The foreign relations of New Zealand are oriented chiefly toward developed democratic nations and emerging Pacific Island economies. Until the late 20th century, New Zealand aligned itself strongly with the United Kingdom (as a former British colony) and had few bilateral relationships with other countries. From the latter half of the 20th century, Australia has been New Zealand's most important cultural, economic and military partner. Today, the country participates in several multilateral political organisations, including Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Pacific Community, and the Pacific Islands Forum. New Zealand has been described as an emerging power;[1][2] however, such a claim needs to be considered in the context of its medium-sized economy and limited military capability. The country's major political parties have generally agreed on the broad outlines of foreign policy, and the government has been active in promoting free trade, nuclear disarmament, and arms control.

In summer 2013, New Zealand Foreign Minister Murray McCully reported that:

All New Zealand's important relationships are in good repair....With the United States there are hopes of a major breakthrough in terms of trade relations. Sino - New Zealand relations are also subdued, but trade is burgeoning. Japan's decision to join the Trans-Pacific Partnership is a welcome change and New Zealand continues to pursue a free trade agreement with South Korea. The government is pressing ahead with plans to strengthen relations in a number of other areas, including Russia, South Asia, Latin America, the Persian Gulf and especially the South Pacific. It is also alive to the potential benefits of closer ties with countries on the African continent.[3]

History

Māori rule

New Zealand was first settled by Polynesians about 1300 AD. From the 1760s New Zealand was visited by various European explorers and traders, and later missionaries and settlers. An informal system of trade was established, especially in Northland, and some iwi (tribes) became wealthy and powerful. As Māori was a tribal-level society of many shifting chiefdoms, relationships with Europeans were ad hoc and informal. In 1835 a group of Northland chiefs, under the guidance of British resident James Busby, signed a declaration of independence, which was recognised by Britain.[4][5]

British colony

Many Māori were still worried that a European power might invade and dispossess them, and some iwi were having difficulties controlling the large numbers of Europeans who visited and settled in their areas. English missionaries were also concerned about the levels of lawlessness, which were undermining their efforts to convert Māori to Christianity. The British Colonial Office, influenced by the missionaries and by reports that the independent New Zealand Company was planning to privately colonise the islands, sent naval captain William Hobson to negotiate a treaty. The subsequent Treaty of Waitangi, signed in 1840, made New Zealand part of the British Empire, established a Governor of New Zealand, and gave Māori the rights of British subjects.

The annexation of New Zealand by Britain meant that Britain now controlled New Zealand's foreign policy. Subsidised large-scale immigration from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland began, and miners came for the gold rush around 1850–60. The colony became internally self governing in the 1850s with representative and responsible government, but had no control over foreign affairs and defence. In the 1860s, the British sent 16,000 soldiers to contain the New Zealand wars in the North Island. The colony shipped gold and, especially, wool to Britain. From the 1880s the development of refrigerated shipping allowed the establishment of an export economy based on the mass export of frozen meat and dairy products to Britain. In 1899-1902 New Zealand made its first contribution to an external war, sending troops to fight on the British side in the Second Boer War. The country changed status from colony to dominion with full internal self governance in 1907.

New Zealand eagerly sent a large fraction of its young men to fight on Britain's side in the First World War. Their heroism in the failed Gallipoli campaign made their sacrifices iconic in New Zealand memory, and secured the psychological independence of the nation.

After the war New Zealand signed the Treaty of Versailles (1919) joined the League of Nations. Wellington trusted Conservative Party governments in London, but not Labour. When the British Labour Party took power in 1924 and 1929, the New Zealand government felt threatened by Labour's foreign policy because of its reliance upon the League of Nations. The League was distrusted and Wellington did not expect to see the coming of a peaceful world order under League auspices. What had been the Empire's most loyal Dominion became a dissenter as it opposed efforts the first and second British Labour governments to trust the League's framework of arbitration and collective security agreements.[6]

The governments of the Reform and United Parties between 1912 and 1935 followed a "realistic" foreign policy. They made national security a high priority, were skeptical of international institutions such as the League, and showed no interest on the questions of self-determination, democracy, and human rights. However the opposition Labour Party was more idealistic and proposed a liberal internationalist outlook on international affairs. From 1935 the First Labour Government showed a limited degree of idealism in foreign policy, for example opposing the appeasement of Nazi Germany and Japan.[7]

Second World War

When World War II broke out in 1939, New Zealand whole-heartedly joined in the defence of Britain, with Prime Minister Michael Joseph Savage declaring that "where Britain goes, we go; where Britain stands, we stand".[8] New Zealand soldiers served in North Africa, Italy and the Pacific, and airmen in England and the Pacific, throughout the war, even when New Zealand had concerns about invasion by the Japanese.

Since 1945

During World War II the New Zealand government created a Department of External Affairs (now the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade) for the first time in 1943, taking control of foreign policy that had previously been run by the Dominions Office in London. In 1947 New Zealand ratified the 1931 Statute of Westminster with the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947, which made New Zealand fully independent of Britain.

The Fall of Singapore during World War II made New Zealand realise that she could no longer rely on Britain to defend the British Empire. New Zealand troops supported the British in the successful battle against Communist insurrection in Malaysia and maintained an air-force fighter squadron in Singapore, and later on Cyprus, again supporting British forces. New Zealand diplomats sought an alliance with the United States of America, and in 1951 adhered to the ANZUS Treaty between New Zealand, Australia and the US. In return for America's guarantee of protection, New Zealand felt obliged to support America in its wars, and New Zealand committed forces to the Korean War (1950-1953) under United Nations Command auspices and to the Vietnam War. By the 1970s, many New Zealanders began to feel uncomfortable with their country's support for the US, particularly in Vietnam and regarding the visits of nuclear-powered and armed United States Armed Forces warships. The Third Labour government (1972–1975) pulled New Zealand troops out of the Vietnam War and protested against French nuclear testing in the Pacific, at one stage sending a warship to act as disapproving witness to the tests.

Britain's entry into the European Economic Community in 1973 forced New Zealand into a more independent role.[9] The British move restricted New Zealand's trade access to its biggest market, and it sought new trading partners in Asia, America and the Middle East. Australia and New Zealand signed the free-trade Closer Economic Relations agreement in 1983. The election of the Fourth Labour Government in 1984 marked a new period of independent foreign policy. Nuclear-powered and nuclear-armed ships were banned from New Zealand waters, effectively removing New Zealand from the ANZUS pact. Immigration laws were liberalised, leading to a massive increase in immigration from Asia. The Fourth National Government (1990–1999) liberalised trade by removing most tariffs and import restrictions.

In 2008, Minister of Foreign Affairs Winston Peters announced what he called "a seismic change for New Zealand's foreign service", designed to remedy the country's "struggling to maintain an adequate presence on the international stage". Peters said that the Ministry would receive additional funding and increase the number of New Zealand diplomats serving abroad by 50%.[10] However this policy was reversed following the 2008 General Election which brought the John Key-led Fifth National Government of New Zealand to power.

Commonwealth of Nations

New Zealand is a member state of the Commonwealth of Nations - as one of the original members, the Dominion of New Zealand was declared on 26 September 1907.

The reigning monarch and head of state, currently King Charles III, King of New Zealand is viceregally represented by the Governor-General of New Zealand.

New Zealand has strong relations with most other Commonwealth countries and has High Commissioners and High Commissions in most of them.

United Nations

New Zealand was a founding member of the United Nations in 1945, and was in the first set of rotating non-permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.[11] New Zealand Prime Minister Peter Fraser felt that in order for New Zealand to be secure in the South Pacific, it need to align itself with major world powers like the United States through some kind of organisation that could guarantee small powers a say in world affairs. After the Fall of Singapore during World War II it became clear that Britain was no longer able to protect New Zealand so the government decided that a policy of independent relations with a group of strong powers was the best way to defend New Zealand.

Participation in international organisations

New Zealand participates in the United Nations (UN); the World Trade Organization (WTO); World Bank; the International Monetary Fund (IMF); the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); the International Energy Agency; the Asian Development Bank; the Pacific Islands Forum; the Secretariat of the Pacific Community; the Colombo Plan; Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC); and the International Whaling Commission. New Zealand also actively participates as a member of the Commonwealth. Despite the 1985 rupture in the ANZUS military alliance, New Zealand has maintained good working relations with the United States and Australia on a broad array of international issues.

In the past, New Zealand's geographic isolation and its agricultural economy's general prosperity minimised public interest in international affairs. However, growing global trade and other international economic events have made New Zealanders increasingly aware of their country's dependence on unstable overseas markets.[12] New Zealand governments strongly advocate free trade, especially in agricultural products, and the country belongs to the Cairns group of nations in the WTO.

New Zealand's economic involvement with Asia has become increasingly important. New Zealand is a "dialogue partner" with the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), a member of the East Asia Summit and an active participant in APEC.

As a charter member of the Colombo Plan, New Zealand has provided Asian countries with technical assistance and capital. It also contributes through the Asian Development Bank and through UN programs and is a member of the UN Economic and Social Council for Asia and the Pacific.

Summary of international organisation participation

ABEDA, ANZUS (U.S. suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986), APEC, ARF (dialogue partner), AsDB, ASEAN (dialogue partner), Australia Group, Commonwealth, CP, EBRD, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ISO, ITU, NAM (guest), NSG, OECD, OPCW, PCA, PIF, Sparteca, SPC, UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIK, UNMISET, UNMOP, UNTSO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO[13]

Overseas territories

New Zealand administers Tokelau (formerly known as the Tokelau Islands) as a non-self-governing colonial territory. In February 2006 a UN-sponsored referendum was held in Tokelau on whether to become a self-governing state, but this failed to achieve the two-thirds majority required to pass. Samoa was a New Zealand protectorate from 1918 to full independence in 1962. However New Zealand retains some responsibilities for former colonies Niue and the Cook Islands which are in free association with New Zealand. Citizens of all three countries hold New Zealand citizenship and the associated rights to healthcare and education in New Zealand.

New Zealand has also claimed part of Antarctica known as the Ross Dependency since 1923.

Trade

McGraw argues that, "Probably the greatest foreign policy achievement of [Helen] Clark's [1999–2008] term was the conclusion of a free trade agreement with China."[14] Clark's government also set up a free-trade deal with Australia and the ten nations of ASEAN (the Association of South East Asian Nations).

