The television industry in China includes high-tech program production, transmission and coverage. China Central Television is China's largest and most powerful national television broadcaster. By 1987, two-thirds of people in China had access to television, while today, over 3,000 channels are available in the country.

Chinese television drama has also proven to be a hot spot in today's popular culture (similar to K-dramas), with well received Chinese television dramas such as Princess Agents, Nirvana in Fire, The Journey of Flower, Eternal Love, Story of Yanxi Palace, Ashes of Love, The Princess Weiyoung, Love O2O, The Legend of Mi Yue, Scarlet Heart, and more garnering billions of views among China's most popular video websites, iQiyi, Youku, Tencent Video and Le Video. Some dramas have been so popular and widely acclaimed that they were remade into different languages, as well as spinning off with a sequel.

Chinese variety scene has also become widely successful with popular shows such as Happy Camp, Super Girl, Sing! China and more gaining worldwide recognition, garnering from millions to billions of viewership and winning numerous awards.

History

Origins

When the People's Republic was founded in 1949, the telecommunications systems and facilities in China were outdated and rudimentary, and many had been damaged or destroyed during the Second Sino-Japanese War. Communications in China were established rapidly in the early 1950s. By 1952 the principal telecommunications network centered on Beijing, and links to all large cities had finally been established, enabling the launch of television broadcasts. The first Chinese television station in the world was Rediffusion Television (now ATV, off-air since 2016), which launched in Hong Kong on May 29, 1957. On the mainland, the first national broadcasts began on May 1, 1958, and Beijing Television (now China Central Television since 1978) was formally launched on September 2, 1958. A month later, the first regional station, Shanghai Television was launched, on the 9th National Day, which was on October 1, 1958. Liaoning Television would begin a year later, and in 1960, Zhejiang and Guandong provinces had their stations begin full broadcasts.

Growth in telecommunications halted with the general economic collapse after the Great Leap Forward (1958–60) but revived in the 1960s: radio-television services were installed in major cities in these years. By 1965 there were 12 television stations in mainland China, 1 national and 11 regional (compared to approximately 700 conventional television stations and about 3,000 cable channels today). Similarly, in 1978, there was less than one television receiver per 100 people, and fewer than ten million Chinese people had access to a television set (in 2003 there were about 35 TVs for every 100 people, and roughly a billion Chinese people had access to television); expansion and modernization of the broadcasting systems continued throughout the late-1970s and early 1980s.

Until the mid-to-late 1970s, TV broadcasts started in the late afternoon and ended at midnight, with special daytime programs during the summer and winter vacations for students. BTV, at the same time, also expanded its programming reach, from the one channel the station started in 1958, the network grew to 3 channels in 1969.

The first Chinese color TV broadcasts was launched by TVB in Hong Kong in 1967 and China Television in Taiwan in 1969. On the mainland, test color broadcasts started in 1971 on BTV Channel 2, and later spread towards the regional stations, and at the same time, BTV pioneered nationwide satellite broadcasts only for major events starting in 1972. BTV fully converted to color in 1973.

1980s

The Ministry of Radio and Television was established as a separate entity in 1982 to administer and upgrade the status of television and radio broadcasting. Subordinate to this ministry were the Central People's Broadcasting Station, Radio Beijing, and China Central Television. Additionally, the various broadcasting training, talent-search, research, publishing, and manufacturing organizations were brought under the control of the Ministry of Radio and Television. In 1986 responsibility for the movie industry was transferred from the Ministry of Culture to the new Ministry of Radio, Cinema, and Television.

Radio and television expanded rapidly in the 1980s as important means of mass communication and popular entertainment. In 1982 television was by one measure available only to 350 million of China's population of 1 billion,[1] and was mostly watched on a communal basis.[1] By 1985 television reached two-thirds of the population through more than 104 stations (up from 52 in 1984 and 44 in 1983); an estimated 85 percent of the urban population had access to television. During this time, the content of the programming changed drastically from the political lectures and statistical lists of the previous period. Typical television shows were entertainment, including feature films, sports, drama,[2] music, dance, and children's programming. In 1985 a survey of a typical week of television programming made by the Shanghai publication Wuxiandian Yu Dianshi (Journal of Radio and Television) revealed that more than half of the programming could be termed entertainment; education made up 24 percent of the remainder of the programming and news 15 percent. A wide cross section of international news was presented each evening. Most news broadcasts had been borrowed from foreign news organizations, and a Chinese summary was dubbed over. China Central Television also contracted with several foreign broadcasters for entertainment programs. Between 1982 and 1985, six United States television companies signed agreements to provide American programs to China.

