Adolf Borchers
Born(1913-02-10)10 February 1913
Wendhausen near Lüneburg
Died9 February 1996(1996-02-09) (aged 82)
Oberstaufen-Steibis
Allegiance Nazi Germany
Service/branchCondor Legion
Balkenkreuz (Iron Cross) Luftwaffe
RankMajor (major)
UnitJagdgruppe 88, JG 51, JG 52
Commands held11./JG 51, I./JG 52, III./JG 52
Battles/wars
See battles

Spanish Civil War

World War II

AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross
Spouse(s)Christl Cranz
RelationsWalter Borchers
Hermann Borchers
Other workSki school

Adolf Borchers (10 February 1913 – 9 February 1996) was a Luftwaffe flying ace of World War II. He was credited with 132 aerial victories—that is, 132 aerial combat encounters resulting in the destruction of the enemy aircraft—claimed in approximately 800 combat missions.

Biography

Borchers was born on 10 February 1913 in Wendhausen near Lüneburg. He had two brothers who also received the Knight's Cross. Major Walter Borchers was a night fighter pilot and wing commander. A second brother, SS-Hauptsturmführer Hermann Borchers served in the 9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen.

He joined the Condor Legion in the fall of 1938 and participated as an Unteroffizier in the Spanish Civil War. After the Spanish Civil War he was transferred to 2. Staffel (2nd squadron) of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) which later became 10. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 (JG 51—51st Fighter Wing) on 21 November 1940.[Note 1] In this unit he fought in the Invasion of Poland, Battle of France and Battle of Britain, claiming two aerial victories. On 19 May 1940, he claimed his first aerial victory over a Hawker Hurricane in the vicinity of Le Cateau[1]

Following aerial combat on 31 August 1940, Borchers ditched his Messerschmitt Bf 109 E-1 (Werknummer 5808—factory number) in the Thames Estuary but was rescued. That day, I. Gruppe (1st group) of JG 77 lost seven Bf 109s in combat over southeastern England, with one pilot killed in action and five taken prisoner of war.[2]

Eastern Front

During Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, he accumulated further victories and by the end of 1941 his score had increased to 23 aerial victories. After being promoted to an Officers rank he was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 11. Staffel of JG 51 on 20 August 1942, replacing Leutnant Wolfgang Böwing-Treuding who was transferred to 10. Staffel.[3] By the end of 1942, his number of aerial victories had increased to 38.[4]

In 1943, Borchers married the famed skier Christl Cranz.[5] For 78 aerial victories Borchers was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes).[6]

Group commander

I./JG 52 insignia

On 10 June 1944, I. Gruppe was ordered to an airfield named Peloniczna near Lviv. Seven days later, they were moved to Serpneve.[7] On 11 June, Borchers was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) replacing Hauptmann Johannes Wiese.[8] Wiese had been injured on 22 February. Intermittently, the Gruppe had been led by Oberleutnant Paul-Heinrich Dähne.[9] Command of 11. Staffel of JG 51 was then passed to Oberleutnant Horst Walther.[10] On 22 June, Soviet forces launched Operation Bagration, attacking Army Group Centre in Byelorussia, with the objective of encircling and destroying its main component armies.[11] On 24 June, the Gruppe transferred to Galați and again to Peloniczna.[12] Borchers claimed his 100 aerial victory on 24 July 1944.[12] He was the 86th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[13] The Gruppe reached Grabowiec in eastern Poland on 27 July and Kraków on 1 August. On 12 August they were again relocated and moved to Mzurowa.[14]

His 118th victory claimed on 2 September 1944, is also noted for claiming JG 52 10,000th aerial victory.[15][16][17] On 19 September, Borchers made an emergency landing in his Messerschmitt Bf 109 G-6 near Tarnów, in an area approximately 70 kilometers (43 miles) east of Kraków.[18] Borchers was given command to III. Gruppe of JG 52 on 1 February 1945.[8] He succeeded Hauptmann Wilhelm Batz who was transferred to take command of II. Gruppe of JG 52.[19] Command of I. Gruppe of JG 52 was passed to Hauptmann Erich Hartmann.[20] Together with his comrades he surrendered to U.S. force only to be turned over to Soviet forces.