New Zealand has existing free trade agreements with Australia, Brunei, Chile, the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Thailand, United Kingdom;[15] new free trade agreements are under negotiation with ASEAN, and Malaysia.[16][17] New Zealand is involved in the WTO's Doha Development Agenda and was disappointed by the failure of the most recent talks in July 2006.

The Labour-NZ First coalition government has committed to initiate a Closer Commonwealth Economic Relations (CCER) agreement with the UK, Australia, Canada and other countries and to work towards a Free Trade Agreement with the Russia-Belarus-Kazakhstan Customs Union.[18]

New Zealand's main export is food, primarily dairy products, meat, fruit and fish; about 95% of the country's agricultural produce is exported.[19] Other major exports are wood, and mechanical and electrical equipment. About 46% of exports are non-agricultural,[19] but the largest industry is still the food industry. Tourism is also an extremely important component of international trade: transport and travel form around 20% of the country's export trade.[20] New Zealand does not have large quantities of mineral resources, though it does produce some coal, oil, aluminium and natural gas.[20]

New Zealand's largest source of imports is China, followed by (in order) Australia, the United States, Japan, and Singapore. The largest destinations for exports are, in order, Australia, China, the U.S., Japan, and South Korea. Trade figures for 2011 with New Zealand's biggest trade partners are as follows:[21]

2011 merchandise imports and exports (millions of NZ dollars)
CountryImportsExports CountryImportsExports
 Australia7,37710,858  Saudi Arabia918691
 China7,4395,887  Singapore2,163812
 Germany1,993775  South Korea1,4531,674
 Japan2,9213,439  Thailand1,330731
 Malaysia1,478874  United Kingdom1,2671,544
 Qatar1,0412  United States5,0253,997
 Russia1,204280 Total (world)46,85747,710

Military

Given its geography, New Zealand faces no immediate threat to its territorial integrity and its defense posture, and limited financial capability, reflects this. The New Zealand Defence Force is small compared to many other countries and its lacks air combat capability, although its army is generally regarded as very professional.[22] Its overseas duties consist mostly of peacekeeping, especially in the Pacific, with wider regional security falling to Australia. In the 21st century, peacekeeping detachments have been deployed to East Timor, the Solomon Islands, and Tonga. Engineering and support forces have also been involved in the Iraq War, although New Zealand is not a member of the 'coalition of the willing'. New Zealand's heaviest military involvement in recent decades has been in Afghanistan following the United States-led invasion of that country after the 9/11 attacks. The deployment has included SAS troops.

In February 2021 the MFAT confirmed granting export permits for military equipment to be sold to the Armed Forces of Saudi Arabia in the years 2016 and 2018, respectively. Documents obtained under the Official Information Act showed detailed transactions of the military export. The revelation was followed by a previous revelation of the business unit of Air New Zealand aiding the Royal Saudi Navy on a contractual basis, breaching its obligations towards human rights.[23] The case of Air New Zealand's business unit The Gas Turbines aiding Royal Saudi navy was commissioned in early April 2021 by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade to be reviewed by a former executive of Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment. The contractual arrangement between the two was criticized following the Arab nation's role in the Yemen war. It was reported that the UN had expressed concerns regarding any military exports made to Saudi could possibly be used in the Yemeni conflict, despite which the MFAT sanctioned exports to the country, inviting scrutiny over New Zealand's relations with Saudi Arabia.[24][25]

Foreign aid

New Zealand's official aid programme is managed by the New Zealand Agency for International Development (NZAID), a semi-autonomous body within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. In 2007, New Zealand was the sixth lowest foreign aid donor in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), based on proportion of gross national income (GNI) spent on overseas development assistance. New Zealand's contribution was 0.27% of GNI.[26] Much this went to the Pacific region. However, the country is occasionally more generous in responding to major crises, for example donating around $100 million to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami relief efforts, the committed $1 million to the 2010 Haiti earthquake relief efforts, and later the government donated $2 million to the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami relief efforts. Following the April and May 2015 Nepal earthquake, the New Zealand Government sent an initial $1 million in humanitarian aid, and has mobilized 45 urban search and rescue technicians. New Zealand troops and aircraft are also often sent to disaster areas in the Asia-Pacific region.

Nuclear free policy

In the 1970s and 1980s, anti-nuclear sentiment increased across New Zealand fuelling concerns about French nuclear testing in the Pacific at Moruroa atoll. The third Labour Government under Norman Kirk, co-sponsored by Australia, took France before the International Court of Justice in 1972,[27] requesting that the French cease atmospheric nuclear testing at Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia in the southern Pacific Ocean. In 1972, as an act of defiance and protest the Kirk government sent two of its navy frigates, HMNZS Canterbury and Otago into the Moruroa test zone area.[28] Peace yachts attempting to disrupt the French tests had been sailing in coordinated protests into the Mururoa exclusion zones between 1972 and 1991.[29] Concerns about Nuclear proliferation and the presence of nuclear warheads or reactors on United States Navy ships visiting New Zealand ports continued to escalate. After it was elected in 1984, the Labour Party government of David Lange indicated its opposition to visits by such ships. In February 1985, New Zealand turned away the USS Buchanan[30] and in response the United States announced that it was suspending its treaty obligations to New Zealand unless port access was restored. In 1987 the Labour government strengthened its stance by declaring New Zealand a nuclear-free zone (New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act 1987), effectively legally removing New Zealand from the nuclear deterrent scenario and banning the entry of nuclear powered warships into its ports.[31][32] Warships that did not fall into this category were not blocked, but the US took the view that any subsequent visit by a warship to New Zealand could not be carried out without violating the US' security policy of "neither confirming nor denying" nuclear capability of its ships.[33]

In 1987, New Zealand passed legislation making the country a nuclear free zone, namely the New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament, and Arms Control Act; in the same year the US retaliated with the Broomfield Act, designating New Zealand as a "friend" rather than an "ally".[34] Relations between New Zealand and the US have had several ups and downs since then.

In recent years, some voices have suggested removing the anti-nuclear legislation, especially the ACT New Zealand political party; and up until February 2006 the National Party was in favour of holding a referendum on the issue. However, public opinion remains strongly in favour of the country's status as a nuclear free zone. In May 2006, US Assistant Secretary of State for East Asia and Pacific Affairs, Christopher Hill, described the disagreement between the US and New Zealand as "a relic" but also signalled that the US wanted a closer defence relationship with New Zealand and praised New Zealand's involvement in Afghanistan and reconstruction in Iraq. "Rather than trying to change each other's minds on the nuclear issue, which is a bit of a relic, I think we should focus on things we can make work," he told the Australian Financial Review.[35] Pressure from the United States on New Zealand's foreign policy increased in 2006, with U.S. trade officials linking the repeal of the ban of American nuclear ships from New Zealand's ports to a potential free trade agreement between the two countries.[36]

Relations between France and New Zealand were strained for two short periods in the 1980s and 1990s over the French nuclear tests at Moruroa and the bombing of the Rainbow Warrior in Auckland harbour. The latter was widely regarded as an act of state terrorism against New Zealand's sovereignty and was ordered by then French President François Mitterrand, although he denied any involvement at the time.[37] These events worked to strengthen New Zealand's resolve to retain its anti-nuclear policy. Relations between the two countries are now cordial, with strong trade and many new bilateral links.[38]

In 2017, New Zealand signed the United Nations Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons. Foreign Affairs Minister Gerry Brownlee said the treaty is "consistent with New Zealand's long-standing commitment to international nuclear disarmament efforts".[39]

Latin America

New Zealand has well-established links to a number of Latin American countries, particularly in the economic sphere. New Zealand has Embassies in Mexico City, Santiago, Brasília and Buenos Aires – the first of which (Santiago) opened in 1972. The New Zealand Government's Latin America Strategy, published in May 2010, estimates New Zealand's annual exports to the region at NZ$1 billion, and New Zealand investments in the region (in areas such as agri-technology, energy, fisheries, and specialised manufacturing) at around NZ$1.3 billion. The Strategy argues that there is considerable scope to expand New Zealand's investment and services trade in the region. Focusing on six countries (Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Peru), the Strategy posits that New Zealand should be seeking to: promote a better understanding of the region among New Zealand businesses to help identify prospects for increased investment, trade and joint ventures; lower barriers to business between New Zealand and Latin America; promote New Zealand tourism in the region; improve airlinks between New Zealand and the region; deepen education and research and science links. There are significant flows of tourists and students from Latin America to New Zealand. For example, in the year to June 2010, around 30,000 Latin Americans visited New Zealand. In addition, New Zealand has popular Working Holiday Schemes with Brazil, Argentina, Chile, Peru, Mexico and Uruguay.

Pacific relations

New Zealand High Commission in Nukuʻalofa, Tonga.

Much of New Zealand's foreign policy is focused on the Pacific region, particularly Polynesia and Melanesia. Bilateral economic assistance resources have been focused on projects in the South Pacific island states, especially on Bougainville. The country's long association with Samoa (formerly known as Western Samoa), reflected in a treaty of friendship signed in 1962, and its close association with Tonga have resulted in a flow of immigrants and visitors under work permit schemes from both countries. Recently New Zealand forces participated in peacekeeping efforts in the Pacific region in East Timor, the Solomon Islands and Tonga, see Military history of New Zealand.

In 1947, New Zealand joined Australia, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States to form the South Pacific Commission, a regional body to promote the welfare of the Pacific region. New Zealand has been a leader in the organisation. In 1971, New Zealand joined the other independent and self-governing states of the South Pacific to establish the South Pacific Forum (now known as the Pacific Islands Forum), which meets annually at the "heads of government" level.