Since the late 1950s, people in Pearl River Delta began to receive channels from Hong Kong with coaxial cable (1957-1973) and Yagi–Uda antenna (1967 onwards). Hong Kong channels were considered more entertaining and had Cantonese shows. Such reception was banned by central government, but semi-accepted by local government. By the late 1980s, local channels began to syndicate shows from Hong Kong.

China launched its first television-broadcast satellite in 1986.

In 1987 China Central Television (CCTV), the state network, managed China's television programs. In 1985 consumers purchased 15 million new sets, including approximately 4 million color sets. Production fell far short of demand. Because Chinese viewers often gathered in large groups to watch publicly owned sets, authorities estimated that two-thirds of the nation had access to television. In 1987 there were about 70 million television sets, an average of 29 sets per 100 families. CCTV had four channels that supplied programs to the over ninety television stations throughout the country. Construction began on a major new CCTV studio in Beijing in 1985. CCTV produced its own programs, a large portion of which were educational, and the Television University in Beijing produced three educational programs weekly. The English-language lesson was the most popular program and had an estimated 5 to 6 million viewers. Other programs included daily news, entertainment, teleplays, and special programs. Foreign programs included films and cartoons. Chinese viewers were particularly interested in watching international news, sports, and drama (see Culture of the People's Republic of China).

1990s

In September 1993, after acquiring the STAR TV satellite network, Rupert Murdoch publicly declared:[3]

"(telecommunications) have proved an unambiguous threat to totalitarian regimes everywhere ... satellite broadcasting makes it possible for information-hungry residents of many closed societies to bypass state-controlled television channels"

After this, the former prime minister Li Peng requested and obtained the ban of satellite dishes throughout the country. Subsequently, the STAR TV network dropped the BBC channels from its satellite offer. This, and many ensuing declarations from Murdoch, led critics to believe the businessman was striving to appease the Chinese government in order to have the ban lifted.[3] It is also alleged that the PRC government was unhappy with BBC coverage and threatened to block STAR TV in the huge mainland Chinese market if the BBC was not withdrawn. This is despite technology that is capable of blocking BBC World in China, while making it available in other countries they serve.[4][5][6]

On New Year's Day 1994 at 06:00 Hangzhou Time, Zhejiang Television was China's first commercial satellite television based in East China surrounding areas, Yangtze Delta.

On 6 October 1997 at 09:00 Hefei Time, Anhui Television was China's second commercial satellite television and on 28 December same year at 06:00 Nanjing Time, Jiangsu Television was China's third commercial satellite television based in East China surrounding areas, Yangtze Delta.

In 1998, the State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT) began the Connecting Every Village with Radio and TV Project, which extended radio and television broadcasting to every village in China.[7]: 30 

On 1 October 1998 at 06:00 Shanghai Time, Dragon Television (Shanghai) (formerly known as Shanghai Television) was China's fourth commercial satellite television based in East China surrounding areas, Yangtze Delta (free-to-air terrestrial television in Shanghai only).

2000s

In 2000, the Chinese government put forward a goal of promoting media amalgamation by establishing trans-regional multi-media news groups. It also instituted detailed regulations on media industry fund raising, foreign-funded cooperation and trans-media development.[8]

The State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television (SARFT), founded at the end of 2001, integrated the resources of central-level radio, television and film industry plus those of the radio and television, Internet companies into China's biggest and strongest multi-media group covering the fields of television, Internet, publishing, advertising, etc. At the same time Chinese media industry is cooperating with overseas media groups.

By 2003, 30 overseas television networks, including Phoenix Television, Bloomberg Television, STAR TV, Eurosport, BBC World, CNBC, and China Entertainment Television had entered into China with limitations. At the same time, the English-language channel of CCTV entered the United States through Fox News Internet under the jurisdiction of News Corporation.

In conformity with trends in the international television industry, CCTV has made progress in the direction of specialization, introducing three specialized channels between 2003 and 2004, CCTV-News, CCTV-Children and CCTV-Music.

