植物油
植物油(英語:),由植物來源取得的油脂,通常是由植物種子中取得,主要成分三酸甘油脂依來源不同有多種脂肪酸組合。植物油一詞有時會特別用來指在室溫下會保持液體形態的植物來源油脂(Plant oil),而在室溫下會保持固體形態的則稱為植物脂(Plant fat)。人類從很古老的時代就開始使用植物油,主要用於烹調食物之用。熱帶植物油普遍相較於溫寒帶植物油,通常含有較多比例的飽和脂肪酸,因為其於高溫下較為穩定,細胞膜脂結構較不易破壞[1]。
提取
将食用油(主要为甘油三酯)从植物中提取出来,有压榨、溶剂提取等方式,出油率各不相同。
方式 | 出油率 |
---|---|
Ghani(见下) | 20–30% |
榨油机 | 34–37% |
溶剂 | 40–43% |
机械压榨
机械压榨在工业上一般是使用榨油机,但螺旋压力机、冲压榨油机、ghani(印度传统,动物驱动杵臼)等也有使用。机械榨油启动成本低,在工业化程度低的发展中国家和小作坊中较常用,其中印度较常使用ghani。[3]
处理
成分
植物油 本表列出每100克植物油中各种成分的含量,单位为克(另有标记除外);所有数据四舍五入保留一位小数,-表示无数据来源。 | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
名称 | 主要原料 | 数据来源 | 饱和 脂肪酸 | 单不饱和 脂肪酸 | 多不饱和脂肪酸 | 反式 脂肪酸 | α-生育酚 (毫克) | 维生素K1 (微克) | ||
总量 | 其中: ω-3脂肪酸 | 其中: ω-6脂肪酸 | ||||||||
扁桃仁油 | 扁桃仁 | 旧标准参考[11] | 8.2 | 69.9 | 17.4 | - | - | - | 39.2 | 7 |
杏仁油 | 杏仁 | 旧标准参考[12] | 6.3 | 60 | 29.3 | - | - | - | 4 | 0 |
牛油果油 | 鳄梨 | 旧标准参考[13] | 11.6 | 70.6 | 13.5 | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
芥花籽油 | 油菜 | 基础数据[14] | 6.6 | 62.6 | 25.3 | 7.5 | 17.8 | 0 | 17.3 | 0 |
椰子油 | 椰子 | 基础数据[15] | 82.5 | 6.3 | 1.7 | 0 | 1.7 | 0 | 0.1 | 0.6 |
玉米油 | 玉米 | 基础数据[16] | 13.4 | 27.7 | 52.9 | 1 | 51.9 | 0 | 22.6 | 0 |
食用棉籽油 | 棉花属 | 旧标准参考[17] | 25.9 | 17.8 | 51.9 | - | - | - | 35.3 | 24.7 |
冷榨亚麻籽油 | 亚麻 | 旧标准参考[18] | 9 | 18.4 | 67.8 | 53.4 | 14.3 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 9.3 |
葡萄籽油 | 葡萄 | 旧标准参考[19] | 9.6 | 16.1 | 69.9 | - | - | - | 28.8 | 0 |
榛子油 | 榛子 | 旧标准参考[20] | 7.4 | 78 | 10.2 | - | - | - | 47.2 | 0 |
芥末油 | 芥菜籽 | 旧标准参考[21] | 11.6 | 59.2 | 21.2 | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
淡橄榄油 | 油橄榄 | 基础数据[22] | 15.8 | 66.6 | 10.4 | 0.6 | 9.7 | 0.1 | 20.9 | 26 |
特级初榨橄榄油 | 油橄榄 | 基础数据[23] | 15.4 | 69.2 | 9.1 | 0.7 | 8.4 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
棕榈油 | 油棕 | 旧标准参考[24] | 49.3 | 37 | 9.3 | - | - | - | 15.9 | 8 |
花生油 | 花生 | 基础数据[25] | 16.2 | 57.1 | 19.9 | 0.3 | 19.6 | 0.2 | 15.2 | 4.2 |
罂粟籽油 | 罂粟籽 | 旧标准参考[26] | 13.5 | 19.7 | 62.4 | - | - | - | 11.4 | 0 |
稻米油 | 米糠 | 旧标准参考[27] | 19.7 | 39.3 | 35 | - | - | - | 32.3 | 24.7 |
红花籽油 | 红花 | 基础数据[28] | 7.7 | 71.6 | 13.8 | 0.2 | 13.6 | 0.1 | 46 | 5.3 |
芝麻油 | 芝麻 | 旧标准参考[29] | 14.2 | 39.7 | 41.7 | - | - | - | 1.4 | 13.6 |
乳木果油 | 乳木果 | 旧标准参考[30] | 46.6 | 44 | 5.2 | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
大豆油 | 大豆 | 基础数据[31] | 14.9 | 22.1 | 57.6 | 6.6 | 50.9 | 0 | 12.2 | 0 |
葵花籽油 | 葵花籽 | 基础数据[32] | 9 | 63.4 | 20.7 | 0.2 | 20.5 | 0.1 | 68.5 | 6.9 |
山茶油 | 油茶 | 旧标准参考[33] | 21.1 | 51.5 | 23 | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
番茄籽油 | 番茄 | 旧标准参考[34] | 19.7 | 22.8 | 53.1 | - | - | - | 3.8 | 0 |
核桃油 | 核桃 | 旧标准参考[35] | 9.1 | 22.8 | 63.3 | - | - | - | 0.4 | 15 |
小麦胚芽油 | 小麦 | 旧标准参考[36] | 18.8 | 15.1 | 61.7 | - | - | - | 149.4 | 24.7 |
参考文献
- 植物在逆境下的生理反應 (页面存档备份,存于)清華大學 生命科學院。
- B.L. Axtell from research by R.M. Fairman. . Minor oil crops. FAO. 1992 [2006-11-12]. (原始内容存档于2016-07-02).
- Janet Bachmann. . [2006-07-31]. (原始内容存档于2006-08-24).
- . [2016-07-30]. (原始内容存档于2020-12-05).
- . Clark's Nutrition. [March 13, 2019]. (原始内容存档于2022-01-19).
- Eisenmenger, Michael; Dunford, Nurhan T.; Eller, Fred; Taylor, Scott; Martinez, Jose. . Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 2006, 83 (10): 863–868. S2CID 59940212. doi:10.1007/s11746-006-5038-6.
- Feuge, R. O. . usda.gov. [March 13, 2019]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-19).
Certain crude oils that contain minor amounts of impurities other than free fatty acids can be refined by a process known as steam refining. It is merely a high-temperature steam distillation under reduced pressure. The crude vegetable oil is heated to about 450° F. and maintained under a pressure of 0.25 inch of mercury or less while steam is passed through it. The steam strips the free fatty acids out of the oil. The proccss is used somewhat in Europe but not often in the United States.
- Gupta, Monoj K. Second. Amsterdam. 2017. ISBN 978-1-63067-051-1. OCLC 974497799.
- Lawrence Alan Johnson; Pamela J. White; Richard Galloway. . Urbana, IL: AOCS Press. 2008 [2022-08-16]. ISBN 978-0-12-804352-3. OCLC 491265615. (原始内容存档于2023-06-28).
- . Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. [2021-07-04]. (原始内容存档于2022-07-09).
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
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- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
- . U.S. Department of Agriculture.
参见
- 植物油列表
- 菜籽油
- 动物脂肪
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