涡虫纲
渦蟲綱（學名：Turbellaria）是扁形动物门一個綱，傳統上包括所有非寄生的扁形動物物種，約有4500種，多数为自由生活的掠食者或食腐動物。渦蟲綱包含陸生及水生物種，大多數渦蟲為海生，在底泥、岩石、海藻上爬行；淡水渦蟲生活在池塘、溪流的石块下；陸生渦蟲大多為夜行性，棲息在落葉或腐木等陰濕處。渦蟲体表具纤毛，摆动时积水呈涡状。大多行有性生殖，所有物種皆為雌雄同體。
 涡虫纲 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| 貝氏偽角扁蟲（Pseudobiceros bedfordi） | |
科学分类 | |
| 界： | 动物界 Animalia |
| 演化支： | 腎管動物 Nephrozoa |
| 演化支： | 原口动物 Protostomia |
| 演化支： | 螺旋動物 Spiralia |
| 演化支： | 吮食动物 Rouphozoa |
| 门： | 扁形动物门 Platyhelminthes |
| 纲： | 涡虫纲 Turbellaria Ehrenberg, 1831 |
| 传统分类中包含的子类群 | |
| |
| 传统分类中未包含，但在 演化层面上包含的演化支 | |
分類
渦蟲綱包括所有扁形動物門之下的非寄生物種。但由於渦蟲類已被證實為並系群，原來屬於寄生物種的三個綱（吸蟲綱、單殖綱和絛蟲綱）都是渦蟲類物種的直系分支，加上渦蟲綱內有兩個目獨立成另一門，較新的文獻已不再使用本分類。
大多數一般人接觸最多的渦蟲類物種都屬於三歧腸目。2008年以後的研究確認了：無腸目和紐渦蟲目其實並不屬於扁形動物，而是屬於獨立的無腔動物；而鏈渦蟲目的物種亦較早與其他扁形動物門的物種分化。這兩個分類群在較新的文獻已不再被認為是渦蟲類物種。然而在医学寄生虫学，基本上仍然沿用舊有的分類。
傳統分類
以下為傳統的渦蟲綱下屬分類，可分為11個目：
- 無腸目 Acoela（現屬無腔動物）
- 鏈渦蟲目 Catenulida
- 單咽渦蟲目 Haplopharyngida
- 卵黄皮目 Lecithoepitheliata
- 大口渦蟲目 Macrostomida
- 紐渦蟲目 Nemertodermatida（現屬無腔動物）
- 多歧腸目 Polycladida
- 原卵黄目 Prolecithophora
- 原順列目 Proseriata
- 棒腸目 Rhabdocoela
- 三歧腸目 Tricladida
下属分类
本纲包括以下目：[1]
- Proplicastomata
- Proporoplanidae
- 目的地位未定的科：
- Amyellidae
- Anocellidae
- Anonymidae
- Apidioplanidae
- Boniniidae
- Callioplanidae
- Candimboididae
- Catenulidae
- Cestoplanidae
- Chordariidae
- Chromoplanidae
- Crassicolidae
- Cryptocelidae
- Dicteroidae
- Didangiidae
- Didymorchidae
- Diphosthiidae
- Diposthidae
- Discocelididae
- Discoprosthididae
- Ditremageniidae
- Enantiidae
- Euplanidae
- Euryleptidae
- Euryleptididae
- Faubelidae
- Gnesiocerotidae
- Haplopharyngidae
- Hoploplanidae
- Ilyplanidae
- Koinocystidae
- Laidlawiidae
- Latocestidae
- Leptoplanidae
- Limnostylochidae
- Macrostomidae
- Mucroplanidae
- Notoplanidae
- Opisthogeniidae
- Palauidae
- Pericelidae
- Phaenocelidae
- Planoceridae
- Plehniidae
- Pleioplanidae
- Polyposthiidae
- Prosthiostomidae
- Pseudocerotidae
- Pseudostylochidae
- Pterastricolidae
- Retronectidae
- Myoretronectes Noreña-Janssen & Faubel, 1996
- Paracatenula Sterrer & Rieger, 1974
- Retronectes Sterrer & Rieger, 1974
- Retronectes atypica Doe & Rieger, 1977
- Retronectes clio Sterrer & Rieger, 1974
- Retronectes euterpe Sterrer & Rieger, 1974
- Retronectes hyacinthe[2]
- Retronectes melpomene Sterrer & Rieger, 1974
- Retronectes sterreri Faubel, 1976
- Retronectes terpsichore Sterrer & Rieger, 1974
- Retronectes thalia Sterrer & Rieger, 1974
- Stenostomidae
- Stylochidae
- Cryptostylochus Faubel, 1983
- Distylochus Faubel, 1983
- Imogine Marcus & Marcus, 1968
- Kataria Faubel, 1983
- Katariana
- Leptostylochus Bock, 1925
- Mirostylochus Kato, 1937
- Pseudidioplana Prudhoe, 1989
- Stylochopsis Stimpson, 1857
- Stylochus Ehrenberg, 1831
- Stylochus alexandrinus Steinböck, 1937
- Stylochus aomori (Kato, 1937)
- Stylochus arenosus (Willey, 1897)
- Stylochus argus Czerniavsky, 1881
- Stylochus atentaculatus Hyman, 1953
- Stylochus bermudensis Verrill, 1902
- Stylochus californicus Hyman, 1953
- Stylochus castaneus Palombi, 1939
- Stylochus catus (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1958)
- Stylochus ceylanicus (Laidlaw, 1904)
- Stylochus cinereus Willey, 1897
- Stylochus conglomeratus (Stimpson, 1857)