Since September 1, 2006, the Chinese government has banned foreign-produced animation between the hours of 5:00 to 8:00 P.M. on state-run television to protect struggling Chinese animation studios that have been affected by the popularity of such cartoons.[9]

Despite these advances, a considerable gap remains between the eastern coastal region and the Chinese hinterland, where television sets and regional broadcasters are far less common.

Today

Altogether there are 3,000 television stations across the country. Large international TV expositions, including the Shanghai Television Festival, Beijing International Television Week, China Radio and Television Exposition and Sichuan Television Festival, are held on a regular basis.

Besides judging and conferring awards, these festivals conduct academic exchange and the import and export of TV programs. Shanghai has become the largest television program trading market in Asia.

Since China entered the World Trade Organization, the trend within China's media industry is to form inter-media and trans-regional media groups operated with multiple patterns so as to meet competition and challenges from powerful overseas media groups.

In October 2014, actors and actresses who have used drugs, visited prostitutes, or broken the law are not allowed to appear on television, movies, or other forms of broadcast (radio and advertisement) in China. The ban also encompasses online media, film and publishing.[10] China Daily reported that the ban is meant to "keep the industry healthy" and "Celebrities who break the law should not be invited to appear in programs, and transmission of their words should be suspended." It was also noted that "Recent cases involving stars using drugs or visiting prostitutes have harmed the image of the entertainment industry and set a bad example for young people." In 2014, China has detained several Chinese celebrities on drug-related charges. The Ministry of Public Security stated in February 2014, that police need to "get tough on drugs, gambling, and prostitution."[11]

All nationwide analog shutdown start on 31 July 2020 at midnight stroke and last analog broadcasting station officially turn off on 1 April 2021 at midnight stroke.

Censorship

Television censorship is conducted by State Administration of Radio, Film, and Television of People's Republic of China (PRC) and targets the overseas programs (including those from Hong Kong and Macau), that can be watched in Mainland China. In addition receiving satellite TV signals without permission is against the law in mainland China.[12]

CNN has reported that their broadcast agreement in China includes an arrangement that their signal must pass through a Chinese-controlled satellite. In this way, Chinese authorities have been able to black out CNN segments at will.[13] CNN has also said that their broadcasts are not widely available in China, but rather only in certain diplomatic compounds, hotels, and apartment blocks.[14]

Blacked out content has included references to the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre,[13] the Dalai Lama,[13] the death of Zhao Ziyang,[15] the 2008 Tibetan unrest,[13] the Chinese milk scandal of 2008,[16] negative developments about the Beijing Olympics,[17] and historical dramas, such as Story of Yanxi Palace during national events.[18][19]

During the Summer Olympics in Beijing all Chinese TV stations were ordered to delay live broadcasts by ten seconds, a policy that was designed to give censors time to react in case free-Tibet demonstrators or others staged political protests.[20] During a television report of the inauguration of Barack Obama in 2009, the state-run China Central Television (CCTV) abruptly cut away from its coverage of Obama's address when he spoke of how "earlier generations faced down fascism and communism".[21]

In 2021 China banned BBC World News although access had already been heavily restricted before then and what was carried was censored with parts of the show being blacked out by censors live. They were banned due to their coverage of the Uyghur genocide and in retaliation for CGTN’s ban from the British market for violating broadcast regulations there.[22]

During the 2022 COVID-19 protests in China, CCTV's coverage of the 2022 FIFA World Cup censored scenes of maskless fans in the stadium.[23][24] CCTV avoided coverage of the protests directly.[25]

Digital terrestrial television

According to the Chinese government's plans, by 2010 the existing cable television in cities above county levels in eastern and middle parts of China as well as in most of cities over county level in western parts of the country will be digitized. The analog signals within the country will be switched off in stages between 2015 and 2018, due to large size of the territory. In the meantime, the policies emphasize the continued amalgamation of the three networks of Internet, television and telecom.

To realize the above goals, NDRC, MII and SARFT will be responsible for organizing special projects for implementing digital television services. Support will be given to digital TV related enterprises' listings and more investment will be injected into them.

