Foreign-born (also non-native) people are those born outside of their country of residence. Foreign born are often non-citizens, but many are naturalized citizens of the country in which they live, and others are citizens by descent, typically through a parent.

The term foreign born encompasses both immigrants and expatriates but is not synonymous with either. Foreign born may, like immigrants, have committed to living in a country permanently or, like expatriates, live abroad for a significant period with the plan to return to their birth-country eventually.

The status of foreign born — particularly their access to citizenship — differs globally. The large groups of foreign-born guest workers in the Gulf Cooperation Council states, for example, have no right to citizenship no matter the length of their residence. In Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States, by contrast, foreign born are often citizens or in the process of becoming citizens. Certain countries have intermediary rules: in Germany and Japan it is often difficult but not impossible for the foreign born to become citizens.

Definition

The adjective foreign-born has two potential meanings:

  • "born in a country other than that in which one resides."[1]
  • "foreign by birth."[2]

The United Nations uses the first definition to estimate the international migrant stock, whenever this information is available. In countries lacking data on place of birth, the UN uses the country of citizenship instead.[3]

On the other hand, the United States Census Bureau defines foreign-born as "anyone who is not a U.S. citizen at birth", which includes persons who have become U.S. citizens through naturalization but excludes persons born abroad to a U.S. citizen parent or parents.

According to the UN: "Equating international migrants with foreign citizens when estimating the migrant stock has important shortcomings. In countries where citizenship is conferred on the basis of jus sanguinis, people who were born in the country of residence may be included in the number of international migrants even though they may have never lived abroad. Conversely, persons who were born abroad and who naturalized in their country of residence are excluded from the stock of international migrants when using citizenship as the criterion to define international migrants."[3]

Share of migrants in all countries. Data from 2015.

The percentage of foreign born in a country is the product mostly of immigration rates, but is also affected by emigration rates and birth and death rates in the destination country. For example, the United Kingdom and Ireland are destination countries for migrants from Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia, but are themselves source countries for immigration to other English-speaking countries.

The Holy See is unique in having 100% of its population foreign-born, while Cuba is unique in having 0% of its population foreign-born. The region with the highest rate is Oceania, with 21%, while Asia has less than 1%.

Countries with immigration rates above 25% tend to be wealthy countries with relatively open migration or labour laws, including Singapore, Australia, New Zealand, Switzerland and the Persian Gulf states.

The largest foreign-born population in the world is in the United States, which was home to 39 million foreign-born residents in 2012, or 12.6% of the population.[4]