After World War II he and his wife, Christl Cranz, founded a Ski school which she led until 1987.

Summary of career

Aerial victory claims

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Borchers was credited with 132 aerial victories.[21] Spick also lists Borchers with 132 aerial victories, 127 of which on the Eastern Front and five during the Battle of France and Battle of Britain, claimed in over 800 combat missions.[22] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and also state that Borchers was credited with 132 aerial victories, including two on the Western Front and the others on the Eastern Front.[23]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ PQ 47764". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[24]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Balke, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 1. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[25]
Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940
1 19 May 1940 16:15 Hurricane Le Cateau[1]
– 10. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[25]
Battle of Britain and on the English Channel — 25 August 1940 – 7 June 1941
2 5 March 1941 14:55 Spitfire west of Boulogne[26]
– 10. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[27]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941
3 24 June 1941 10:28 DB-3[28] 14 27 August 1941 08:55 I-16[29]?[Note 2]
4 24 June 1941 10:36 DB-3[28] 15 31 August 1941 17:30 I-18 (MiG-1)[29]
5 30 June 1941 10:45 DB-3[31] 16 3 September 1941 16:15 DB-3[29]
6 30 June 1941 13:10 DB-3[31] 17 10 October 1941 09:20 Pe-2[32]
7 30 June 1941 13:50 SB-2[31] 18 12 October 1941 12:45 Douglas DC-3 (PS-84)[32]
8 4 July 1941 15:17 SB-2[33] 19 12 October 1941 12:46 Douglas DC-3 (PS-84)[32]
9 5 July 1941 06:50 SB-2[33] 20 13 October 1941 10:20 DB-3[32]
10 14 July 1941 16:10 ZKB-19[34]?[Note 3] 21 17 October 1941 10:45 Pe-2[32]
11 27 July 1941 15:50 DB-3[35] 22 24 October 1941 07:55 R-3[32]?[Note 4]
12 8 August 1941 15:30 DB-3[36] 23 24 October 1941 11:05 SB-2[32]
13 26 August 1941 05:25 DB-3[29]
– 10. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[30]
Eastern Front — 6 December 1941 – 30 April 1942
24 2 February 1942 10:10 DB-3[37] 26 31 March 1942 17:30 MiG-3[38]
25 20 March 1942 11:10 I-18 (MiG-1)[37]
– 10. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[39]
Eastern Front — 1 May – August 1942
27 10 July 1942 10:05 LaGG-3[40] 28 31 July 1942 17:35 Pe-2 10 km (6.2 mi) north-northeast of Rzhev[41]
– 11. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[39]
Eastern Front — August 1942 – 3 February 1943
29 24 August 1942 07:50 LaGG-3 PQ 47764[42]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Zubtsov		 37 29 December 1942 09:20 MiG-3 PQ 07673[4]
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Oryol
30 2 September 1942 07:05 Il-2 northwest of Rzhev[42] 38 29 December 1942 09:40 Il-2 PQ 07722[4]
31 3 September 1942 09:45 Il-2 northwest of Rzhev[42] 39 5 January 1943 08:40 Il-2 PQ 07722[4]
32 4 December 1942 13:40 Il-2 15 km (9.3 mi) north of Velikiye Luki[43] 40 6 January 1943 10:35 Pe-2 PQ 07733[4]
33 4 December 1942 13:45 Il-2 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Morosolshiki[43] 41 14 January 1943 10:25 MiG-3 PQ 07594[44]
vicinity of Glazunovka
34 14 December 1942 09:03 Il-2 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Velikiye Luki[4] 42 16 January 1943 14:45 Il-2 PQ 07352[44]
35 16 December 1942 11:42 Il-2 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Nevel[4] 43 28 January 1943 10:45 MiG-3 PQ 07754[44]
vicinity of Velikiye Luki
36 16 December 1942 11:46 Il-2 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Nevel[4]
– 11. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[39]
Eastern Front — 4 February – 31 December 1943
44 6 May 1943 13:10 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63164[45]
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Oryol		 63 13 July 1943 13:40 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 35 Ost 63252[46]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Zalegoshch
45 6 May 1943 13:20 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63412[45]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Zmiyovka		 64 13 July 1943 14:10 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 35 Ost 63254[46]
15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Zalegoshch