According to China's national strategy, the country aims to shift from a major television manufacturer to a digital television power during the development of digital television industry. The policies show that by 2010, the annual sales of China's digital television sets and related products will reach RMB250 billion and the export volume will reach US$10 billion. By 2015, China's digital television industry scale and technology level will rank among the top in the world and it will become one of the world's largest digital television set and key components development and production bases. First analog broadcasting television station officially turn off on 30 August 2020 at 23:59:59 CST (UTC+8) for all Hunan Province on Hunan Television only and all analog broadcastings officially full-time completely turn off on New Year's Eve (31 December) 2020 at 03:59:59 CST (UTC+8) for all nationwide (including Shanghai and Suzhou) so all analog broadcastings officially full-time completely turn off on 31 March 2021 at 23:59:59 CST (UTC+8) for all Shaanxi Province. On New Year's Eve (31 December) 2020 at 04:00:00 CST (UTC+8), the digital terrestrial television of the People's Republic of China fully turned, shifted and switched to all full high definition for all nationwide (including Shanghai and Suzhou). On 1 April 2021, the digital terrestrial television of the People's Republic of China fully turned, shifted and switched to all full high definition for all Shaanxi Province.

Shutdown schedule of terrestrial analog TV in some provinces
Province, municipality, and autonomous region Terrestrial analog TV shutdown time (stopped at 00:00:00 CST of the day)
Central Channel Provincial Channel County Channel
Nationwide 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59 CST
Tianjin 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59 CST
Shanghai 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59 CST
Suzhou 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59 CST
Hunan 30 August 2020 at 23:59:59 CST (Hunan Television)
31 December 2020 at 03:59:59 CST (Official)
Shanxi 30 November 2020 at 23:59:59 CST
Inner Mongolia 30 November 2020 at 23:59:59 CST
Jilin 22 December 2020 at 23:59:59 CST
Jiangsu 30 November 2020 at 23:59:59 CST
Anhui 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59 CST
Shandong 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59 CST
Hainan 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59 CST
Chongqing 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59 CST
Yunnan 30 November 2020 at 23:59:59 CST
Shaanxi 31 March 2021 at 23:59:59 CST
Qinghai 31 December 2020 at 03:59:59 CST

Cable television

Cable television is the usual transmission method in all urban areas of mainland China - television aerials are an extremely rare sight. Cable systems usually carry all the CCTV channels in Mandarin, plus all the channels of municipal, provincial or regional station in question (such stations are listed below). The remaining slots carry the main channels from several other province-level stations, and may carry additional channels from metropolitan stations such as BTV and Shanghai Media Group. They may also carry a local channel for a particular sub-provincial municipality, prefecture or county. Individual compounds (hotels, housing estates, etc.) often add a request channel showing karaoke music videos and animations. An extremely small number of compounds with many foreign residents (e.g. five star hotels in Beijing) will also carry selected channels from Hong Kong, Taiwan and the West. Phoenix Television has the widest carriage under this rule.

Mainland China had more than 44.5 million digital cable television users in 2008, had 0.9 billion digital cable television users and 0.2 billion IPTV Users in 2015.

Unlike many cable television operators in other countries that support two-way modes, China's cable television runs in a one-way mode (download only, no upload and no interactive services).

List of national networks and channels

China Central Television

Name Simplified Chinese Launch Format
CCTV-1 (General Channel) 中国中央电视台综合频道 1958 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i/1440p, 16:9)
CCTV-2 (Finance Channel) 中国中央电视台财经频道 1963 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-3 (Arts and Entertainment Channel) 中国中央电视台综艺频道 1969 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-4 (International Chinese Channel Asia) 中国中央电视台中文国际频道（亚洲版） 1992 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-4 (International Chinese Channel Europe) 中国中央电视台中文国际频道（欧洲版） 2007 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9, in France)
CCTV-4 (International Chinese Channel America) 中国中央电视台中文国际频道（美洲版） 2007 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-5 (Sports Channel) 中国中央电视台体育频道 1994 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-5+ (Sports Events Channel) 中国中央电视台体育赛事频道 2013 HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-6 (National Movie Channel) 中国中央电视台电影频道 1994 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-7 (National Defense and Military Channel) 中国中央电视台国防军事频道 2019 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-8 (Television Series Channel) 中国中央电视台电视剧频道 1994 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-9 (Chinese Documentary Channel) 中国中央电视台纪录频道 2011 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-10 (Science & Education Channel) 中国中央电视台科教频道 2001 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-11 (Chinese Opera Channel) 中国中央电视台戏曲频道 2001 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-12 (Society & Law Channel) 中国中央电视台社会与法频道 2004 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-13 (Chinese News Channel) 中国中央电视台新闻频道 2003 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-14 (Children's Channel) 中国中央电视台少儿频道 2003 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-15 (Music Channel) 中国中央电视台音乐频道 2004 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-17 (Agricultural and Rural Channel) 中国中央电视台农业农村频道 2019 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CGTN (International English Channel) 中国国际电视台英语新闻频道 2000 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CGTN-Français (International French Channel) 中国国际电视台法语频道 2007 SDTV (576i, 16:9)
CGTN-Español (International Spanish Channel) 中国国际电视台西班牙语频道 2007 SDTV (576i, 16:9)
CGTN-العربية (International Arabic Channel) 中国国际电视台阿拉伯语频道 2009 SDTV (576i, 16:9)
CGTN-русский (International Russian Channel) 中国国际电视台俄语频道 2009 SDTV (576i, 16:9)
CGTN Documentary (English Documentary Channel) 中国国际电视台英语纪录频道 2011 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-4K (4KUHD Channel) 中央广播电视总台4K超高清频道 2018 UHDTV (2160p, 16:9)
CCTV-16 (Olympic Channel) 中国中央电视台奥林匹克频道 2021 HDTV (1080i, 16:9)
CCTV-8K (8KUHD Channel) 中央广播电视总台8K超高清频道 2021 UHDTV (4320p, 16:9)