- Stylochus crassus Verrill, 1892
- Stylochus djiboutiensis Meixner, 1907
- Stylochus ellipticus (Girard, 1850)
- Stylochus exiguus Hyman, 1953
- Stylochus fafai (Marquina, Fernández-Álvarez & Noreña, 2015)
- Stylochus ferox Bock, 1925
- Stylochus flevensis Hofker, 1930
- Stylochus franciscanus Hyman, 1953
- Stylochus frontalis Verrill, 1893
- Stylochus (Distylochus) fundae Cuadrado, Rodriguez, Moro, Grande & Noreña, 2021
- Stylochus hamanensis Kato, 1944
- Stylochus hyalinus Bock, 1913
- Stylochus ijimai Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918
- Stylochus inimicus[3]
- Stylochus insolitus Hyman, 1953
- Stylochus (Distylochus) isifer (Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1955)
- Stylochus izuensis Kato, 1944
- Stylochus kimae (Jennings & Newman, 1996)
- Stylochus lateotentare (Lee, Beal & Johnston, 2005)
- Stylochus lesteri (Jennings & Newman, 1996)
- Stylochus limosus (Stimpson, 1857)
- Stylochus luteus (Muller J., 1854)
- Stylochus marmoreus Bock, 1925
- Stylochus (Distylochus) martae (Marcus, 1947)
- Stylochus matatasi Newman, Cannon & Govan, 1993
- Stylochus mcgrathi (Jennings & Newman, 1996)
- Stylochus mediterraneus Galleni, 1976
- Stylochus megalops (Schmarda, 1859)
- Stylochus meganae (Jennings & Newman, 1996)
- Stylochus meixneri Bock, 1925
- Stylochus melihertani (Bulnes, 2010)
- Stylochus meridianus Prudhoe, 1989
- Stylochus minimus Palombi, 1940
- Stylochus mistus Ramos-Sánchez, Carrasco-Rodríguez, Garcí-Madrigal & Bastida-Zavala, 2020
- Stylochus miyadii Kato, 1944
- Stylochus neapolitanus (Delle Chiaje, 1841)
- Stylochus nebulosus (Girard, 1853)
- Stylochus necopinata (Sluys, Faubel, Rajagopal & van der Velde, 2005)
- Stylochus oculifera (Girard, 1853)
- Stylochus orientalis Bock, 1913
- Stylochus pardalotus (Jennings & Newman, 1996)
- Stylochus pilidium (Goette, 1881)
- Stylochus pillidum (Goette, 1881)
- Stylochus plessisii Lang, 1884
- Stylochus pulcher Hyman, 1939
- Stylochus (Distylochus) pusillus (Bock, 1913)
- Stylochus pygmaeus Merory & Newman, 2005
- Stylochus qeshmensis (Maghsoudlou & Momtazi, 2014)
- Stylochus refertus Du Bois-Reymond Marcus, 1965
- Stylochus rutilis Yeri & Kaburaki, 1918
- Stylochus salis Cuadrado, Rodriguez, Moro, Grande & Noreña, 2021
- Stylochus salmoneus Meixner, 1907
- Stylochus sixteni (Marcus, 1947)
- Stylochus speciosus (Kato, 1937)
- Stylochus stellae (Marquina, Osca, Rodriguez, Fernandez-Despiau & Norena, 2014)
- Stylochus stellatus Jennings & Newman, 1996
- Stylochus suesensis Ehrenberg, 1831
- Stylochus tauricus Jacubowa, 1909
- Stylochus ticus Marcus, 1952
- Stylochus tripartitus Hyman, 1953
- Stylochus uniporus Kato, 1944
- Stylochus vesiculatus Jakubova, 1909
- Stylochus vigilax Laidlaw, 1904
- Stylochus zanzibaricus Laidlaw, 1903
- Stylochus zebra (Verrill, 1882)
- Stylochocestidae
- Stylochoididae
- Stylochoplanidae
- Taenioplanidae
- Theamatidae
- Theama Marcus, 1949
- Theama evelinae Marcus, 1949
- Theama forrestensis Bulnes & Faubel, 2003
- Theama mediterranea Curini-Galletti, Campus & Delogu, 2008[4]
- Theama occidua Sopott-Ehlers & Schmidt, 1975
- Theama Marcus, 1949
- Tyrrheniellidae
- 目和科的地位未定的属：