Cities with largest foreign born populations

Rank City Country Estimate source Foreign-born population Percentage
1LondonUnited KingdomONS 20213,576,000[5]40.6%
2New YorkUnited States2022 ACS3,133,149[6]36.3%
3SydneyAustralia2016 Census1,961,977[7]45.4%
4MelbourneAustralia2016 Census1,784,794[8]41.3%
5LimaPeru2023 United Nations Office of Peru1,586,880[9]17.5%
6Los AngelesUnited States2022 ACS1,395,920[10]36.0%
7TorontoCanadaCanada 2021 Census1,431,380[11][lower-alpha 1]51.9%
8BerlinGermanyBerlin-Brandenburg office of statistics, 2021789,07621%
9MadridSpain2019 Spain Census726,66922.2%
9AucklandNew ZealandStatistics New Zealand 2018714,48041.6%
10MontréalCanadaCanada 2021 Census705,900[12][lower-alpha 1]40.9%
11HoustonUnited States2022 ACS664,495[13]28.9%
12BrisbaneAustralia2016 Australian Census682,132[14]33.2%
13ChicagoUnited States2022 ACS550,888[15]20.2%
14CalgaryCanadaCanada 2021 Census457,665[16][lower-alpha 1]35.4%
15MississaugaCanadaCanada 2021 Census406,455[17][lower-alpha 1]57%
16San JoseUnited States2022 ACS410,543[18]41.0%
17ViennaAustriawien statistik 2019395,72016%
18BramptonCanadaCanada 2021 Census383,695[19][lower-alpha 1]59.1%
19San DiegoUnited States2022 ACS344,419[20]24.9%
20BogotáColombia2019352,4315%
21EdmontonCanadaCanada 2021 Census348,295[21][lower-alpha 1]34.9%
22HamburgGermany2021 ACS341,75924.7%
23MilanItalyIstat 2011324,378[22]10.7%
24VancouverCanadaCanada 2021 Census317,190[23][lower-alpha 1]48.8%
25BirminghamUnited KingdomONS 2021305,96325.6%
26San FranciscoUnited States2022 ACS288,169[24]33.9%
27OttawaCanadaCanada 2021 Census288,835[25]28.9%
28SurreyCanadaCanada 2021 Census285,620[26][lower-alpha 1]50.8%
29AmsterdamNetherlandsStatistics Netherlands 2019277,43132.1%
30MiamiUnited States2022 ACS256,805[27]57.9%
31StockholmSwedenStatistics Sweden 2019248,70825.5%
32LyonFranceFrance Unité urbaine de Lyon, INSEE 2020235,96914%
33WinnipegCanadaCanada 2021 Census231,135[28][lower-alpha 1]31.4%
34SantiagoChile2017 Census212,03710.2%
35MarseilleFranceUnité urbaine de Marseille-Aix, INSEE 2020193,74012%
36RotterdamNetherlandsStatistics Netherlands 2019184,21828.6%
37The HagueNetherlandsStatistics Netherlands 2019176,18332.8%
38ManchesterUnited KingdomONS 2021173,20831.4%
39OsloNorwayStatistics Norway 2019171,86825.2%
40GothenburgSwedenStatistics Sweden 2019159,34227.5%
41HamiltonCanadaCanada 2021 Census158,190[29][lower-alpha 1]28.2%
42CopenhagenDenmarkStatistics Denmark 2022134,40926.3%
43MalmöSwedenStatistics Sweden 2019118,32334.4%
44HelsinkiFinlandStatistics Finland 2021102,01615.5%