2006 East Timor crisis

On 26 May, New Zealand deployed forty-two troops, with a second contingent of 120 troops leaving Christchurch on 27 May, en route to Townsville, Queensland before being sent to East Timor. Clark said that the forces would be deployed where needed by the Australian command.[40]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which New Zealand maintains diplomatic relations with:

#CountryDate
1  United Kingdom March 1939[41]
2  Canada 11 September 1939[42]
3  United States 16 February 1942[43]
4  Australia 27 February 1943[44]
5  Russia 13 April 1944[45]
6  France 13 July 1945[46]
7  Chile 27 December 1945[47]
8  Netherlands 19 June 1947[48]
9  Denmark 12 September 1947[49]
10  Belgium 27 November 1947[50]
11  Sweden 1949[51]
12  Finland 22 July 1950[52]
13  Italy 22 August 1950[53]
14  Israel 17 January 1951[54]
15  Philippines 18 January 1951[55]
16  Pakistan 18 April 1951[56]
17  India 7 April 1952[57]
18  Japan 28 April 1952[58]
19  Germany 10 November 1953[59]
20  Greece 22 September 1955[60]
21  Sri Lanka 14 December 1955[61]
22  Thailand 26 March 1956[62]
23  Austria 23 October 1956[63]
24  Malaysia 25 September 1957[64]
25  Indonesia 28 June 1958[65]
26  Myanmar 15 November 1958[66]
27  Czech Republic 5 September 1959[67]
28    Nepal 26 May 1961[68]
29  Samoa 1 January 1962[69]
30  South Korea 26 March 1962[70]
31   Switzerland 4 December 1962[71]
32  Laos 7 February 1963[72]
33  Brazil 13 October 1964[73]
34  Singapore 22 November 1965[74]
35  Ireland 19 January 1966[75]
36  Mauritius 28 April 1968[76]
37  Spain 28 March 1969[77]
38  Argentina 10 July 1969[78]
39  Norway 10 October 1969[79]
40  Romania 13 October 1969[80]
41  Egypt 13 February 1970[81]
42  Tonga 4 June 1970[82]
43  Fiji 10 October 1970[83]
44  Luxembourg 3 December 1970[84]
45  Serbia 29 December 1970[85]
46  Peru 1 August 1972[86]
47  Bangladesh 13 September 1972[87]
48  China 22 December 1972[88]
49  Poland 1 March 1973[89]
—  Holy See 20 June 1973[90]
50  Mexico 19 July 1973[91]
51  Malta 23 November 1973[92]
52  Iran 14 December 1973[93]
53  Albania 1973[94]
54  Hungary 30 March 1974[95]
55  Nauru 24 July 1974[96]
56  Jamaica 27 August 1974[97]
57  Barbados 28 August 1974[98]
58  Guyana 1 September 1974[99]
59  Trinidad and Tobago 9 October 1974[82]
60  Maldives 10 October 1974[100]
61  Mongolia 8 April 1975[101]
62  Vietnam 19 June 1975[102]
63  Papua New Guinea 16 September 1975[103]
64  Iraq 6 November 1975[104]
65  Uruguay 1975[105]
66  Portugal 22 June 1976[106]
67  Saudi Arabia 22 December 1976[107]
68  Colombia 1 May 1978[108]
69  Cyprus 9 May 1978[109]
70  Solomon Islands 7 July 1978[110]
71  Ecuador 25 September 1978[111]
72  Tuvalu 1 October 1978[82]
73  Turkey 12 December 1978[112]
74  Kiribati 29 April 1980[113]
75  Vanuatu 30 July 1980[114]
76  Lebanon 25 November 1980[115]
77  Venezuela 4 December 1980[116]
78  Tanzania 7 December 1981[82]
79  Nigeria 16 April 1982[117]
80  Kenya 9 June 1982[118]
81  Mali 6 March 1983[119]
82  Libya 4 May 1983[120]
83  Brunei 5 May 1984[121]
84  Bahrain 23 July 1984[122]
85  Bulgaria 9 October 1984[123]
86  Qatar 10 November 1984[124]
87  Zimbabwe 15 February 1985[125]
88  Zambia 2 April 1985[126]
89  United Arab Emirates 20 May 1985[127]
90  Oman 6 September 1985[128]
91  Algeria 29 October 1985[129]
92  Kuwait 1985[118]
93  Botswana 1987[130]
94  Jordan 25 October 1987[131]
95  Marshall Islands 17 June 1988[132]
96  Federated States of Micronesia 30 June 1988[133]
97  Costa Rica 5 July 1988[134]
98  Nicaragua 30 August 1988[135]
99  Iceland 21 October 1988[136]
100  Honduras 1989[137]
101  Mozambique 6 June 1990[138]
102  Namibia 23 January 1991[139]
103  Latvia 19 December 1991[140]
104  Estonia 6 January 1992[141]
105  Lithuania 10 January 1992[142]
106  Croatia 25 February 1992[143]
107  Ukraine 3 March 1992[144]
108  Georgia 11 March 1992[145]
109  Uzbekistan 11 March 1992[146]
110  Slovenia 20 March 1992[147]
111  Belarus 9 April 1992[148]
112  Cambodia 12 May 1992[149]
113  Kazakhstan 12 May 1992[150]
114  Armenia 6 June 1992[151]
115  Azerbaijan 29 June 1992[152]
116  Tajikistan August 1992[153]
117  Kyrgyzstan 7 September 1992[154]
118  Turkmenistan 8 September 1992[155]
119  Moldova 11 September 1992[156]
120  Bosnia and Herzegovina 17 November 1992[157]
121  Seychelles 1992[158]
122  Slovakia 1 January 1993[159]
123  Paraguay 17 February 1993[160]
124  Panama 22 March 1993[161]
125  North Macedonia 8 April 1993[162]
—  Niue 2 August 1993[96]
—  Cook Islands 1993[163]
126  South Africa 19 January 1994[164]
127  Palau 2 December 1994[165]
128  Morocco 1994[166]
129  Andorra 3 August 1995[167]
130  Guatemala 27 October 1998[168]
131  Bolivia 29 October 1998[169]
132  Cuba 17 February 1999[170]
133  Eswatini 2000[110]
134  Lesotho 27 April 2000[171]
135  Ghana 1 March 2001[169]
136  North Korea 26 March 2001[172]
137  Eritrea 30 March 2001[169]
138  El Salvador 12 November 2001[173]
139  East Timor 20 May 2002[174]
140  Afghanistan 18 September 2003[175]
141  Montenegro 17 July 2006[176]
142  Uganda 1 November 2006[177]
143  Syria 5 December 2006[178]
144  Sierra Leone 5 March 2009[179]
—  Kosovo 9 November 2009[180]
145  Ethiopia 6 December 2011[181]
146  Rwanda 17 April 2012[182]
147  Senegal 17 April 2012[183]
148  Tunisia 11 July 2012[184]
149  Malawi 20 March 2013[185]
150  Saint Lucia 17 May 2013[186]
151  Benin 27 June 2013[187]
152  Belize 17 September 2013
153  Saint Kitts and Nevis 20 September 2013[188]
154  Grenada September 2013[189]
155  Angola 4 October 2013[190]
156  San Marino 20 October 2013[191]
157  Liechtenstein 30 October 2013[192]
158  Suriname 25 March 2014[193]
159  Dominica 26 March 2014[194]
160  Burundi 16 May 2014[195]
161  Dominican Republic 26 June 2014[196]
162  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 14 August 2014[197]
163  Liberia 26 August 2014[198]
164  Haiti 4 September 2014[199]
165  Antigua and Barbuda 6 October 2014[200]
166  Mauritania 2 September 2015[201]
167  Monaco 22 October 2015[202]
168  Guinea 20 April 2016[203]
169  Djibouti 1 October 2016[204]
170  Central African Republic 27 October 2016[205]
171  Burkina Faso 19 April 2017[206]
172  Yemen 2 May 2018[207]
173  Bahamas 27 June 2019[208]
174  Cameroon Unknown
175  Ivory Coast Unknown
176  Niger Unknown

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Algeria29 October 1985
 Angola
 Djibouti
  • Djibouti is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Djibouti from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
 Egypt1 November 1969See Egypt–New Zealand relations
 Ethiopia6 December 2011

Ethiopia and New Zealand have only recently began a formal relationship with the opening of the New Zealand embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 2014. Informal relations, however, date back to 1937 when New Zealand supported Ethiopia in their request for continued recognition as a sovereign during the Italian occupation.

  • Ethiopia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
 Ghana
  • Ghana is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Ghana from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
 Kenya9 June 1982
  • Kenya is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Kenya from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
 Libya 4 May 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 4 May 1983 when first Secretary (Ambassador) of the People's Bureau (Embassy) of the Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (resident in Canberra), presented his credentials to the Governor-General New Zealand[120]
 Mali 6 March 1983 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 1983 when first Mali Ambassador to New Zealand (resident in Peking), Mr. Boubacar Toure presented his credentials to the Governor-General[119]
 Mauritius
  • Mauritius is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Mauritius from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Morocco
  • Morocco is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Morocco from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.
 Mozambique
  • Mozambique is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Mozambique from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
 Nigeria16 April 1982Both countries established diplomatic relations on 16 April 1982 when the first Nigerian High Commissioner in Canberra, Mr. Edward Sanu presented his credentials to Governal General of New Zealand[117]
  • New Zealand is accredited to Nigeria from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Nigeria is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia.
 Senegal
  • New Zealand is accredited to Senegal from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Senegal is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
 South Africa19 January 1994See New Zealand–South Africa relations
  • New Zealand has a high commission in Pretoria.[211]
  • South Africa has a high commission in Wellington.[212]
 Tanzania7 December 1981
  • New Zealand is accredited to Tanzania from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Tanzania is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
 Uganda
  • New Zealand is accredited to Uganda from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Uganda is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia and maintains an honorary consulate in Waikato.
  • Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
 Zambia2 April 1985
  • New Zealand is accredited to Zambia from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Zambia is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia.[213]
  • Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
 Zimbabwe15 February 1985
  • New Zealand is accredited to Zimbabwe from its high commission in Pretoria, South Africa.
  • Zimbabwe is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.

Americas

Country Formal relations began Notes
 Antigua and Barbuda6 October 2014
  • Antigua and Barbuda does not have an accreditation to New Zealand.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Antigua and Barbuda from its High Commission in Bridgetown, Barbados.
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
 Argentina10 July 1969See Argentina–New Zealand relations
 Barbados28 August 1974
  • Barbados is accredited to New Zealand from its High Commission in Ottawa, Canada[217]
  • New Zealand is accredited to Barbados from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs based in Wellington.[218]
  • New Zealand has a High Commission in Bridgetown.
 Belize
  • Belize does not have an accreditation to New Zealand.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Belize from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.[217]
 Bolivia
  • Bolivia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Ottawa, Canada.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Bolivia from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.
 Brazil1964See Brazil–New Zealand relations
 Canada11 September 1939See Canada–New Zealand relations

New Zealand and Canada have a close and longstanding relationship that has been fostered by the two countries' similar history and culture, extremely close ties to the Commonwealth of Nations and extensive links to people in either country. New Zealand and Canada have a common Head of State, King Charles III. Canada has said that New Zealand is a valuable international partner despite the thousands of miles separating the two countries. Both share a like-minded view of the world on a variety of issues. New Zealand and Canada have close links whether it be through business or trade relations, the United Nations, the Commonwealth or mutual treaty agreements, New Zealand-Canada relations are extremely important to both countries.