National free-to-air public satellite television

Name Simplified Chinese Launch date Broadcasting area Transmitted area Head office Broadcasting hours Format Owner
Anhui Television 安徽卫视 October 6, 1997 National Anhui Hefei 24-hour SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Anhui Broadcasting Corporation (ABC)
Beijing Kaku 北京卡酷少儿卫视 September 10, 2007 National Beijing Chaoyang District, Beijing 24-hour SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Beijing Media Network (BMN)
Beijing Television 北京卫视 January 1, 1998 National Beijing Chaoyang District, Beijing 24-hour SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Beijing Media Network (BMN)
Jiangsu Television 江苏卫视 December 28, 1997 National Jiangsu Nanjing 24-hour SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Jiangsu Broadcasting Corporation (JSBC)
Jiangsu Youman 江苏优漫卡通卫视 October 1, 2010 National Jiangsu Nanjing 24-hour SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Jiangsu Broadcasting Corporation (JSBC)
Dragon Television (Shanghai) 上海东方卫视 October 1, 1998 National Shanghai Pudong 24-hour SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Radio and Television Station of Shanghai (RTS), Shanghai Media Group (SMG)
Shanghai Toonmax 上海哈哈炫动卫视 December 26, 2004 National Shanghai Pudong 24-hour SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Radio and Television Station of Shanghai (RTS), Shanghai Media Group (SMG)
Zhejiang Television 浙江卫视 January 1, 1994 National Zhejiang Hangzhou 24-hour SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Zhejiang Radio and Television Group (ZRTG)
Guangdong Television 广东卫视 August 7, 1996 National Guangdong Guangzhou 24-hour SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Guangdong Radio and Television (GRT)
Southern Television Guangdong 广东南方卫视 July 28, 2004 National Guangdong Guangzhou 24-hour SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Guangdong Radio and Television (GRT)
Guangdong Jiajia 广东嘉佳卡通卫视 November 27, 2009 National Guangdong Guangzhou 24-hour SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Guangdong Radio and Television (GRT)
Shenzhen Television 深圳卫视 June 28, 2004 National Shenzhen Futian District 24-hour SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Shenzhen Media Group (SZMG)