Metropolitan and urban regions with the largest foreign-born populations

  1. Data for the cities listed below is from numerous sources.
Rank[30] Metropolitan region /
urban area		 Country Foreign-born population Sources of immigrants
1New York metropolitan areaUnited States5,892,000[31]China, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, Ecuador, Guyana, Philippines, South Korea, Mexico, Peru, Bangladesh, Trinidad and Tobago, Haiti, Italy, Colombia, Poland, Russia, India, Pakistan, Brazil, Cuba, Nigeria, Ghana
2London and the home countiesUnited Kingdom5,623,701[5]India, Poland, Bangladesh, Romania, Pakistan, Italy, Turkey, Nigeria, Ireland, Sri Lanka, Jamaica, China, France, Ghana, Philippines, Portugal, South Africa, Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana, USA
3Los Angeles Metropolitan AreaUnited States5,541,000[31]Mexico, Bangladesh, the Philippines, El Salvador, China, Vietnam, South Korea, Guatemala, Ethiopia, Armenia, Iran, India, Nigeria, Colombia
4Paris metropolitan areaFrance3,041,148[32]Algeria, Portugal, Morocco, Tunisia, Spain, Romania, Turkey, China, Italy, Mali, Sri Lanka, Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Congo, Senegal, Cameroon
5Greater Toronto AreaCanada2,870,000[33]India, China, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Italy, United Kingdom, European Union, Pakistan, Iran, Jamaica, Bangladesh, Trinidad and Tobago, United States
6Hong Kong (SAR)China2,793,450China, Indonesia, Philippines, Macau, Thailand, United Kingdom, France, India, Pakistan, Japan, United States, Canada
7San Francisco Bay AreaUnited States2,634,270[34][35]Mexico, China, Philippines, Vietnam, India, El Salvador, Bangladesh, South Korea, Taiwan, Iran, Russia
8Sydney Greater Capital City Statistical AreaAustralia2,071,872[36]China, United Kingdom, India, New Zealand, Vietnam, Philippines, South Korea, Lebanon, Sri Lanka
9Miami metropolitan areaUnited States1,949,629Cuba, Haiti, Colombia, Canada, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Dominican Republic, Honduras, Brazil, Panama, Peru, Bangladesh
10Melbourne Greater Capital City Statistical AreaAustralia1,801,139[37]India, China, Vietnam, New Zealand, England, Italy, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Greece, Philippines, South Africa, Hong Kong
11Chicago metropolitan areaUnited States1,625,649Mexico, India, Poland, Philippines, China, Palestine, Ukraine, Italy, Guatemala, Lithuania, Ghana, Nigeria, Jamaica, Cuba, Colombia, Trinidad and Tobago
12Brussels Urban AreaBelgium1,441,600France, Romania, Morocco, Italy, Spain, Poland, Portugal, Bulgaria, Germany
13Berlin Urban AreaGermany1,231,500Turkey, Russia, Poland, Syria, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, France, Vietnam, United Kingdom
14Singapore (city only)Singapore1,305,011Malaysia, China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh, Taiwan, Myanmar, South Korea
15Moscow (city only)Russia1,128,035Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Azerbaijan, Moldova, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Belarus
16Houston metropolitan areaUnited States1,113,875Mexico, El Salvador, Vietnam, India, Nigeria, China, Honduras, Philippines, Myanmar, Guatemala, Colombia
17Metropolitan DubaiUnited Arab Emirates1,056,000India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Philippines, Iran, Sri Lanka, United Kingdom
18Riyadh (city only)Saudi Arabia1,054,000Arab League, Pakistan, India, African Union, Bangladesh, Iran
19Vancouver metropolitan areaCanada1,019,170Hong Kong, China, India, South Korea, Taiwan, Philippines, Bangladesh, Vietnam, Japan, Iran, Pakistan, Poland, United Kingdom, Italy, United States
20Washington metropolitan areaUnited States1,017,432El Salvador, China, Ethiopia, Mexico, South Korea, Nigeria, Philippines, Vietnam, Ghana, Bolivia
21Dallas–Fort Worth metroplexUnited States1,016,221Mexico, India, Vietnam, El Salvador, China, South Korea, Bangladesh, Honduras, Philippines
22Frankfurt Urban AreaGermany998,400Turkey, Italy, Croatia, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece, Russia, North Macedonia
23Tokyo Urban AreaJapan978,172China, South Korea, Philippines, Vietnam, United States, Brazil, Nepal, Taiwan, Peru, Thailand
Birmingham Urban AreaUnited Kingdom902,438India, Pakistan, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Poland, Bangladesh, Romania, China, Italy, Albania, Nigeria, Somalia
24Barcelona Urban AreaSpain862,200Italy, Pakistan, China, Ecuador, Bolivia, Morocco, France
25Atlanta metropolitan areaUnited States861,208Mexico, India, Jamaica, South Korea, Bangladesh, China, Vietnam, Nigeria, Guatemala, El Salvador, Colombia
26Montreal Urban AreaCanada740,400Algeria, Morocco, Bangladesh, Romania, France, Haiti, Lebanon
27 Brisbane Greater Capital City Statistical Area Australia 731,198 New Zealand, England, China, India, South Africa, Philippines, Vietnam, South Korea, Taiwan, Scotland, Malaysia
28Auckland Urban AreaNew Zealand662,298United Kingdom, China, India, Fiji, Samoa, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka
29Stockholm CountySweden660,302[38]Finland, Iraq, Poland, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Eritrea, Afghanistan
30MuscatOman571,000Philippines, Pakistan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh
31Milan Urban AreaItaly475,000Egypt, Philippines, China, Romania, Sri Lanka
32Greater CalgaryCanada400,000India, Pakistan, Philippines, United States, Nigeria, China, Lebanon, Vietnam, United Kingdom, Bangladesh, South Korea, Iran, Hong Kong, Ethiopia, Germany, European Union
33Hamburg Metropolitan RegionGermany332,473[39]Turkey, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Italy, Spain, Ghana
34Greater ManchesterUnited Kingdom302,000Pakistan, China, Ireland, Bangladesh, Poland, Nigeria, India, Somalia, Jamaica, Iraq
35Greater EdmontonCanada274,355China, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Hong Kong, Philippines, Lebanon
36HelsinkiFinland213,290[40]Russia, Estonia, Somalia, Iraq, Sweden, China, Yugoslavia, Vietnam, India, Turkey
37Hannover–Braunschweig–Göttingen–Wolfsburg Metropolitan RegionGermany132,684Turkey, Serbia, Ukraine, Greece, Russia, Italy, Spain
38HamiltonCanada130,565Italy, Bangladesh, Pakistan, India
39GenevaSwitzerland77,602France, Spain, Germany

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Statistic includes all persons classified as 'Immigrants' and 'Non-permanent residents' on census.

