This is a list of conflicts in Africa arranged by country, both on the continent and associated islands, including wars between African nations, civil wars, and wars involving non-African nations that took place within Africa. It encompasses colonial wars, wars of independence, secessionist and separatist conflicts, major episodes of national violence (riots, massacres, etc.), and global conflicts in which Africa was a theatre of war.

African Great Lakes

Burundi

Rwanda

Kenya

South Sudan

Tanzania

Uganda

Central Africa

Cameroon

Central African Republic

Chad

Kanem Empire

  • c. 1203–1243 Dunama Dabbalemi, of the Sayfawa dynasty, mai of the Kanem Empire, declared jihad against the surrounding tribes and initiated an extended period of conquest
  • c. 1342 – c. 1388 Fall of Kanem
    • c. 1342 – c. 1352 Sao Resurgence
    • c. 1376 – c. 1388 Bulala Invasion

French Chad

  • 1909–1911 Ouaddai War
  • 1915 – 15 November 1917 Massacre des coupes-coupes (in Arabic: Kabkab Massacre, مجزرة كبكب)

Republic of Chad

Congo (Republic of)

Congo (Democratic Republic of)

São Tomé and Príncipe

Horn of Africa

Djibouti

Eritrea

Italian Eritrea

Italian East Africa

Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea

  • 1 September 1961 – 29 May 1991 Eritrean War of Independence
    • 24 July 1967 – 172 men killed in Hazemo
    • 1967 – 50 students suspected of being members of the Eritrean Liberation Front (ELF) had been hanged in the centre of Agordat.
    • 17 January 1970 – 60 village elders in Elabared had been rounded up for supporting the Eritrean Liberation Front and killed.
    • 30 November 1970 – 121 people in Basik Dera had been rounded up into the local mosque and killed.
    • 1 December 1970 – Ethiopian Army units surrounded and killed 625 people in Ona, and burned the village down
    • 28 December 1974 – 45 students in Asmara were strangled to death and their bodies dumped in alleyways and doorsteps
    • 2 February 1975 – During an engagement with the EPLF and the ELF, the Ethiopian Army attacked the church where 103 villagers in Woki Duba had taken refuge
    • 14 February 1975 – Ethiopian troops fired on and killed 300–3,000 civilians in Asmara and nearby villages
    • 9 March 1975 – Ethiopian troops killed 208 civilians in Agordat
    • August 1975 – 250 villagers in Om Hajer were machine-gunned in front of a river
    • April 1988 – Three killed by aerial attacks in Agordat
    • 5 December 1988 – 400 killed in She'eb
    • 3–4 April 1990 – Aerial attacks in Afabet killed 67 and wounded 125
    • 24 April 1990 – Aerial attacks and cluster bombs in Massawa killed 50 and wounded 110
    • 1977–1978 Battle of Massawa
    • 1977 Siege of Barentu
    • 17–20 March 1988 Battle of Afabet
    • 8–10 February 1990 Battle of Massawa

Ethiopian Empire

Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia

Transitional Government of Ethiopia

State of Eritrea

Ethiopia

Axumite Empire

Makhzumi Dynasty

Ethiopian Empire

Federation of Ethiopia and Eritrea

Ethiopian Empire

Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia

Transitional Government of Ethiopia

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia

Somalia

Ajuuraan State

Italian East Africa

Somali Democratic Republic

Transitional Federal Government

Federal Republic of Somalia

Somaliland

Indian Ocean islands

Comoros

Madagascar

Mauritius

North Africa

Algeria

Egypt

Libya

Morocco

Sudan

Nubia

  • c. 3050 BCE Hor-Aha, the second pharaoh of Egypt, led a campaign against the Nubians

Kingdom of Kerma

  • c. 1506 BCE – 1493 BCE During the reign of Thutmose I, the Kingdom of Kerma rebelled against Egyptian rule and Thutmose I traveled up the Nile and fought in the battle, killing the Nubian king.