46 6 May 1943 13:40 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 63471[47]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Maloarkhangelsk		 65 5 August 1943 17:30 LaGG-3 southwest of Karachev[48]
47 7 May 1943 04:30 MiG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63419[47]
20 km (12 mi) southeast of Zmiyovka		 66 13 August 1943 17:50 LaGG-3 southwest of Kharkiv[48]
48 7 May 1943 04:35 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63244[47]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Zalegoshch		 67 16 August 1943 06:05 La-5 south of Merafa[49]
49 7 May 1943 04:39 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 64832[47]
20 km (12 mi) east-southeast of Mzensk		 68 16 August 1943 13:40 Pe-2 east of Kasstschaja-Logan[49]
50 2 June 1943 04:03 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63843[47]
5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Zolotukhino		 69 18 August 1943 06:02 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 70793, southeast of Izium[49]
51 8 June 1943 19:17 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 54832[47]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Telchje		 70 18 August 1943 06:10 La-5 PQ 34 Ost 79213, north of Slawjansk[49]
52 8 June 1943 19:22 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 64772[47]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Telchje		 71 22 August 1943 17:40 La-5 east of Merefa[49]
53 14 June 1943 03:20 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63264[50]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Zalegoshch		 72 2 September 1943 15:45 P-40 west of Yelnya[49]
54 5 July 1943 15:35 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63364[50]
10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Glazunowka		 73 20 September 1943 13:35 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] west of Ssinelnikowo[51]
55 6 July 1943 07:45 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63183[50]
vicinity of Zmiyovka		 74 27 September 1943 09:58 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] southwest of Molochansk[51]
56 7 July 1943 03:50 LaGG-3 PQ 35 Ost 63349[52]
10 km (6.2 mi) south-southeast of Trosna		 75 27 October 1943 07:45 La-5 northeast of Kriwoy-Rog[53]
57 8 July 1943 13:35 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63551[52]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Maloarkhangelsk		 76 28 October 1943 07:10 P-39 southeast of Nowo-Starodub[54]
58 8 July 1943 13:40 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63611[52]
5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Maloarkhangelsk		 77 29 October 1943 07:02 P-39 southwest of Selanoje[54]
59 9 July 1943 08:43 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63583[52]
20 km (12 mi) southwest of Maloarkhangelsk		 78 22 November 1943 09:32 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] 8 km (5.0 mi) northwest of Annowka[54]
60 10 July 1943 10:35 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63554[52]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Maloarkhangelsk		 79 29 November 1943 07:32 Il-2 20 km (12 mi) southwest of Kanzeropol[54]
61 11 July 1943 12:30 La-5 PQ 35 Ost 63381[52]
20 km (12 mi) northwest of Maloarkhangelsk		 80 29 November 1943 07:35 Il-2 17 km (11 mi) southwest of Kanzeropol[54]
62 13 July 1943 07:15 Il-2 PQ 35 Ost 64891[46]
25 km (16 mi) east-northeast of Zalegoshch
– 11. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 51 –[55]
Eastern Front — March – May 1944
81 7 March 1944 10:34 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 05414[56]
25 km (16 mi) north-northeast of Orsha		 85 5 May 1944 18:40 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 50478[57]
vicinity of Ternopil
82 7 March 1944 10:36 Yak-9 PQ 35 Ost 15311[56]
25 km (16 mi) northwest of Krassnyj		 86?[Note 6] 10 May 1944 07:08 R-5 PQ 24 Ost 49424[57]
83 17 April 1944 09:20 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 51811[58]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Dubno		 87?[Note 6] 10 May 1944 07:09 R-5 PQ 24 Ost 49422[57]
84 2 May 1944 15:30 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 40662[57]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Berezhany		 88 28 May 1944 06:32 La-5 PQ 25 Ost 50563[57]
20 km (12 mi) south-southwest of Ternopil
– Stab I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[59]