    Statistics Canada defines 'Immigrants' as "persons who are, or who have ever been, landed immigrants or permanent residents. Such persons have been granted the right to live in Canada permanently by immigration authorities. Immigrants who have obtained Canadian citizenship by naturalization are included in this category."

    Statistics Canada defines 'Non-permanent residents' as "persons from another country with a usual place of residence in Canada and who have a work or study permit or who have claimed refugee status (asylum claimants). Family members living with work or study permit holders are also included, unless these family members are already Canadian citizens, landed immigrants or permanent residents."

References

  1. ↑ foreign-born, Dictionary.com
  2. ↑ Foreign-born, Merriam-Webster
  3. 1 2 "INTERNATIONAL MIGRANT STOCK 2019 DOCUMENTATION" (PDF).
  4. ↑ United States Census Bureau. Current Population Survey - March 2012 Detailed Tables, Table 1.1. Accessed September 6, 2014.
  5. 1 2 "Population of the United Kingdom by Country of Birth and Nationality".
  6. ↑ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  7. ↑ "2016 Census QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  8. ↑ "2016 Census QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  9. ↑ "2023 La migración venezolana y su impacto". United Nations Office of Peru. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  10. ↑ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  11. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Toronto, City (C) Ontario [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  12. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Montréal, Ville (V) Quebec [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  13. ↑ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  14. ↑ "2016 Census QuickStats". Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved January 4, 2019.
  15. ↑ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  16. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Calgary, City (CY) Alberta [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  17. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Mississauga, City (CY) Ontario [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  18. ↑ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  19. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Brampton, City (CY) Ontario [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  20. ↑ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  21. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Edmonton, City (CY) Alberta [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  22. ↑ "Statistiche Istat".
  23. ↑ "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision]". Statistics Canada. 2022-10-26. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  24. ↑ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  25. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Ottawa, City (CV) Ontario [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  26. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  27. ↑ "DP02 Selected Social Characteristics in the United States". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  28. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Winnipeg, City (CY) Manitoba [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  29. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (2022-10-26). "Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Hamilton, City (C) Ontario [Census subdivision]". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-12-05.
  30. ↑ "Data Hub". migrationpolicy.org.
  31. 1 2 Jie Zong and Jeanne Batalova (April 14, 2016). "U.S. Immigrant Population by Metropolitan Area". Migration Policy Institute. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
  32. ↑ "Données harmonisées des recensements de la population 1968-2018". Retrieved 6 May 2023.
  33. ↑ Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (February 8, 2017). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Toronto [Census metropolitan area], Ontario and Ontario [Province]". www12.statcan.gc.ca.
  34. ↑ Bureau, U.S. Census. "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
  35. ↑ "U.S. Immigrant Population by State and County". migrationpolicy.org. 2014-02-04. Retrieved 2017-12-06.
  36. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics. "2016 Census QuickStats - Greater Sydney". Retrieved 2017-06-09.
  37. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics. "2016 Census QuickStats - Greater Melbourne". Retrieved 2017-06-09.
  38. ↑ "Statistikmyndigheten SCB - Meddelande om underhåll, Statistics Sweden - Notice of maintenance". Archived from the original on 2020-10-31. Retrieved 2020-06-03.
  39. ↑ INSEE. "Les immigrés par sexe, âge et pays de naissance – Département de Paris (75)" (in French). Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 19 November 2015.
  40. ↑ "PX-Web - Valitse muuttuja ja arvot". Archived from the original on 2019-02-12. Retrieved 2018-12-21.
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