 Chile1948See Chile–New Zealand relations
 Colombia1 May 1978See Colombia–New Zealand relations
  • Colombia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia[225] and maintains a consulate-general in Auckland.[226]
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Bogotá.[227]
 Cuba17 February 1999
  • Cuba has an embassy in Wellington.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.
 Dominica26 March 2014
 Ecuador
  • Ecuador is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia and maintains an honorary consulate in Auckland.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Ecuador from its embassy in Santiago, Chile.
 El Salvador12 November 2001
  • El Salvador is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to El Salvador from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico and maintains an honorary consulate in San Salvador.
 Grenada
 Guyana
  • Guyana is accredited to New Zealand from its High Commission in Ottawa, Canada.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Guyana from its High Commission in Bridgetown, Barbados.
  • Both countries are full members of Commonwealth of Nations.
 Jamaica27 August 1974
  • Jamaica is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Jamaica from its High Commission in Ottawa, Canada.
 Mexico19 July 1973See Mexico–New Zealand relations
 Paraguay17 February 1993
  • New Zealand is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Paraguay is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
 Peru1 August 1972See New Zealand–Peru relations
  • New Zealand is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Santiago, Chile and maintains an honorary consulate in Lima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Wellington.
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines14 August 2014
 Suriname25 March 2014
  • New Zealand is accredited to Suriname from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
  • Suriname is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Beijing, China.
 United States16 February 1942See New Zealand–United States relations
Prime Minister John Key and President Barack Obama, 2011.

Historically, New Zealand has fought shoulder to shoulder with the United States, especially in both world wars and in the Korean and Vietnam wars. During the Second World War, around 400,000 US troops were stationed in New Zealand prior to departing for battles like Guadalcanal. New Zealand is a major non-NATO ally of the United States and has been since 1997. Despite the political contention over ANZUS, New Zealand forces have since cooperated with U.S. forces in the 1991 Gulf War and in the 2001 U.S. invasion of Afghanistan. New Zealand forces did not participate in the 2003 invasion of Iraq, but a contingent of New Zealand army engineers assisted with reconstruction work in Iraq after the war; they were based in Basra. New Zealand also participates in the ECHELON programme. In 2010, the United States and New Zealand began a new strategic partnership by signing the Wellington Declaration.[232] According to the Prime Minister the Declaration was not a return to an ANZUS style security treaty,[233] despite reports of increased military co-operation since 2007.[234]

 Uruguay
 Venezuela
  • New Zealand is accredited to Venezuela from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.
  • Venezuela is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Afghanistan
  • Afghanistan is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia and maintains an honorary consulate in Auckland.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Afghanistan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
 Armenia6 June 1992
  • Armenia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
 Azerbaijan29 June 1992See Azerbaijan—New Zealand relations
  • Azerbaijan is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Azerbaijan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
 BangladeshSee Bangladesh–New Zealand relations
  • Bangladesh is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Bangladesh from its high commission in New Delhi, India.
 Brunei1984-05-05See Brunei–New Zealand relations
  • Brunei is accredited to New Zealand from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Bandar Seri Begawan.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Brunei from its high commission in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
 China22 December 1972See China–New Zealand relations
Countries which signed cooperation documents related to the Belt and Road Initiative.

China and New Zealand have an excellent relationship which continues to improve. The bilateral relationship has grown to become one of New Zealand's most important. A free trade agreement between China and New Zealand was signed on 7 April 2008 by Premier of the People's Republic of China Wen Jiabao and Prime Minister of New Zealand Helen Clark in Beijing. It is the first free trade agreement that China has signed with any developed country.

Historically, New Zealand contact with China started very early in its history with the first records of ethnic Chinese in New Zealand were immigrants from Guangdong province (Canton), who arrived during the 1860s gold rush era, with missionary, trade, extensive immigration and other links continuing during China's Republican era (1912–1949). The establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) brought these links to a halt.

 East Timor
  • East Timor has an embassy in Wellington.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Dili.
 IndiaSee India–New Zealand relations

India and New Zealand have been strong in some degrees though potentially slightly shaky in others. New Zealand and India are in the midst of considering a free trade deal, where in October 2009 new Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh told New Zealand Prime Minister John Key that he was willing to seriously consider a free trade deal.[237] Whilst there is the potential for a free trade agreement between India and New Zealand to be beneficial for both nations, the idea has not been seriously considered with India having strong subsidies on its agricultural sector, one of New Zealand's biggest export markets.[237] New Zealand and India relations have been slightly shaky in October 2010 with the comments of Paul Henry, a New Zealand talk-show host, making fun of Chief Minister of Delhi, Sheila Dikshit on live New Zealand television. The Indian foreign office summoned the New Zealand High Commissioner Rupert Holborow, where the Commissioner set the record straight by making clear that: "[Paul Henry's comments] reflect the views of only one media commentator (who has already been censored for other racist and unacceptable comments), and certainly not the New Zealand Government or people".[238] India Prime Minister Manmohan Singh confirmed a continued intention to pursue a free trade agreement with the New Zealand Prime Minister John Key in late 2010, saying that: "Like China there is a recognition that they have a strong demand for food... so there is something in it for both parties if we can complete a deal".[237] John Key confirmed that India and New Zealand have continued to work "scoping out" the possibility of a free trade agreement but said with caution that in any case "these things take time".[237]

  • India has a high commission in Wellington.
  • New Zealand has a high commission in New Delhi and a consulate-general in Mumbai.
 Indonesia28 June 1958See Indonesia–New Zealand relations

Having common interests as democracies and neighbours in the Asia Pacific region, New Zealand and Indonesia are viewed as natural partners. Both countries are members of APEC.The diplomatic and economic ties have grown stronger ever since. Indonesia's commodity exports to New Zealand consist mainly of energy products and minerals as well as lumber and agriculture, while New Zealand's commodity exports to Indonesia mainly consists of dairy products and meats, such as beef, milk, and cheese.

  • Indonesia has an embassy in Wellington.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Jakarta.
 Iran14 December 1973
  • Iran has an embassy in Wellington.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Tehran.
 Iraq
  • Iraq is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Baghdad.
 IsraelSee Israel–New Zealand relations

New Zealand has a long history of support for Israel beginning with the Partition Plan in 1947. New Zealand was at the very forefront of countries to recognise the State of Israel in the United Nations resolution of 1948.[239] Relations were temporarily suspended around 2004 when two Israeli citizens were convicted of passport fraud, but these were restored soon after. It was suspected but never proved that they were working for Mossad.[240] New Zealand joined with other countries in boycotting a UN Racism conference in defence of Israel due to fears of antisemitism in the conference.[241]

  • Israel has an embassy in Wellington.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Israel from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
 Japan28 April 1952See Japan–New Zealand relations
New Zealand Prime Minister Keith Holyoake (left) met with Japanese Foreign Minister Masayoshi Ohira (right), in October 1972.

Japan and New Zealand have had generally cordial relations since the post-World War II period, with Japan being a major trading partner with New Zealand. These relations have held together despite policy disputes over whaling and the International Whaling Commission. New Zealand was one of the four founding participants of the Japan Exchange and Teaching (JET) Programme, established in 1987 by the Japanese Government.[242] The NZ International Business Forum, established in 2006 by major export-focused companies in New Zealand, has as one of its key goals negotiations for a free trade agreement with Japan.

In March 2011, New Zealand sent an urban search and rescue team, which had spent time the previous three weeks searching buildings following the Canterbury earthquake, and 15 tonnes of rescue equipment to assist Japan following the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami and Fukushima nuclear disaster.[243] New Zealand Parliament sends condolences to the people of Japan, and the government donated $2 million to the Japanese Red Cross Society to support relief efforts.[244][245]

  • Japan has an embassy in Wellington and two consulates-general in Auckland and Christchurch.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Tokyo.
 Kazakhstan12 May 1992
  • Kazakhstan is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Singapore.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Kazakhstan from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
 Lebanon25 November 1980Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 November 1980 when first Lebanese Ambassador to New Zealand with residence in Canberra Mr. Raymond Heneine presented his letters of credentials to Governor General of New Zealand[246]
  • Lebanon is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Lebanon from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
 Malaysia25 September 1957Both countries established diplomatic relations on 25 September 1957[247]

See Malaysia–New Zealand relations

  • Malaysia has a high commission in Wellington.
  • New Zealand has a high commission in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
 Maldives10 October 1974
  • Maldives is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Colombo, Sri Lanka.
  • New Zealand is accredited to the Maldives from its high commission in Singapore.
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
 Mongolia8 April 1975
  • Mongolia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia and maintains an honorary consulate in Auckland.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Mongolia from its embassy in Beijing, China.
 Myanmar15 November 1958
  • Myanmar is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Yangon.
  • In February 2021, New Zealand suspended high-level bilateral military and political relations with Myanmar following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état. The New Zealand Government has joined other Western governments in refusing to recognise the new military-led government and has called for the restoration of civilian-led rule. In addition, aid projects were diverted away from the Tatmadaw and a travel ban was imposed on Myanmar's military leaders.[248][249]
 North KoreaSee New Zealand–North Korea relations

Although diplomatic relations were established between New Zealand and North Korea in 2001, a 2007 trip by New Zealand Foreign Affairs Minister Winston Peters to Pyongyang, the capital city of North Korea was the first visit by a New Zealand foreign minister to that country.[250] The trip was about establishing economic and political deals with economically crippled North Korea on the basis that it start dismantling its nuclear weapons facilities.[251] United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice congratulated Peters on his effort in negotiating with a potential nuclear threat and welcomed Peters' actions on the matter.[250]

  • New Zealand is accredited to North Korea from its embassy in Seoul, South Korea.
  • North Korea is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Jakarta, Indonesia.
 PakistanSee New Zealand–Pakistan relations
  • Pakistan has a high commission in Wellington.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Pakistan from its embassy in Tehran, Iran.
 PhilippinesSee New Zealand–Philippines relations
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Manila.
  • Philippines has an embassy in Wellington.
 Saudi Arabia22 December 1976Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 December 1976[107]
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Riyadh.
  • Saudi Arabia has an embassy in Wellington and a consulate-general in Auckland.
 Singapore22 November 1965See New Zealand–Singapore relations
  • New Zealand has a high commission in Singapore.
  • Singapore has a high commission in Wellington.
 South Korea26 March 1962See New Zealand-South Korea relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 March 1962[252]

  • New Zealand and South Korea have strong also good diplomatic relations.
    • New Zealand has an embassy in Seoul.[253]
    • South Korea has an embassy in Wellington and a consulate-general in Auckland.[254]
    • South Korea has a consulate in Auckland.[255]
  • Bilateral trade in 2022 was about $5.35 billion.[256]
 Sri Lanka14 December 1955
  • New Zealand has a high commission in Colombo.
  • Sri Lanka is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia.
 Taiwan
 Thailand26 March 1956See New Zealand–Thailand relations
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Bangkok.
  • Thailand has an embassy in Wellington.
 TurkeySee New Zealand–Turkey relations
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Ankara.[257]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Wellington.[257]
  • Both countries are members of OECD and WTO.
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$152.8 million in 2015 (New Zealand's exports/imports: 62.7/90.1 million USD).[258]
  • 1,700 Turkish citizens reside in New Zealand.[257]
 United Arab Emirates20 May 1985
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Abu Dhabi.
  • United Arab Emirates has an embassy in Wellington.
 Vietnam19 June 1975See New Zealand–Vietnam relations

New Zealand opened its embassy in Hanoi in 1995, while Vietnam established an embassy in Wellington in 2003.