- Adenoperta Antonius, 1968
- Aorchis Barker & Parsons, 1915
- Apoxenetes Ax, 1971
- Asoleina Hyman, 1959
- Boemigia Sabussow, 1902
- Brabbinthes Allison, 1975
- Bubaloceras Matjašic, 1958
- Candimba Marcus, 1949
- Caspiodendrocoelum Dyganova, 1976
- Catenula Leblond, 1837
- Celidotis Diesing, 1862
- Centrostomum Diesing, 1862
- Cephalolepta Diesing, 1850
- Conoceros Lang, 1884
- Coronhelmis Purasjoki, 1945
- Darwinia Pereyaslawzewa, 1892
- Dicelis Schmarda, 1859
- Dicotylus Grube, 1872
- Diplonchus Stimpson, 1857
- Diporoplana Kohler, 1933
- Discoprpsthides Faubel, 1983
- Disorus Ehrenberg, 1828
- Elasmodes Le Conte, 1851
- Eukalyptorhynchia Meixner, 1928
- Eumicrostomum Diesing, 1850
- Euophthalmia Costa, 1882
- Eustomum Leidy, 1851
- Euvortex Sekera, 1906
- Extremodera Pigulevsky, 1952
- Fridmaniella Timoshkin & Zabrovskaya, 1985
- Gasterotrichula Graff, 1912
- Genneoceros Diesing, 1861
- Geopaludicolia Komárek, 1920
- Glossostoma Le Conte, 1851
- Gnosonesimilia Westblad, 1953
- Graffia Levinsen, 1879
- Graffilla Korotneff, 1912
- Heterostylochus Verrill, 1893
- Homaloceraeus Schmarda, 1859
- Itapis Marcus, 1952
- Kleinenbergia Graff, 1912
- Nautiloplana Stimpson, 1857
- Neocryptocelis Prudhoe, 1989
- Neoplana Girard, 1893
- Oligocelis Stimpson, 1857
- Oligoclada Pearse, 1938
- Orthostoma Ehrenberg, 1828
- Orthostomum Schmidt, 1852
- Palana Faubel, 1983
- Paradiscocelis Prudhoe, 1989
- Parapseudoceros Prudhoe, 1989
- Pararhynehella Ehlers & Ehlers, 1981
- Penula Kelaart, 1858
- Planoceroides Palombi, 1936
- Platamonia Busch, 1851
- Platydendron Simonetta & Delle-Cave, 1978
- Pocillophynchus Brunet, 1973
- Polyporus Plehn, 1897
- Preminoma Karling, 1967
- Proantroporus Mamkaev, 1967
- Proaphanostomum An-der-Lan, 1936
- Procotylus Korotneff, 1908
- Promesostum Busquet, 1899
- Rhodoplana Vayssière, 1906
- Smigrostoma Örsted, 1845
- Sphyrocephalus Schmarda, 1859
- Tangarao Marcus, 1952
- Telostoma Örsted, 1843
- Tetracolylus Korotneff, 1912
- Tetracotylus Korotneff, 1912
- Thalattoplana Bock, 1925
- Trachyplana Stimpson, 1857
- Tricelis Ehrenberg, 1831
- Typhlolepta Ørsted, 1843
- Woodshollia Graff, 1912
- Xaropoa Frölich, 1954
體型
大部分渦蟲的長度小於1cm，但熱帶的陸生種類長度可達120cm。
形状
多为黑色，体前端有两个可感光的眼体，两侧对称。吻位于身体的三分之二处，且無肛门。有背、腹之分。
参见
- 扁形动物门
- 猪肉绦虫
参考文献
- . GBIF. [2023-10-09]. （原始内容存档于2023-02-18）.
- Niels W. L. Van Steenkiste, Alana Closs, Tyrel Froese & Brian S. Leander (2023) Molecular phylogenetic position of a rare and enigmatic meiofaunal flatworm from the Pacific Ocean: Retronectes hyacinthe sp. nov. (Platyhelminthes: Catenulida), Systematics and Biodiversity, 21:1, DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2023.2221236
- Prof. Arturo Palombi (1931) Stylochus inimicus sp. nov. Policlade acotileo commensale di Ostrea virginica Gmelin delle Coste della Florida, Bollettino di zoologia, 2:1, 219-226, DOI: 10.1080/11250003109434873
- M. Curini‐Galletti , P. Campus & V. Delogu (2008) Theama mediterranea sp. nov. (Platyhelminthes, Polycladida), the first interstitial polyclad from the Mediterranean, Italian Journal of Zoology, 75:1, 77-83, DOI: 10.1080/11250000701690525
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