Eastern Front — July – October 1944
89 5 July 1944 12:23 R-5 PQ 25 Ost 51751[60]
10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Brody		 106 26 August 1944 13:27 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 11335[61]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Opatów
90 7 July 1944 13:32 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 42859[60]
10 km (6.2 mi) south of Kovel		 107 26 August 1944 13:30 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 11441[61]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Sandomierz
 ?[Note 7] 14 July 1944 07:54 Yak-9 30 km (19 mi) north of Brody[55] 108 26 August 1944 17:48 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 11334[61]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Opatów
91 14 July 1944 08:05?[Note 8] Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 51548[62]
30 km (19 mi) north of Brody		 109 28 August 1944 12:51 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 01296[61]
92 14 July 1944 17:51?[Note 9] Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 50318[62]
30 km (19 mi) north of Ternopil		 110 31 August 1944 14:09 P-39 PQ 25 Ost 11147[61]
20 km (12 mi) west-northwest of Opatów
93 15 July 1944 11:25 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 51711[62]
15 km (9.3 mi) north of Brody		 111 31 August 1944 14:15 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 11313[61]
25 km (16 mi) southwest of Opatów
94 18 July 1944 19:45 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 50187[62]
25 km (16 mi) east of Zolochiv		 112 31 August 1944 14:16 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 11172[61]
20 km (12 mi) west of Opatów
95 22 July 1944 09:32 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 40628[63]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Berezhany		 113 31 August 1944 14:18 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 01283[61]
96 22 July 1944 09:34 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 40631[63]
vicinity of Berezhany		 114 1 September 1944 10:07 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 11187[64]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
97 22 July 1944 09:37 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 50379[63]
15 km (9.3 mi) northeast of Berezhany		 115 1 September 1944 10:10 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 11149[64]
20 km (12 mi) west-northwest of Opatów
98 23 July 1944 09:58 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 40568[63]
30 km (19 mi) west-southwest of Berezhany		 116 2 September 1944 10:02 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 11179[64]
20 km (12 mi) west of Opatów
99 23 July 1944 10:01 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 40652[63]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Berezhany		 117 2 September 1944 10:04 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 11187[64]
10 km (6.2 mi) west of Opatów
100 24 July 1944 18:32 Pe-2 PQ 25 Ost 30683[63]
10 km (6.2 mi) west-northwest of Stryi		 118 2 September 1944 15:56 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 11332[64]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Opatów
101 22 August 1944 13:41 Yak-9 PQ 25 Ost 11336[63]
15 km (9.3 mi) south of Opatów		 119 22 September 1944 11:33 Il-2[64]
102 22 August 1944 13:45 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 11414[63]
15 km (9.3 mi) west of Sandomierz		 120 23 September 1944 13:52 La-5 PQ 25 Ost 10633[65]
25 km (16 mi) southwest of Sanok (Poland)
103 22 August 1944 13:46 Il-2 PQ 25 Ost 11273[63]
15 km (9.3 mi) east-southeast of Opatów		 121 14 October 1944 13:12 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 13156[65]
vicinity of Budsztmihaly
104 24 August 1944 15:24 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 11442[63]
15 km (9.3 mi) southwest of Sandomierz		 122 15 October 1944 13:47 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 13159[65]
25 km (16 mi) east-southeast of Trepca
105 25 August 1944 17:13 Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 11515[61]
25 km (16 mi) northwest of Mielec		 123 26 October 1944 11:15?[Note 10] Il-2 m.H.[Note 5] PQ 25 Ost 25373[65]
25 km (16 mi) south of Orșova
– Stab III. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[66]
Eastern Front — March 1945
126 22 March 1945
—
 Pe-2 PQ 71657[67] 127 22 March 1945
—
 Pe-2 PQ 71682[67]