  • New Zealand has an embassy in Hanoi and a consulate-general in Ho Chi Minh City.
  • Vietnam has an embassy in Wellington.

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Albania

The relationship between Albania and New Zealand is closely linked to Kosovo and New Zealand, due to Kosovo's population being predominately ethnic Albanian. Albania's Ambassador to New Zealand is resident in Beijing, China whilst New Zealand's Ambassador to Albania is resident in Rome, Italy. In 2014, Albania opened its first consulate in Auckland to serve Albanians and New Zealanders of Albanian origin in the country. Dr. Tane Taylor, a New Zealand Māori lived in Tirana, Albania for 20 years, serves as the Honorary Consul and representative to New Zealand.[259] The Albanian community in New Zealand is difficult to total as majority have been assimilated into New Zealand society. At least 5,000 ethnic Albanians maintain ties to either Albania, Kosovo or North Macedonia in New Zealand since the 1990s. However, there are other New Zealanders of full or partial Albanian origin hailing from Albania, Croatia and Greece - all of whom have entirely assimilated and maintain little links to the Balkan region today, but recognise their Albanian ancestry. Both countries are aligned with the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union in international affairs.

  • Albania is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Albania from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
 Austria
  • Austria is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Vienna.
 Belgium
  • Belgium is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Brussels.
 Croatia25 February 1992
  • Croatia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia and maintains an honorary consulate in Auckland.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Croatia from its embassy in Rome, Italy and maintains an honorary consulate in Zagreb.
 Cyprus

Since 1964, New Zealand has contributed several times to the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP).

  • Cyprus is accredited to New Zealand from its high commission in Canberra, Australia and maintains an honorary consulate in Christchurch.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Cyprus from its embassy in Rome, Italy and maintains an honorary consulate in Nicosia.
  • Both countries are full members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
 Czech Republic5 September 1959Both countries established diplomatic relations on 5 September 1959 (former Czechoslovakia) and Czech Republic on 1 January 1993[67]
  • Czech Republic is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to the Czech Republic from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
 DenmarkSee Denmark–New Zealand relations
  • Denmark is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia and maintains an honorary consulate in Wellington.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Denmark from its embassy in The Hague, Netherlands and maintains an honorary consulate in Copenhagen.
 Finland22 July 1950
  • Finland is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Finland from its embassy in The Hague, Netherlands.
 FranceSee France–New Zealand relations
  • Relations between both nations strained in 1985 when French DGSE agents sank the Rainbow Warrior in Auckland harbor. Two French agents were arrested and convicted but released in exchange for monetary compensation after France put economic pressure on New Zealand.
  • France has an embassy in Wellington.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Paris and a consulate-general in Nouméa, New Caledonia.
 Germany10 November 1953See Germany–New Zealand relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Wellington.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Hamburg.
 GreeceSee Greece–New Zealand relations

Stemming from World War II, New Zealand forces fought alongside the Greeks in continental Greece and Crete since then, Greece has claimed a special relationship with New Zealand. An under-equipped force made-up of largely New Zealand, Australian, British and Greek troops fought to protect the island from invasion. The Battle of Crete is commemorated every year in both Crete and New Zealand. Prime Minister Helen Clark led a large party from New Zealand to Crete in May 2001 to attend the 60th anniversary of the battle. The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Hon Phil Goff, attended anniversary celebrations in May 2003 and Hon Annette King in May 2006. The war was followed by a modest wave of Greek emigration to New Zealand. In the 2006 Census 2,547 people primarily identified themselves as being Greek. A bilateral Social Security Agreement came into force on 1 April 1994. New Zealand operated an embassy in Greece until 1991, and has been represented via the Italian Embassy in Rome ever since. Greece operated an embassy in Wellington from 1999 until 2015,[260] when it closed down amidst the Greek government-debt crisis.

  • Greece is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Greece from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
 Holy See
  • The Holy See has a nunciature in Wellington.[261]
  • New Zealand is accredited to the Holy See from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.
  • In 1984, John Paul II gave a speech to the ambassador of New Zealand at the Holy See.[262] He later visited the country in 1986.[263]
  • Pope in New Zealand
 Hungary
  • Hungary has an embassy in Wellington.[264]
  • New Zealand is accredited to Hungary from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
 Iceland
  • Iceland is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Beijing, China.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in The Hague, Netherlands.
 IrelandSee Ireland–New Zealand relations
 Italy
  • Italy has an embassy in Wellington.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Rome.
 Kosovo2010

New Zealand recognised Kosovo's independence in November 2009.[265] Both countries established diplomatic relations in 2010, with Kosovo's first Ambassador to Wellington being Dr. Muhamet Haliti. In 2014 the Kosovo Embassy in Australia became fully integrated to represent Kosovo in New Zealand, with Sabri Kicmari becoming the first Kosovo Ambassador to visit New Zealand, Niue and the Cook Islands.[266] New Zealand is represented in Kosovo by its embassy in Rome, Italy. During the breakup of Yugoslavia and the Kosovo war, New Zealand sympathised with Kosovo's ethnic Albanian majority. It began advocating for peace and support in the international arena, namely the United Nations, and sent a contingent as part of the international peace keeping force between 2000 and 2006. New Zealand abstained from the vote to send Kosovo's independence to the International Court of Justice, its judge at the ICJ voted in support of Kosovo, it has voted for Kosovo to join UNESCO and continues to support Kosovo's endeavours to join international organisations.[267] New Zealand is home to 3,500 Kosovo-born New Zealanders, predominately Albanians but also a small number of Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats. Kosovo is home to small expat community of New Zealanders, namely Kosovo Albanians who have returned to Kosovo post-independence.

  • Kosovo is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand does not have an accreditation to Kosovo.
 Luxembourg 3 December 1970 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 3 December 1970 when first Ambassador of New Zealand To Luxembourg Mr. Merwyn Norrish presented his credentials[268]
 NetherlandsSee Netherlands–New Zealand relations

Historically there has been a strong link between New Zealand and the Netherlands. The first European sightings of New Zealand was by the Dutch explorer Abel Tasman in 1642[269] and New Zealand was named after the Dutch province of Zeeland. Relations however did not start well when Māori killed several of the Abel Tasman's crew after he sent out a shore party. Tasman mapped a section of the North Island and left and there was no further contact between the Netherlands and New Zealand for more than a hundred years. Once New Zealand was established as a state in 1840 relations have been good.

The relationship was enhanced significantly with migration of large numbers of Dutch people to New Zealand after World War II. As a result of negotiations between the Dutch and New Zealand Governments a migration agreement was signed in October 1950. This resulted in thousands of Dutch immigrants coming to New Zealand in subsequent years. Peaking between 1951 and 1954.[270] As of 2006, it is estimated that well over 100,000 New Zealanders have some Dutch connection.[271] The 2006 census shows that 28,641 people identified their ethnic group as Dutch.[272]

New Zealand and the Netherlands share very similar social attitudes and values and have a substantial history of working together on issues of international importance. They often cooperate closely in multilateral forums. In many international meetings the Netherlands delegation is seated immediately alongside New Zealand.[273]

  • Netherlands has an embassy in Wellington.
  • New Zealand has an embassy in The Hague.
 North Macedonia8 April 1993
  • New Zealand is accredited to North Macedonia from its embassy in Rome, Italy.[274]
  • North Macedonia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.[275]
 Norway10 October 1969See New Zealand–Norway relations

Reidar Sveaas, director of P&O Maritime Ltd. and honorary consul to Auckland said in 2000 that excellent opportunities existed for New Zealand to trade with the world's second largest oil-producing country, Norway.[276]

New Zealand joined 11 other countries in 2006 in delivering a formal diplomatic protest to the Norwegian Foreign Ministry in Oslo over Norway's plans to increase its whaling activities.[277] In 2004 Helen Clark, became the first New Zealand prime minister to ever visit Norway. She said that both countries see eye-to-eye on almost everything but the commercial harvesting of whales.[278]

  • New Zealand is accredited to Norway from its embassy in The Hague, Netherlands.
  • Norway is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
 Poland1 March 1973See New Zealand–Poland relations
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Warsaw.[279]
  • Poland has an embassy in Wellington.[280]
 Portugal
  • New Zealand is accredited to Portugal from its embassy in Paris, France.
  • Portugal is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
 Russia13 April 1944See New Zealand–Russia relations
 Serbia29 December 1970
  • New Zealand is accredited to Serbia from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Serbia is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.[281] It was formerly represented as part of the Yugoslav Embassy in Wellington, until the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991.[282]
  • Serbian Ambassador Milivoje Glišić, presented his Letter of Credence to the Governor General of New Zealand Silvia Cartwright on 4 February 2003.
  • New Zealand and Serbia have four bilateral treaties in force including the most favoured nation treaty from 1960.
  • Trade between the two countries was based on a very modest exchange totalling US$2.3 million in 2006 but it rose significantly in 2007 to EUR 805 million.
  • In the 2006 census, over 1,000 New Zealand residents claimed to be of Serbian ethnicity.[283]
 Spain28 March 1969See New Zealand–Spain relations
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Madrid.[284]
  • Spain has an embassy in Wellington.[285]
 SwedenSee New Zealand–Sweden relations
  • New Zealand has an embassy in Stockholm.[286]
  • Sweden is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  Switzerland
  • New Zealand has a consulate-general in Geneva.
  • Switzerland has an embassy in Wellington.
 Ukraine3 March 1992
  • New Zealand–Ukraine relations
  • New Zealand is accredited to Ukraine from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
  • Ukraine is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
 United KingdomSee New Zealand–United Kingdom relations

Despite The King as the head of state of New Zealand and one of two official national anthems being God Save the King, the relationship has been variable over time. Up to the 1960s, New Zealand also had extremely close economic relations with the United Kingdom, especially considering the distance at which trade took place. As an example, in 1955, Britain took 65.3 percent of New Zealand's exports, and only during the following decades did this dominant position begin to decline as the United Kingdom oriented itself more towards the European Union, with the share of exports going to Britain having fallen to only 6.2 percent in 2000.[287] Historically, some industries, such as dairying, a major economic factor in the former colony, had even more dominant trade links, with 80–100% of all cheese and butter exports going to Britain from around 1890 to 1940.[288] This strong bond also supported the mutual feelings for each other in other areas.