Egyptian Empire

  • c. 1282 BCE Seti's military campaigns
  • c. 1279 BCE – 1213 BCE Remesses II's campaigns in Nubia

Kingdom of Kush

  • 23 BCE The Roman prefect of Egypt invaded the Kingdom of Kush after an initial attack by the queen of Meröe, razing Napata to the ground
  • c. 300 CE Ezana of Axum launched several military campaigns, destroying the Kingdom of Kush

Kingdom of Makuria

  • 1312 Mamluk Invasion

Sultanate of Darfur

  • 1722–1786 Civil War

Egyptian Eyalet

  • February 1820 – October 1822 Invasion of Libya and Sudan

Khedivate of Egypt

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan

Republic of the Sudan

Democratic Republic of the Sudan

Republic of the Sudan

Tunisia

Carthaginian Empire

Kingdom of Numidia

Roman Province of Africa

Vandal Kingdom

Byzantine Praetorian Prefecture of Africa

  • The Moorish Wars
    • 534 First Moorish uprising
    • 536 Military mutiny
    • 544 Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic
  • 577 Conflict with Moorish kingdom of Garmul

Byzantine Exarchate of Africa

Aghlabids

Fatimid Caliphate

Almohad Caliphate

Ayyubid Dynasty

Hafsid Dynasty

Ottoman Tunisia

French Protectorate of Tunisia

Kingdom of Tunisia

Republic of Tunisia

Southern Africa

Angola

Lesotho

Malawi

Mozambique

Namibia

South Africa

Eswatini

Zambia

Zimbabwe

West Africa

Benin

Burkina Faso

Côte d'Ivoire

Gambia

Ghana

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Liberia

Mali

Mauritania

Niger

Nigeria

Sierra Leone

Western Sahara

Chronological list of wars

19th century

20th century

21st century

See also

General:

References

  1. Shoup, John A. (2011-10-31). Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 266. ISBN 9781598843620. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02. The kingdom was able to last until 1901, when the French conquered it as part of their conquest of the Niger River/Sahara region
  2. Katagiri, Noriyuki (2015). Adapting to Win: How Insurgents Fight and Defeat Foreign States in War. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 197. ISBN 9780812246414. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  3. "Britain Sokoto Conquest 1903". www.onwar.com. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
  4. 1 2 "COW War List". correlatesofwar.org. Correlates of War. Retrieved 6 September 2019.
  5. Henige, David (1979). History in Africa. African Studies Association. p. 54. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02. By the time Portuguese military expeditions reached Kasanje in 1910, intent on effective occupation and "pacification," only regional chieftains, some still claiming the kinguri title, remained to resist their advance. Portuguese military commanders seized and destroyed the regalia of the kinguri position in 1912, thereby ending the history of the state by burning the symbols in which had inhered the power of its kings.
  6. St John, Ronald Bruce (4 June 2014). Historical Dictionary of Libya. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 316. ISBN 9780810878761. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 2 October 2020.
  7. Association, Cheke Cultural Writers (1994). The history and cultural life of the Mbunda speaking peoples. The Association. p. 101. ISBN 9789982030069. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  8. Abegaz, Berhanu (2018-06-09). A Tributary Model of State Formation: Ethiopia, 1600-2015. Springer. p. 48. ISBN 9783319757803. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  9. Vos, Jelmer (2015). Kongo in the Age of Empire, 1860–1913: The Breakdown of a Moral Order. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 350. ISBN 9780299306243. Archived from the original on 2023-01-10. Retrieved 2020-10-02.
  10. Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (2002). The making of modern Libya. Albany, New York: SUNY Press. pp. 126–131. ISBN 978-1-4384-2891-8. Archived from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2011.

Further reading

  • Ahram, Ariel I. War and Conflict in the Middle East and North Africa (John Wiley & Sons, 2020).
  • Christman, Audrey Mona. Civil wars in Africa: Roots and resolution (McGill-Queen's Press-MQUP, 1999).
  • Kalu, Kelechi A. ed. Civil Wars in Africa (2022) excerpt
  • Sidorova, Galina, and Eliza Lyubenova. "Contemporary Wars in Africa or 21st Century Competition for Power." Journal of Asian and African Studies (2020): 0021909620965609.
  • Williams, Paul D. War and conflict in Africa (John Wiley & Sons, 2016).
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