Awards

Notes

  1. ↑ For an explanation of the meaning of Luftwaffe unit designation see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II.
  2. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as a Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3.[30]
  3. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an Ilyushin DB-3.[30]
  4. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed as an Ilyushin Il-2.[30]
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 The "m.H." refers to an Ilyushin Il-2 with rear gunner (mit Heckschütze).
  6. 1 2 This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[55]
  7. ↑ This claim is not listed by Prien, Stemmer, Balke and Bock.[62]
  8. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 08:06.[55]
  9. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:55.[55]
  10. ↑ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 17:55.[66]
  11. ↑ According to Obermaier on 13 October 1941.[69]

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Prien et al. 2000, p. 390.
  2. ↑ Prien et al. 2002, pp. 96, 107.
  3. ↑ Prien et al. 2006, p. 350.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Prien et al. 2006, p. 358.
  5. ↑ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Christl Cranz". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 2020-04-17.
  6. ↑ Weal 2006.
  7. ↑ Schreier 1990, pp. 140–141.
  8. 1 2 Weal 2004, p. 121.
  9. ↑ Prien et al. 2022b, p. 67.
  10. ↑ Prien et al. 2022a, p. 477.
  11. ↑ Schreier 1990, pp. 137–138.
  12. 1 2 Schreier 1990, p. 141.
  13. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 243.
  14. ↑ Schreier 1990, pp. 142, 144.
  15. ↑ Weal 2004, p. 117.
  16. ↑ Bergström 2008, p. 79.
  17. ↑ Prien et al. 2022b, p. 81.
  18. ↑ Prien et al. 2022b, p. 85.
  19. ↑ Barbas 2010, p. 279.
  20. ↑ Schreier 1990, p. 186.
  21. ↑ Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
  22. ↑ Spick 1996, p. 230.
  23. ↑ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 124–127.
  24. ↑ Planquadrat.
  25. 1 2 Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 124.
  26. ↑ Prien et al. 2002, p. 106.
  27. ↑ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 124–125.
  28. 1 2 Prien et al. 2003, p. 334.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Prien et al. 2003, p. 343.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 125.
  31. 1 2 3 Prien et al. 2003, p. 335.
  32. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Prien et al. 2003, p. 345.
  33. 1 2 Prien et al. 2003, p. 336.
  34. ↑ Prien et al. 2003, p. 337.
  35. ↑ Prien et al. 2003, p. 339.
  36. ↑ Prien et al. 2003, p. 341.
  37. 1 2 Prien et al. 2005, p. 119.
  38. ↑ Prien et al. 2005, p. 120.
  39. 1 2 3 Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 125–126.
  40. ↑ Prien et al. 2006, p. 353.
  41. ↑ Prien et al. 2006, p. 354.
  42. 1 2 3 Prien et al. 2006, p. 356.
  43. 1 2 Prien et al. 2006, p. 357.
  44. 1 2 3 Prien et al. 2006, p. 359.
  45. 1 2 Prien et al. 2012, p. 147.
  46. 1 2 3 Prien et al. 2012, p. 151.
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Prien et al. 2012, p. 148.
  48. 1 2 Prien et al. 2012, p. 152.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prien et al. 2012, p. 153.
  50. 1 2 3 Prien et al. 2012, p. 149.
  51. 1 2 Prien et al. 2012, p. 154.
  52. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prien et al. 2012, p. 150.
  53. ↑ Prien et al. 2012, p. 155.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 Prien et al. 2012, p. 156.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 126.
  56. 1 2 Prien et al. 2022a, p. 481.
  57. 1 2 3 4 5 Prien et al. 2022a, p. 483.
  58. ↑ Prien et al. 2022a, p. 482.
  59. ↑ Mathews & Foreman 2014, pp. 126–127.
  60. 1 2 Prien et al. 2022b, p. 75.
  61. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Prien et al. 2022b, p. 78.
  62. 1 2 3 4 5 Prien et al. 2022b, p. 76.
  63. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Prien et al. 2022b, p. 77.
  64. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Prien et al. 2022b, p. 79.
  65. 1 2 3 4 Prien et al. 2022b, p. 80.
  66. 1 2 Mathews & Foreman 2014, p. 127.
  67. 1 2 Barbas 2010, p. 381.
  68. ↑ Patzwall 2008, p. 55.
  69. ↑ Obermaier 1989, p. 92.
  70. ↑ Patzwall & Scherzer 2001, p. 52.
  71. ↑ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 140.
  72. ↑ Scherzer 2007, p. 235.

Bibliography

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