  • New Zealand has a high commission in London.
  • United Kingdom has a high commission in Wellington and a consulate-general in Auckland.

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 AustraliaSee Australia–New Zealand relations

New Zealand's relations with Australia are very close; the Closer Economic Relations agreement gives each country access to the other's markets, and the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement allows New Zealanders and Australians automatic residency in each other's countries. As a result of the latter agreement, there is substantial migration between the two countries but especially from New Zealand to Australia, with over 500,000 New Zealanders living in Australia and 65,000 Australians living in New Zealand.[289] The Australian Constitution allows for New Zealand to become part of Australia, and although the idea is sometimes floated it has little support in Australia and less in New Zealand. In 2009 there were plans to effectively create domestic flights between New Zealand and Australia,[290] but these have since been put on hold with the change in the Australian government.[291]

  • Australia has a high commission in Wellington and a consulate-general in Auckland.
  • New Zealand has a high commission in Canberra and consulates-general in Melbourne and Sydney.
 FijiSee Fiji–New Zealand relations

Since the 2006 Military Coup in Fiji relationships between the country have turned icy. In 2007 New Zealand's High Commissioner for Fiji Michael Green was expelled from Fiji by Military leader Frank Banimarama. Angry at this action the New Zealand government increased trade sanctions against the country while both major political parties saying the expulsion was outrageous and unacceptable.

  • Fiji has a high commission in Wellington.
  • New Zealand has a high commission in Suva.
 Kiribati
  • Kiribati is accredited to New Zealand by a Kiribati-based high commissioner.
  • New Zealand has a high commission in Bairiki.
 Marshall Islands17 June 1988
  • Marshall Islands does not have an accreditation to New Zealand.
  • New Zealand is accredited to the Marshall Islands from its consulate-general in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States.
 Micronesia30 June 1988
  • FS of Micronesia does not have an accreditation to New Zealand.
  • New Zealand is accredited to the Federated States of Micronesia from its consulate-general in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States.
 Nauru
  • Nauru does not have an accreditation to New Zealand.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Nauru from a New Zealand-based high commissioner.
 Palau2 December 1994
  • New Zealand is accredited to Palau from its consulate-general in Honolulu, Hawaii, United States.
  • Palau does not have an accreditation to New Zealand.
 Papua New Guinea1975See New Zealand–Papua New Guinea relations
  • New Zealand has a high commission in Port Moresby.
  • Papua New Guinea has a high commission in Wellington.
 Samoa1 January 1962See New Zealand–Samoa relations
  • New Zealand has a high commission in Apia.[292]
  • Samoa has a high commission in Wellington and a consulate-general in Auckland.[293]
 Solomon Islands
  • New Zealand has a High Commission in Honiara.[294]
  • Solomon Islands has a High Commission in Wellington.[295]

In response to civil conflict within the Solomon Islands, New Zealand contributed defence and civilian personnel to the Australian-led International Peace Monitoring Team (IPMT) following the Townsville Peace Agreement in October 2000. Between 2003 and 2017, New Zealand contributed both military and police personnel to the Regional Assistance Mission to the Solomon Islands (RAMSI).[296]

In March 2015, the New Zealand journalists Nicky Hager and Ryan Gallagher reported that the signals intelligence agency, the Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB), was using the internet mass surveillance system XKeyscore to tap email communications from several senior Solomon Islands government ministers, the Solomons Islands Truth and Reconciliation Commission, and anti-corruption campaigner Benjamin Afuga.[297] In response, the New Zealand Foreign Minister Murray McCully sought to reassure the Solomon Islands Government's concerns about New Zealand's intelligence gathering activities. The Solomons Chief of Staff, Robert Iroga, objected to the GCSB's tapping of his government's internal communications, stating that they damaged New Zealand's image as a "friendly government" in the South Pacific.[298]

 Tonga1970See New Zealand–Tonga relations

On 7 March 2018, New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern announced that New Zealand will give NZ$10 million to Tonga to help with rebuilding after the country was struck by Cyclone Gita.[299]

