此前有阿爾察赫總理作為政府首腦的职务。2017年2月的公投後廢除阿爾察赫總理職務。[1][2]
大韩民国实行总统制，总统为国家元首，总理同时作为政府首脑，總統负责主持政府的對外工作，國會行使對總理的同意權，但總理向總統負責，總統領導內閣。参见韓國政治。
伊朗伊斯兰共和国实行政教合一，总统与最高领袖同时作为国家元首，总统作为政府首脑，负责主持伊朗政府的對外工作，最高领袖才是伊朗的最高領導人。参见伊朗政治。
最高領導人是總統兼國務委員會主席和國家安全會議主席
最高領導人是中國共產黨總書記兼中央軍委主席
最高領導人是朝鮮勞動黨總書記兼武裝力量最高司令官
最高領導人是越南共產黨總書記兼中央軍委書記
最高領導人是老撾人民革命黨總書記兼中央國防安全委員會主席
最高領導人是國家管理委員會主席兼總理
最高領導人是人民行動黨秘書長兼總理
最高領導人是古巴共產黨第一書記兼革命武裝力量總司令

注释

(in Armenian) «Մտադիր եմ շարունակել ծառայել հայրենիքին». Արցախի վարչապետի պաշտոնակատար （页面存档备份，存于） 1in.am, 13 September 2017
Referendum to create 'Republic of Artsakh' on Europe's fringe （页面存档备份，存于） EU Observer, 20 February 2017
Kudelia, Serhiy. . Post-Soviet Affairs. 4 May 2018, 34 (4): 246–261. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2018.1465251.
In Bangladesh, a caretaker government during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries.
Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.
Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538), he quotes Nousiainen, Jaakko. . Scandinavian Political Studies. June 2001, 24 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00048. as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire. Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister, and not by its President, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the President even further.
Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.
Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament but does not hold a parliamentary seat, and is immune from a vote of no confidence (as well is their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.
(PDF). Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri: 5. July 2012 [2019-09-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-01）（意大利语）.
The Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative.
One of sixteen constitutional monarchies which recognize Elizabeth II as head of state, who presides over an independent government. She is titled separately in each country (e.g. Queen of Australia), and notionally appoints a Governor-General (GG) to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister (PM) is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms".

In many cases, the Governor-General or monarch has a lot more theoretical, or constitutional, powers than they actually exercise, except on the advice of elected officials, per constitutional convention. For example, the Constitution of Australia makes the GG the head of the executive branch (including commander-in-chief of the armed forces), although they seldom ever use this power, except on the advice of elected officials, especially the PM, which makes the PM the de facto head of government.
The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of New Zealand.

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[7] 在法國，總統可以任命總理，但不能解僱總理，只有國會才能利用不信任權來解僱總理。總統也可以解散國會一次。

[8] 根據第19條修正案，斯里蘭卡總統只能在原來的總理遭到失去國會信任、辭職或死亡而空缺職位後才能任命新總理，並且不擁有隨意解解僱總理的權力。

[10] 依中華民國憲法增修條文第三條第一項規定，總統依法任命行政院院長，除經立法院以不信任權迫其被動辭職或經行政院院長主動辭職外，憲法未明確授權總統得免職行政院院長，中華民國總統無權隨意免職行政院院長。

[1] 阿富汗总统作为阿富汗的国家元首兼任政府首脑，阿富汗首席执行官只是作為政府首席部長，类似于美国国务卿的职务。

[4] 阿爾察赫总统作为阿爾察赫的国家元首兼任政府首脑，此前有阿爾察赫總理作為政府首腦的职务。2017年2月的公投後廢除阿爾察赫總理職務。[1][2]

[5] 大韩民国实行总统制，总统为国家元首，总理同时作为政府首脑，總統负责主持政府的對外工作，國會行使對總理的同意權，但總理向總統負責，總統領導內閣。参见韓國政治。

[6] 伊朗伊斯兰共和国实行政教合一，总统与最高领袖同时作为国家元首，总统作为政府首脑，负责主持伊朗政府的對外工作，最高领袖才是伊朗的最高領導人。参见伊朗政治。

[20] 最高領導人是總統兼國務委員會主席和國家安全會議主席

[21] 最高領導人是中國共產黨總書記兼中央軍委主席

[22] 最高領導人是朝鮮勞動黨總書記兼武裝力量最高司令官

[23] 最高領導人是越南共產黨總書記兼中央軍委書記

[24] 最高領導人是老撾人民革命黨總書記兼中央國防安全委員會主席

[25] 最高領導人是國家管理委員會主席兼總理

[26] 最高領導人是人民行動黨秘書長兼總理

[27] 最高領導人是古巴共產黨第一書記兼革命武裝力量總司令

[2] (in Armenian) «Մտադիր եմ շարունակել ծառայել հայրենիքին». Արցախի վարչապետի պաշտոնակատար （页面存档备份，存于） 1in.am, 13 September 2017

[3] Referendum to create 'Republic of Artsakh' on Europe's fringe （页面存档备份，存于） EU Observer, 20 February 2017

[9] Kudelia, Serhiy. . Post-Soviet Affairs. 4 May 2018, 34 (4): 246–261. doi:10.1080/1060586X.2018.1465251.

[Bd-11] In Bangladesh, a caretaker government during parliamentary elections. The Caretaker government is headed by a Chief Adviser and a group of neutral, non-partisan advisers chosen from the civil society. During this time, the president has jurisdiction over the defence and foreign affairs ministries.

[12] Collective presidency consisting of three members; one for each major ethnic group.

[13] Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University, who in his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008 ISBN 9780719078538), he quotes Nousiainen, Jaakko. . Scandinavian Political Studies. June 2001, 24 (2): 95–109. doi:10.1111/1467-9477.00048. as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the Finnish Constitution, the President has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and substantially has not the power to disband the parliament under its own desire. Finland is actually represented by its Prime Minister, and not by its President, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the President even further.

[Combo-14] Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament and holds a parliamentary seat, much like a prime minister, but is immune from a vote of no confidence (but not their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.

[Assembly-independent-15] Combines aspects of a presidential system with those of a parliamentary system. The president is elected by parliament but does not hold a parliamentary seat, and is immune from a vote of no confidence (as well is their cabinet), unlike a prime minister.

[#1-16] (PDF). Segreteria di Stato Affari esteri: 5. July 2012 [2019-09-24]. （原始内容存档 (PDF)于2020-04-01）（意大利语）.

[and-17] The Bishop of Urgell and President of France serve as ex officio co-princes who are have their interests known through a representative.

[Commonwealthrealm-18] One of sixteen constitutional monarchies which recognize Elizabeth II as head of state, who presides over an independent government. She is titled separately in each country (e.g. Queen of Australia), and notionally appoints a Governor-General (GG) to each country other than the United Kingdom to act as her representative. The prime minister (PM) is the active head of the executive branch of government and also leader of the legislature. These countries may be known as "Commonwealth realms".

In many cases, the Governor-General or monarch has a lot more theoretical, or constitutional, powers than they actually exercise, except on the advice of elected officials, per constitutional convention. For example, the Constitution of Australia makes the GG the head of the executive branch (including commander-in-chief of the armed forces), although they seldom ever use this power, except on the advice of elected officials, especially the PM, which makes the PM the de facto head of government.

[NZ-Monarch-19] The Cook Islands and Niue are under the sovereignty of the Monarch of New Zealand as self-governing states in free association with New Zealand. New Zealand and its associated states, along with Tokelau and the Ross Dependency, comprise the Realm of New Zealand.