Others

Name Simplified Chinese Origin Launch Format Owner
Agriculture Television 农林卫视 Shaanxi 2008 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Shaanxi Broadcasting Corporation (SXBC)
Bedahuang Television 北大荒农业频道 Heilongjiang 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Bedahuang Broadcasting Television
Bingtuan Television 兵团卫视 Xinjiang 2009 SDTV (576i, 16:9) Xinjiang Bingtuan Radio and Television
Chongqing Television 重庆卫视 Chongqing 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Chongqing Broadcasting Group (CBG)
Cross-Strait Television 海峡卫视 Fujian 2005 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Fujian Media Group (FMG)
Gansu Television 甘肃卫视 Gansu 1998 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Gansu Media Group (GSMG)
Guangxi Television 广西卫视 Guangxi 1970 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Guangxi Television
Guizhou Television 贵州卫视 Guizhou 1968 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Guizhou Radio Television
Hebei Television 河北卫视 Hebei 1998 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Hebei Television (HEBTV)
Heilongjiang Television 黑龙江卫视 Heilongjiang 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Heilongjiang Broadcasting Television
Henan Television 河南卫视 Henan 1996 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Henan Television (HNTV)
Hubei Television 湖北卫视 Hubei 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Hubei Network Radio and Television
Hunan Television 湖南卫视 Hunan 29 September 1970 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Hunan Broadcasting System (HBS)
Jiangxi Television 江西卫视 Jiangxi 1970 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Jiangxi Radio and Television
Jilin Television 吉林卫视 Jilin 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Jilin Television (JLTV)
Liaoning Television 辽宁卫视 Liaoning 1959 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Liaoning Radio and Television (LRTV)
Nei Mongol Television 内蒙古卫视 Inner Mongolia 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Nei Mongol Television (NMTV)
Ningxia Television 宁夏卫视 Ningxia 1998 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Ningxia Radio and Television
Qinghai Television 青海卫视 Qinghai 1997 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Qinghai Radio and Television
Sansha Television 三沙卫视 Hainan 2013 SDTV (576i, 16:9) Sansha Broadcasting Group
Shandong Television 山东卫视 Shandong 1994 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Shandong Radio and Television
Shaanxi Television 陕西卫视 Shaanxi 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3/16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Shaanxi Broadcasting Corporation (SXBC)
Shanxi Television 山西卫视 Shanxi 2004 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Shanxi Radio Television
Sichuan Television 四川卫视 Sichuan 2003 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Sichuan Radio and Television
Southeast Television 东南卫视 Fujian 1994 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Fujian Media Group (FMG)
Hainan Television 海南卫视 Hainan 1999 SDTV (576i, 16:9) Hainan Broadcasting Group
Tianjin Television 天津卫视 Tianjin 1998 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Tianjin Radio and Television
Xiamen Television 厦门卫视 Fujian 2005 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Xiamen Media Group XMG
Xinjiang Television 新疆卫视 Xinjiang 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Xinjiang Television Station
Xizang Television 西藏卫视 Tibet 2002 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Xizang Television (XZTV)
Yunnan Television 云南卫视 Yunnan 2000 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Yunnan Radio and Television

Non-Standard Chinese satellite television

Name Simplified Chinese Language Launch Format Owner
Kangba Television 康巴卫视 Khams Tibetan 1999 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Sichuan Radio and Television
Nei Mongol Television Mongolian 内蒙古卫视（蒙语） Mongolian 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Nei Mongol Television (NMTV)
Xinjiang Television Uyghur 新疆卫视（维语） Uyghur 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Xinjiang Television (XJTV)
Xinjiang Television Kazakh 新疆卫视（哈语） Kazakh 1997 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Xinjiang Television (XJTV)
Xizang (Tibet) Television Tibetan 西藏卫视（藏语） Standard Tibetan 2002 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Xizang Television (XZTV)
Yanbian Korean Television 延边卫视 Chinese Korean/Choson Korean 2006 HDTV(10

80i,16:9)

 Yanbian Television (YBTV)
Anduo Television 安多卫视 Amdo Tibetan 2006 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Qinghai Radio and TV Station

Children's channels

Name Simplified Chinese Origin Launch Format Owner
Aniworld 金鹰卡通 Hunan 2005 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Hunan Broadcasting System (HBS)

Premium satellite television

  • Private Owned channel's with landed rights
Name Simplified Chinese Origin Launch Format Owner
Macau Asia Satellite Television 澳亚卫视 Macau 2001 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Macau Asia Satellite Television Co.,Ltd
Macau Lotus Television 澳门莲花卫视 Macau 2002 SDTV (576i, 4:3) Macau Lotus Television Co.,Ltd
HKSTV 香港卫视 Hong Kong 2010 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i,16:9) Hong Kong Satellite TV International Media Group
Phoenix Television InfoNews 凤凰卫视资讯台 Hong Kong 2001 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings.,Ltd
Phoenix Television Movies 凤凰卫视电影台 Hong Kong 1998 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings.,Ltd
Phoenix Television Chinese 凤凰卫视中文台 Hong Kong 1996 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings.,Ltd
Phoenix Television Hong Kong 凤凰卫视香港台 Hong Kong 1996 SDTV (576i, 16:9), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings.,Ltd
TVB Jade 无线电视翡翠台 Hong Kong 1967 SDTV (576i, 4:3), HDTV (1080i, 16:9) Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB)
STAR TV 星空卫视 Hong Kong 1991 SDTV (576i, 16:9) STAR Greater China.,Ltd

Other

Hong Kong

Hong Kong has two broadcast television networks, ATV and TVB. The latter, launched in 1967, was the territory's first free-to-air commercial station, and is currently the predominant TV station in the territory. Paid cable and satellite television have also been widespread. The production of Hong Kong's soap drama, comedy series and variety shows have reached mass audiences throughout the Chinese-speaking world. Broadcast media and news is provided by several companies, one of which is government-run. Television provides the major source of news and entertainment for the average family.