  • New Zealand has a high commission in Nukuʻalofa.
  • Tonga has a consulate-general in Auckland.
 Tuvalu
  • New Zealand is accredited to Tuvalu by a New Zealand-based high commissioner.
  • Tuvalu has a high commission in Wellington.
 Vanuatu
  • New Zealand has a high commission in Port Vila.
  • Vanuatu has a high commission in Wellington and a consulate-general in Auckland.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Caught between China and the US: The Kiwi place in a newly confrontational world". Stuff. 7 June 2019. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
  2. ↑ "New Zealand's Pacific reset: strategic anxieties about rising China". www.waikato.ac.nz. 5 June 2018. Retrieved 16 June 2019.
  3. ↑ Murray McCully, "Keeping Relationships in Good Repair," New Zealand International Review (July 2013) 38#4 p 13
  4. ↑ "History". United Tribes of New Zealand. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  5. ↑ "Declaration of Independence – background to the Treaty". New Zealand History Online. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
  6. ↑ Gerald Chaudron, "The League of Nations and Imperial Dissent: New Zealand and the British Labour Governments, 1924-31," Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History (March 2011) 39#1 pp 47-71
  7. ↑ D.J. McCraw, "The Zenith of Realism in New Zealand's Foreign Policy," Australian Journal of Politics & History (2002) 48#3 pp. 353–368.
  8. ↑ Malcolm McKinnon (2013). Interdependence and Foreign Policy: New Zealand in the World Since 1935. Auckland U.P. pp. 43–44. ISBN 9781775580959.
  9. ↑ Singleton, John; Robertson, Paul L. (1997). "Britain, Butter, and European Integration, 1957–1964". The Economic History Review. 50 (2): 327–347. doi:10.1111/1468-0289.00057.
  10. ↑ "Seismic change for NZ's foreign service", Winston Peters, New Zealand government press release, 16 April 2008
  11. ↑ Hanhimäki, Jussi M. (11 June 2015), "1. The best hope of mankind? A brief history of the UN", The United Nations: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, pp. 8–25, doi:10.1093/actrade/9780190222703.003.0002, ISBN 978-0-19-022270-3, retrieved 29 January 2022
  12. ↑ "New Zealand's reliance on trade leaves us exposed to global instability". Stuff. 29 April 2016.
  13. ↑ Source: CIA World Factbook, 2003 edition (external link) Archived 10 May 2013 at the Wayback Machine.
  14. ↑ David McCraw, "The Clark Government's Foreign Policy Legacy," New Zealand International Review (2009) 34#6 online
  15. ↑ "UK-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement". GOV.UK. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  16. ↑ "Free Trade Agreements Index". NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 30 September 2006.
  17. ↑ "HK, NZ sign economic partnership pact". news.gov.hk. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  18. ↑ "Foundation for strong and proactive government". New Zealand Labour Party. Archived from the original on 15 November 2017. Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  19. 1 2 Source: NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 30 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
  20. 1 2 "Free Trade Agreements Index". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 31 August 2006.
  21. ↑ Source: Statistics New Zealand Archived 18 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine.
  22. ↑ Berry, Ruth (23 February 2006). "Top US general praises NZ role in Afghanistan". The New Zealand Herald. nzherald.co.nz. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
  23. ↑ "MFAT approved exports for military equipment to Saudi Arabia's forces". Stuff. 15 February 2021. Retrieved 15 February 2021.
  24. ↑ "New Zealand military export control review to be led by former MBIE head David Smol". RNZ. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  25. ↑ "Former MBIE head David Smol to lead New Zealand military export control review". NZ Herald. Retrieved 12 April 2021.
  26. ↑ "New Zealand Government remains one of the least generous aid givers | Oxfam NZ". Oxfam.org.nz. Archived from the original on 18 October 2008. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  27. ↑ Disarmament and Security Centre – Publications – Papers Archived 13 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ↑ "Mururoa Nuclear Tests, RNZN protest Veterans – Home". Mururoavet.com. Archived from the original on 23 July 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  29. ↑ Making Waves the Greenpeace New Zealand Story by Michael Szabo ISBN 0-7900-0230-2
  30. ↑ "Nuclear-free legislation – nuclear-free New Zealand". New Zealand History Online. August 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  31. ↑ Lange, David (1990). Nuclear Free: The New Zealand Way. New Zealand: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-014519-9.
  32. ↑ Dewes, Kate. "Legal challenges to nuclear weapons from Aotearoa/NewZealand". disarmsecure.org. Archived from the original on 24 May 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2007.
  33. ↑ Nuclear-Free New Zealand – Twenty Years On Archived 27 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  34. ↑ See further R. Thakur 1989 (October), "Creation of the nuclear-free New Zealand: brinkmanship without a brink," Asian Survey 29: 919–39.
  35. ↑ Xinhua, "NZ, U.S. links delicate on nuclear ban", People's Daily Online, 9 May 2006.
  36. ↑ New Zealand: US links free trade to repeal of NZ nuclear ships ban – 2 November 2002 Archived 15 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  37. ↑ Bremner, Charles (11 July 2005). "Mitterrand ordered bombing of Rainbow Warrior spy chief says". The Times. London. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  38. ↑ Sources: NZ Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Archived 17 January 2007 at the Wayback Machine, French Ministère des Affaires étrangères Archived 22 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
  39. ↑ Newshub (21 September 2017). "NZ signs UN anti-nuke treaty". Newshub.
  40. ↑ RNZ (27 May 2006). "More troops as Dili violence escalates". Television New Zealand.
  41. ↑ The Commonwealth Relations Office Year Book Volume 13. Great Britain. Office of Commonwealth Relations. 1964. p. 16. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  42. ↑ Linwood DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Canadian Global Affairs Institute. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  43. ↑ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since 1776: New Zealand". Office of the Historian. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  44. ↑ "Heads of Missions List: A". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. 8 July 2006. Archived from the original on 30 September 2006.
  45. ↑ "April 13, 2019 marked the 75th Anniversary of establishment of the Diplomatic Relations between Russia and New Zealand in 1944". Russian Embassy, NZ. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  46. ↑ "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945" (PDF) (in French). {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  47. ↑ Memoria del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (in Spanish). Chile. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 1945. p. 374.
  48. ↑ "Minister of the Netherlands at Wellington appointed" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette. 18 September 1947. p. 1349. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  49. ↑ Report of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs for the Year. AtoJsOnline. 1947. Retrieved 3 September 2019.
  50. ↑ "Minister of Belgium at Wellington" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette. 18 December 1947. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  51. ↑ "The New Zealand Official Year-Book, 1947-49: Overseas Representatives in New Zealand November 1949". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  52. ↑ "New Zealand". Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland. Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  53. ↑ "I Documenti Diplomatici Italiani Undicesima Serie: 1948-1953 Volume IV (27 gennaio – 31 ottobre 1950)" (PDF) (in Italian). p. 585. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  54. ↑ "Minister of Israel to New Zealand Appointed" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette. 15 February 1951. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  55. ↑ "Minister of the Philippines to New Zealand Appointed" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette. 15 February 1951. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  56. ↑ Publication - Dept. of External Affairs Issues 92-134. New Zealand. Dept. of External Affairs. 1950. p. 70.
  57. ↑ "India in New Zealand". (High Commission of India, Wellington) is on Facebook. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  58. ↑ "New Zealand and Japan mark 70th anniversary of diplomatic relations". The Japan Times. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  59. ↑ "Neuseeland: Steckbrief". Auswärtiges Amt (in German). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  60. ↑ "Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Greece in New Zealand with Residence in Canberra" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette. 13 October 1955. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  61. ↑ "Dates of Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Sri Lanka. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  62. ↑ "นิวซีแลนด์ (New Zealand)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Thailand (in Thai). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  63. ↑ External Affairs Review Volume 6. New Zealand. Department of External Affairs. 1956. p. 13.
  64. ↑ "History: Malaysia - New Zealand ties". High Commission of Malaysia, Wellington. Archived from the original on 21 March 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  65. ↑ "Bilateral Cooperation". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  66. ↑ "Diplomatic Relations". Embassy of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar in Brazil. Archived from the original on 12 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  67. 1 2 "Bilateral Relations with New Zealand". Embassy of the Czech Republic in Canberra. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  68. ↑ Yuba Raj Singh Karki (1983). Nepal Almanac A Book of Facts. Y.R.S. Karki. p. 68.
  69. ↑ "Countries with Established Diplomatic Relations with Samoa". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade Samoa. Archived from the original on 14 February 2020. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  70. ↑ "Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Mar 26, 1962". Embassy of the Republic of Korea to New Zealand. Archived from the original on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  71. ↑ External Affairs Review Volume 12. New Zealand. Department of External Affairs. 1962. p. 11. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  72. ↑ "Lao Ambassador Presents the Letter of Credentials to the Governor-General of New Zealand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Lao PDR. 30 June 2022. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  73. ↑ External Affairs Review Volume 14. New Zealand. Department of External Affairs. 1964. p. 43. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  74. ↑ "Diplomatic & Consular List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Singapore. p. 160. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 August 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  75. ↑ "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 2 May 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  76. ↑ "Trade relations between Mauritius and New Zealand". Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  77. ↑ "Nueva Zelanda" (PDF). Oficina de Informacion Diplomatica Ficha Pais (in Spanish). p. 5. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  78. ↑ "Consulado General Argentino en Nueva Zelandia". saij.gob.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  79. ↑ "Norges opprettelse af diplomatiske forbindelser med fremmede stater" (PDF). regjeringen.no (in Norwegian). 27 April 1999. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  80. ↑ "Diplomatic Relations of Romania". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Romania. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  81. ↑ "Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the United Arab Republic" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette, Thursday, 7 May 1970 No. 27. p. 800. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  82. 1 2 3 4 "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  83. ↑ "Formal Diplomatic Relations (FDR) List" (PDF). Ministry of Foreign Affairs Fiji. p. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 August 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  84. ↑ "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  85. ↑ "Bilateral agreements". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Serbia. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  86. ↑ "Destacan relaciones con Nueva Zelanda". Diario Official del Bicentenario El Peruano (in Spanish). 1 August 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  87. ↑ "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  88. ↑ "Joint Communique on the Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the People's Republic of China and New Zealand". The Embassy of the People's Republic of China in New Zealand. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  89. ↑ "Poland in New Zealand". gov.pl. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  90. ↑ "Diplomatic Relations Of The Holy See". Permanent Observer Mission of the Holy See to the United Nations. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  91. ↑ "Hoy conmemoramos el 49 aniversario del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas entre México y Nueva Zelandia". Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores de México (in Spanish). Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  92. ↑ "Heads of Mission List". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 30 September 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  93. ↑ Iran Almanac and Book of Facts. Echo of Iran. 1974. p. 178.
  94. ↑ Directory of Albanian officials /Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency. 1988. p. 45. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  95. ↑ New Zealand Foreign Affairs Review Volume 24. New Zealand. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1974. p. 30. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  96. 1 2 "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  97. ↑ "Countries with which Jamaica has Established Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Jamaica. Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  98. ↑ "List of countries with which Barbados has diplomatic relations by regions". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Foreign Trade Barbados. Archived from the original on 13 August 2017. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  99. ↑ "Countries with which Guyana has establishment diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Co-operative Republic of Guyana. Archived from the original on 16 February 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  100. ↑ "Countries with which the Republic of Maldives has established diplomatic relations" (PDF). gov.mv. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  101. ↑ "Mongolia – New Zealand Relations". Embassy of Mongolia in Australia. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  102. ↑ "Dominion of New Zealand". vietnam.gov.vn. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  103. ↑ Guidelines of the Foreign Policy of Papua New Guinea: Universalism. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Papua New Guinea. 1976. p. 55.
  104. ↑ "Heads of Mission List". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 30 September 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  105. ↑ "Speech at the official State luncheon for Uruguay President Dr Tabare Vazquez". Beehive.govt.nz. 13 November 2007. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  106. ↑ "Nova Zelândia". Portal Diplomatico (in Portuguese). Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  107. 1 2 MEED Arab Report. Middle East Economic Digest Limited. 1976.
  108. ↑ "Nueva Zelandia". Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores Colombia. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  109. ↑ "High Commissioner for Cyprus" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette Thursday, 22 June 1978 No.56. p. 1716. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  110. 1 2 "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  111. ↑ "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  112. ↑ "Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Turkey" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette Thursday, 25 January 1979 No. 6. p. 155. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  113. ↑ "Heads of Mission List". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 30 September 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  114. ↑ "Asia/Pacific Division". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Cooperation and External Trade Government of Vanuatu. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  115. ↑ "Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Lebanon" (PDF). The New Zealand Gazette Thursday, 18 December 1980 No.146. pp. 4039–4040. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  116. ↑ Gaceta oficial de la República de Venezuela (in Spanish). Imprenta Nacional y Gaceta Oficial. 1980. pp. 242–532.
  117. 1 2 New Zealand Foreign Affairs Review Volume 32. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1982. p. 31.
  118. 1 2 "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  119. 1 2 New Zealand External Relations Review - Volumes 33-34. Ministry of External Relations and Trade. 1983.
  120. 1 2 New Zealand External Relations Review Volumes 33-34. Ministry of External Relations and Trade. 1983. p. 58.
