4AF) (white) and tricalcium aluminate (C
3A) (grey) occupying interstitial space between alite (C
3S) (blue) and belite (C
2S) (orange) crystals. These are false (interference) colors.
Calcium aluminoferrite (Ca
2(Al,Fe)
2O
5) is a dark brown crystalline phase commonly found in cements. In the cement industry it is termed tetra-calcium aluminoferrite or ferrite. In cement chemist notation (CCN), it is abbreviated as C
4AF meaning 4CaO·Al
2O
3·Fe
2O
3 in the oxide notation. It also exists in nature as the rare mineral brownmillerite.
Properties of the pure phase
In the absence of elements other than calcium, aluminium, iron and oxygen, calcium aluminoferrite forms a solid solution series of formula Ca
2(Al
xFe
1–x)
2O
5 for all values of x in the range 0–0.7.[1]: 28–32
Compositions with x > 0.7 do not exist at ordinary pressures (see dicalcium aluminate). The crystal is orthorhombic, and is normally lath-like. Its density varies from 4026 kg·m−3 (x = 0) to 3614 kg⋅m−3 (x = 0.7). All compositions melt incongruently in the range 1400−1450 °C. They are ferromagnetic, progressively more so as iron content increases. These phases are easily prepared from the oxides.
Phases in Portland cement clinker
In Portland cement clinker, calcium aluminoferrite (C
4AF) occurs as an "interstitial phase", crystallizing from the melt as the reaction end-product of the flux components (Al
2O
3 and Fe
2O
3) added in the raw materials to lower the high melting point of the oxide mix CaO-SiO
2. Its presence in clinker is solely due to the need to obtain liquid at the peak kiln processing temperature (1400−1450 °C), facilitating the formation of the desired silicate phases. Apart from this benefit, its effects on cement properties are little more than those of a diluent. Its forms an impure solid solution that deviates markedly in composition from the simple chemical formula. The calcium aluminoferrite phase acts as a repository for many of the minor elements in the clinker. Most of the transition metals in the cement are found in the ferrite phase, notably titanium, manganese and zinc. There is also a substantial amount of magnesium and silicon, and because of this, oxides other than CaO, Al
2O
3 and Fe
2O
3 often make up 15% of the mass of the calcium aluminoferrite. This substitution reduces its melting point to around 1350 °C.
The typical chemical composition of calcium aluminoferrite (C
4AF) for three different clinker bulk Fe
2O
3 contents is given in the next table.[1]: 10 , [2]: 160 The calcium aluminoferrite mean composition is clearly dominated by CaO (43.7 wt. %), Al
2O
3 (19.3 wt %), and Fe
2O
3 (25.4 wt. %). The mean contents in SiO
2 (4.2 wt. %) and other oxides are marginal.
| Oxide | Mass % | Mass % | Mass % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bulk Fe 2O 3 in clinker | 0.29 | 2.88 | 4.87 |
| SiO 2 | 4.0 | 2.6 | 6.1 |
| Al 2O 3 | 20.2 | 20.8 | 17.0 |
| Fe 2O 3 | 24.5 | 23.9 | 27.7 |
| CaO | 44.6 | 46.4 | 40.2 |
| MgO | 3.7 | 3.1 | 4.9 |
| Na 2O | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| K 2O | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| TiO 2 | 1.9 | 2.7 | 1.7 |
| Mn 2O 3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 1.5 |
| ZnO | 1.1 | 0.1 | 0.9 |
Note that the sum of Al
2O
3 and Fe
2O
3 contents in calcium aluminoferrite (C
4AF) in the table here above remains constant at 44.7 mass % as illustrated in the table here below.
| Oxide | Mass % | Mass % | Mass % |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bulk Fe 2O 3 in clinker | 0.29 | 2.88 | 4.87 |
| Al 2O 3 | 20.2 | 20.8 | 17.0 |
| Fe 2O 3 | 24.5 | 23.9 | 27.7 |
| Sum | 44.7 | 44.7 | 44.7 |
Behavior in cements
Calcium aluminoferrite (C
4AF) has little effect upon the physical properties of cement. On hydration it forms[1]: 175 hydrogarnet (4 CaO·Al
2O
3· n H
2O) and hydrated iron oxide gel. In principle, this is a fast and energetic exothermic reaction, but precipitation of an insoluble layer of hydrated iron oxide upon the calcium aluminoferrite crystal surface forms a barrier to further reaction. In the case of Portland cement, subsequent slow reaction with dissolved sulfate forms AFm phases, which have negligible strength-giving properties. In the case of calcium aluminate cements (CAC),[2]: 726 the situation is less clear-cut, but there is little contribution to early strength. Calcium aluminoferrite is also present in calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements, and again contributes no strength.
See also
The three other main mineral phases of Portland cement clinker are:
- Alite, C
3S, or 3CaO·SiO
2 - Belite, C
2S, or 2CaO·SiO
2 - Tricalcium aluminate, C
3A, or 3CaO·Al
2O
3
References
Further reading
- Taylor, Harry F. W. (1997). Cement Chemistry. Thomas Telford. ISBN 978-0-7277-2592-9.
- Peter Hewlett; Martin Liska (2019). Lea's Chemistry of Cement and Concrete. Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-100795-2.