Macau

Macau citizens can receive most of the terrestrial transmissions broadcast in Hong Kong.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Link, Perry (2000). The Uses of Literature: Life in the Socialist Chinese Literary System. Princeton University Press. p. 208. ISBN 9780691001982.
  2. ↑ Ying Zhu, Michael Keane, and Ruoyun Bai (editors), "TV drama in China", Hong Kong University Press, 2008
  3. 1 2 http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2008/apr/22/chinathemedia.rupertmurdoch
  4. ↑ Announcing The P.u.-litzer Prizes For 1994
  5. ↑ "China lets in BBC TV". BBC News. 2001-01-09. Retrieved 2010-05-25.
  6. ↑ Star-TV (Hong Kong)
  7. ↑ Shi, Song (2023). China and the Internet: Using New Media for Development and Social Change. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. ISBN 9781978834736.
  8. ↑ Ying Zhu, "Television in Post-Reform China: Serial Dramas, Confucian Leadership and the Global Television Market", London: Routledge, 2008.
  9. ↑ McDonald, Joe. China Bans 'Simpsons' From Prime-Time TV. Associated Press: August 13, 2006
  10. ↑ "China bans stars who have used drugs from national media". BBC News. 9 October 2014. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  11. ↑ Birsel, Robert. "China bans tainted stars from TV, movie screens". Reuters. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  12. ↑ "《卫星电视广播地面接收设施管理规定》实施细则". 广电总局. 新华网. 2003-05-31. Archived from the original on December 10, 2003. Retrieved 2011-05-16.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Vassileva, Ralitsa (2008-03-14). "China's media crackdown" (video). CNN. Retrieved 2008-03-16.
  14. ↑ Vause, John (2008-04-09). "San Francisco Torch Relay Broadcast". CNN.
  15. ↑ "News black-out on death of former top leader Zhao Ziyang". Reporters without Borders. 2005-01-28. Archived from the original on 2007-10-30. Retrieved 2008-03-17.
  16. ↑ Raymond Li (16 September 2008). "Censorship hammer comes down over scandal". South China Morning Post, p. A5.
  17. ↑ Oconnor, Ashling (2008-03-10). "Haile Gebrselassie pulls out of Beijing marathon". The Times. London. Retrieved 2008-03-11. News of the development is struggling to reach audiences in China, where transmissions of BBC World were mysteriously suspended when the station relayed the story.
  18. ↑ Illmer, Andreas (2019-02-08). "Why China turned against a blockbuster drama". BBC News. Retrieved 2020-10-09.
  19. ↑ 賴錦宏 (2020-09-28). "延禧攻略、如懿傳遭下架 陸「十一」前限宮鬥劇". 經濟日報. Archived from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2020-09-30.
  20. ↑ Barbara Demick (2009-01-22). "Chinese media censor Obama's inaugural speech". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
  21. ↑ Chris O'Brien (2009-01-21). "Obama's address censored in China". The Washington Times. Retrieved 2009-03-18.
  22. ↑ Tiezzi, Shannon. "China Bans BBC World News Over Xinjiang Reporting". thediplomat.com. The Diplomat. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  23. ↑ Mellor, Sophie (28 November 2022). "China's state-owned television is editing maskless fans out of its World Cup coverage". Fortune. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  24. ↑ Wei, Low De (28 November 2022). "World Cup Fans Without Masks Pose Dilemma for Chinese TV Amid Protests". Bloomberg News. Retrieved 28 November 2022.
  25. ↑ Yerushalmy, Jonathan (28 November 2022). "How Chinese media have – and haven't – covered widespread protests against zero-Covid". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 November 2022.

Sources

  • Ying Zhu and Chris Berry (editors), TV China, Indiana University Press, 2009.
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