Eupomatia
1855 illustration of
Eupomatia bennettii
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Magnoliids
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Eupomatiaceae
Genus: Eupomatia
R.Br.[1]
Type species
Eupomatia laurina
Species

Eupomatia is a genus of three species of plants in the ancient family Eupomatiaceae, and is the sole genus in the family. Eupomatiaceae is recognised by most taxonomists and classified in the plant order Magnoliales. The three described species are shrubs or small trees, native to the rainforests and humid eucalypt forests of eastern Australia and New Guinea. The type species Eupomatia laurina was described in 1814 by Robert Brown.

Description

Plants of this family are evergreen shrubs or small trees. The leaves are simple and alternate, without hairs or stipules, and may be distichous or spirally arranged. Leaf blades are somewhat leathery, with pinnate venation (with a midrib and pairs of veins branching off on either side) and entire (not toothed) margins. Tertiary venation is reticulate, i.e. net-like.[2][3]

The flowers are fragrant, bisexual, axillary or terminal, usually single but occasionally in clusters of 2 or 3. They are initially fully covered by a cap known as a calyptra. The perianth (i.e. petals and sepals) is absent. Female parts mature before the males parts. Stamens and staminodes are numerous and petal-like, arranged in a spiral following the Fibonacci sequence,[4] and detaching as a whole after maturity. The ovary is inferior, locules are numerous, style is absent and the stigma sessile.[2][3]

The fleshy fruit is an aggregate and berry-like with numerous seeds. The endosperm is ruminate (i.e. grooved or wrinkled).[2][3]

Systematics

The APG IV system of 2016 places this family in the order Magnoliales under the clade magnoliids,[5] where it has been through the history of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. It is most closely related to the family Annonaceae. The Angiosperm Phylogeny Website also considers Eupomatiaceae a sister group of the family Annonaceae in the terminal clade in the order's evolution.[6]

Magnoliidae

Canellales

Piperales

Magnoliales

Myristicaceae

Magnoliaceae

Degeneriaceae

Himantandraceae

Eupomatiaceae

Annonaceae

Laurales

Species

As of 9 November 2023, Eupomatia contains the following three species.[1]

The species occur in tropical and subtropical rainforests

Ecology

Protogynous and autocompatible flowers, with a reduction in selfing through herkogamy, diurnal synchronization of anthesis and the tendency of the same plant to not flower on two consecutive days. Anthesis lasts one or two days, at the height the flower behaves functionally as a female, showing its gynoecium and with open staminodes, while the stamens remain below the flower. The flower later behaves as a male with the intrastaminal staminodes folded inwards hiding the gynoecium and with erect stamens. The staminodes secrete an oily exudate and emit a fruity smell that attracts beetles, particularly of the genus Elleschodes (Curculionidae), that visit the flowers in both phases, in addition the synandria fall to the ground (cantharophily pollination).[7] The fruit is sweet and aromatic and it is dispersed by birds and mammals (zoochory). The fruit is also eaten by humans.

Phytochemistry

Plants contain unusual lignans and alkaloids (sampangine, eupolauridine, eupomatidine-1, liriodenine and lanuginosine, antimicrobials and antifungals) such as proanthocyanidins, cyanidin and flavonoids, in particular velutin. Iridoids, flavonols and ellagic acid are absent. Cyanogenesis absent.

References

  1. 1 2 "Eupomatia R.Br". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2023.
  2. 1 2 3 Flora of Australia, Volume 2 Winteraceae to Platanaceae (2 ed.). Canberra: Australian Biological Resources Study. 1999. p. 13. ISBN 0-643-05965-2. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  3. 1 2 3 "Eupomatiaceae". Families of Flowering Plants of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Environment Australia. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  4. ↑ Endress, Peter K. (2003). "Early Floral Development and Nature of the Calyptra in Eupomatiaceae (Magnoliales)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 164 (4): 489–503. doi:10.1086/375319. JSTOR 10.1086/375319.
  5. ↑ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181: 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  6. ↑ Stevens, P.F. "Magnoliales". Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Retrieved 10 November 2023.
  7. ↑ Armstrong, Joseph E.; Irvine, Anthony K. (December 1990). "Functions of Staminodia in the Beetle-Pollinated Flowers of Eupomatia laurina". Biotropica. 22 (4): 429–431. doi:10.2307/2388563. JSTOR 2388563.
  • Endress, P.K. 1993. Eupomatiaceae. En: Kubitzki, K., Rohwer, J.G. & Bittrich, V. (Editores). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants. II. Flowering Plants - Dicotyledons. Springer-Verlag.
  • Watson, L., and Dallwitz, M.J. 1992 onwards. The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval. Version: 29 July 2006. https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/
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