  121. ↑ "New Zealand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Brunei Darussalam. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  122. ↑ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bahrain. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  123. ↑ "Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005)" (in Bulgarian). Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  124. ↑ "قطر و العالم". www.mofa.gov.qa. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  125. ↑ Southern African Political History A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Press. 1999. p. 731. ISBN 9780313302473. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  126. ↑ Summary of World Broadcasts Non-Arab Africa · Issues 7914-7938. British Broadcasting Corporation. Monitoring Service. 1985. p. 10.
  127. ↑ New Zealand Foreign Affairs Review - Volume 35 - Page 57. New Zealand. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1985.
  128. ↑ New Zealand Foreign Affairs Review - Volumes 35-37 - Page 61. New Zealand. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1987.
  129. ↑ Jonathan Boston, Martin Holland (1987). The Fourth Labour Government: Radical Politics in New Zealand. Oxford University Press. p. 270.
  130. ↑ "Heads of Mission List". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 30 September 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  131. ↑ "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  132. ↑ "Listing of all countries which have established diplomatic relations with the Republic of the Marshall Islands (As of 13 February 2019)". Marshall Islands Government. Archived from the original on 18 July 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  133. ↑ "Countries With Which the Federated States of Micronesia Has Established Diplomatic Relations". FSM Government. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  134. ↑ "En esta fecha se cumplen 33 años de relaciones diplomáticas con Nueva Zelanda". Facebook (in Spanish). 5 July 2021. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
  135. ↑ "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  136. ↑ "Iceland - Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Government of Iceland. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  137. ↑ "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  138. ↑ "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 21 January 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  139. ↑ New Zealand External Relations Review - Volumes 39-41. New Zealand. Ministry of External Relations and Trade. 1988.
  140. ↑ "Dates of Establishment and Renewal of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Republic of Latvia. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  141. ↑ "Diplomaatiliste suhete (taas)kehtestamise kronoloogia". Republic of Estonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs (in Estonian). Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  142. ↑ "List of countries with which Lithuania has established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Lithuania. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  143. ↑ "Date of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Republic of Croatia Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  144. ↑ "Indo-Pacific: New Zealand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  145. ↑ "New Zealand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  146. ↑ "States with which the Republic of Uzbekistan established diplomatic relations". Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Ukraine. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  147. ↑ Mojca Pristavec Đogić (2016). "Priznanja samostojne Slovenije" (PDF) (in Slovenian). p. 5. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  148. ↑ "New Zealand". Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in Japan. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  149. ↑ "Heads of Mission List". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 30 September 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  150. ↑ "Kazakhstan - New Zealand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  151. ↑ "Bilateral Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Armenia. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  152. ↑ "New Zealand". Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  153. ↑ "Relations of Tajikistan with New Zealand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Tajikistan. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  154. ↑ "30th anniversary of the establishment of Diplomatic relations between the Kyrgyz Republic and New Zealand". Embassy of the Kyrgyz Republic to Japan. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  155. ↑ "States with which Turkmenistan established diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Turkmenistan. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  156. ↑ "Noua Zeelandă". mfa.gov.md (in Romanian). Retrieved 19 November 2023.
  157. ↑ "Dates of Recognition and Establishment of Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Bosnia and Herzegovina. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  158. ↑ "Blue economy, climate change top the agenda between Seychelles, New Zealand". Seychelles News Agency. 1 August 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  159. ↑ "Nový Zéland: Základné informácie". mzv.sk (in Slovak). Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  160. ↑ "Diplomatic Relations Between New Zealand and Paraguay as of 17 Feb. 1993". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  161. ↑ "Relaciones Diplomaticas de la Republica de Panama" (PDF). Memoria 2011-2012 (in Spanish). p. 198. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  162. ↑ "BILATERAL RELATIONS". Republic of Macedonia Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  163. ↑ "New Zealand Embassies Overseas". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  164. ↑ "Bilateral Relations (country profiles listed alphabetically)". dirco.gov.za. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  165. ↑ "Countries with which Palau has Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  166. ↑ "Politique étrangère du Maroc" (in French). p. 203. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  167. ↑ "Diplomatic relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Andorra. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  168. ↑ "New Zealand Heads of Overseas Missions". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  169. 1 2 3 "Order of Precedence Among Heads of Diplomatic Missions". Diplomatic & Consular Representatives Accredited to NZ. Archived from the original on 11 August 2002. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  170. ↑ "Relaciones Diplomaticas y Consulares" (PDF). Memoria Anual 2015 (in Spanish). p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 May 2019. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  171. ↑ "Diplomatic & Consular Representatives Accredited to NZ". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 11 August 2002. Retrieved 22 November 2023.
  172. ↑ Daniel Wertz, JJ Oh, and Kim Insung (August 2016). "DPRK Diplomatic Relations" (PDF). The National Committee on North Korea. p. 7.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  173. ↑ "Diplomatic relations between El Salvador and New Zealand as of 12 Nov. 2001". United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  174. ↑ "NZ establishes Consulate-General in East Timor". Archived from the original on 27 March 2023. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  175. ↑ "Order of Precedence Among Heads of Diplomatic Missions: as at June 2004". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 12 December 2004. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  176. ↑ "Bilateral Relations/Diplomatic Relations Overview". Government of Montenegro. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  177. ↑ "Order of Precedence among Heads of Diplomatic Missions as at 1 November 2006". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 16 December 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  178. ↑ "Order of Precedence among Heads of Diplomatic Missions as at 1 November 2006". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 16 December 2006. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  179. ↑ "Order of Precedence among Heads of Diplomatic Missions as at 24 January 2013". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  180. ↑ "New Zealand recognizes the Republic of Kosovo". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Kosovo. 9 November 2009. Archived from the original on 15 November 2009. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  181. ↑ "Pres. Girma receives credentials of ten ambassadors (December 7, 2011)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ethiopia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2023.
  182. ↑ "Order of Precedence among Heads of Diplomatic Missions as at 24 January 2013". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  183. ↑ "Order of Precedence among Heads of Diplomatic Missions as at 24 January 2013". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  184. ↑ "De nouveaux ambassadeurs accrédités à Tunis". La Presse de Tunisie (in French). 12 July 2012. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  185. ↑ "New envoys present their credentials". gg.govt.nz. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 13 July 2023.
  186. ↑ "St Lucia and New Zealand Establish Diplomatic Relations". Caribbean Journal. 21 May 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  187. ↑ "New envoys to present their credentials". gg.govt.nz. 26 June 2013. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  188. ↑ "Diplomatic Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs Saint Kitts & Nevis. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  189. ↑ "Prime Minister receives credentials of New Zealand High Commissioner". Now Grenada. 18 October 2019. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
  190. ↑ "New Zealand High Commissioner presents credentials in Angola" (PDF). Southern Africa File June–September 2013 Issue 3. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  191. ↑ "Rapporti bilaterali della Repubblica di San Marino" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 11 March 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  192. ↑ "Diplomatische Vertretungen beim Fürstentum Liechtenstein" (PDF) (in German). p. 19. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  193. ↑ "Lijst van Diplomatieke Betrekkingen en Visum-afschaffingsovereenkomsten" (PDF). gov.sr (in Dutch). Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  194. ↑ "Dominica Welcomes First New Zealand Ambassador". news.gov.dm. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  195. ↑ "AUDIENCE WITH SPECIAL ENVOY OF NEW ZEALAND". Burundi Forum (in French). 16 May 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2023.
  196. ↑ "República Dominicana establece relaciones diplomáticas con Nueva Zelandia". Diario Libre (in Spanish). 29 June 2014. Retrieved 20 April 2023.
  197. ↑ "Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Diplomatic and Consular List" (PDF). foreign.gov.vc. April 2018. p. 9. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  198. ↑ "Credentials Ceremony 26 August 2014". gg.govt.nz. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  199. ↑ "Haïti - Diplomatie : 4 nouveaux Ambassadeurs accrédités en Haïti". Haiti Libre (in French). Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  200. ↑ "Antigua - Environment - New Zealand's High Commissioner to CARICOM Tours Antigua". Caribbean News Service. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  201. ↑ "Credentials Wednesday 2 September 2015". gg.govt.nz. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  202. ↑ "Actus de Monaco octobre 2015 - 4: Accréditation d'ambassadeurs". podcastjournal.net (in French). 27 October 2015. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  203. ↑ "Order of Precedence among Heads of Diplomatic Missions as at 28 June 2017". New Zealand Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  204. ↑ "Le Président Guelleh reçoit les lettres de créances de quatre nouveaux ambassadeurs" (in French). 1 October 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2023.
  205. ↑ "Credentials 27 October 2016 pm". gg.govt.nz. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  206. ↑ "Order of Precedence among Heads of Diplomatic Missions as at 28 June 2017". New Zealand Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 8 July 2017. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  207. ↑ "FM received credentials of New Zealand ambassador to Yemen". Yemen News Agency (saba). 2 May 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  208. ↑ "Credentials Ceremony 27 June 2019". gg.govt.nz. 27 June 2019. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
  209. ↑ "Embassy of Egypt in New Zealand". mfa.gov.eg. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  210. ↑ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "New Zealand Embassy". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 9 April 2017. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  211. ↑ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "New Zealand High Commission". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 21 May 2015.
  212. ↑ "High Commission of South Africa in Wellington".
  213. ↑ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "High Commission for the Republic of Zambia". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  214. ↑ "Comunicado Conjunto "Restablecimiento de Relaciones Diplomáticas entre la República Argentina y Nueva Zelandia"". Biblioteca Digital de Tratados (in Spanish). Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  215. ↑ "Bienvenido a Nueva Zelandia - Embajada en NUEVA ZELANDIA". www.enzel.mrecic.gov.ar.
  216. ↑ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "New Zealand Embassy". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 21 June 2016.
  217. 1 2 Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "Caribbean". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  218. ↑ New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade
  219. ↑ "Home". wellington.itamaraty.gov.br.
  220. ↑ "Embassy of New Zealand in Brasilia". mfat.govt.nz. Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  221. ↑ Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada (9 September 2013). "High Commission of Canada in New Zealand". GAC.
  222. ↑ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "New Zealand High Commission". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 23 August 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  223. ↑ "ChileGob". chile.gob.cl. Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  224. ↑ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "New Zealand Embassy". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
  225. ↑ "- Embajada de Colombia en Australia". australia.embajada.gov.co.
  226. ↑ "- Consulado de Colombia en Auckland". auckland.consulado.gov.co.
  227. ↑ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "New Zealand Embassy". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 12 February 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2018.
  228. 1 2 3 "Caribbean | New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Archived from the original on 23 September 2019. Retrieved 17 December 2016.
  229. 1 2 3 "New Zealand High Commission | New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade". Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  230. ↑ "Inicio". embamex.sre.gob.mx.
  231. ↑ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "New Zealand Embassy". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 11 August 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  232. ↑ "The Wellington Declaration". The New Zealand Herald. November 2010.
  233. ↑ "PM can't see return to Anzus-style alliance". Radio New Zealand. November 2010. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  234. ↑ "What the WikiLeaks cables say about NZ". Television New Zealand. December 2010. Archived from the original on 18 September 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2011.
  235. ↑ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "New Zealand Embassy Washington". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 14 July 2017. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
  236. ↑ "U.S. Embassy & Consulate in New Zealand". U.S. Embassy & Consulate in New Zealand.
  237. 1 2 3 4 "India lines up for free trade deal with NZ". Stuff. New Zealand. 25 October 2009. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  238. ↑ "India summons commissioner over Henry". Stuff. New Zealand. 7 October 2010. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  239. ↑ "Holocaust Gallery in Auckland". Auckland War Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 7 February 2021. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  240. ↑ Young, Audrey (27 June 2005). "A murky tale of bugs and spy claims". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 6 October 2011.
  241. ↑ "New Zealand joins boycott of UN's anti racism conference". Tvnz.co.nz. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  242. ↑ "Embassy of Japan in New Zealand". Nz.emb-japan.go.jp. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  243. ↑ "New Zealand USAR team arrive in Japan". 3 News. 14 March 2011. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 25 November 2012.
  244. ↑ "Support for Japan". Beehive.govt.nz. 21 March 2011.
  245. ↑ "New Zealand Fire Service Urban Search and Rescue (USAR)". NZ Embassy. 21 March 2011. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012.
  246. ↑ New Zealand Foreign Affairs Review, Volumes 30-32. Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1980. p. 49.
  247. ↑ "MALAYSIA - NEW ZEALAND TIES". High Commission of Malaysia, Wellington. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  248. ↑ Mahuta, Nanaia (9 February 2021). "New Zealand takes measures against Myanmar following military coup". Beehive.govt.nz. New Zealand Government. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  249. ↑ Young, Audrey (9 February 2021). "Foreign Minister Nanaia Mahuta speaks at Myanmar democracy rally". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 9 February 2021. Retrieved 9 February 2021.
  250. 1 2 "Peters reports back to US on N Korea". The New Zealand Herald. 20 November 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  251. ↑ "Peters to Visit North Korea and US; Attend EAS – press release Rt Hon Winston Peters 8 November 2007". Nzembassy.com. Archived from the original on 27 December 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  252. ↑ "Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Mar 26, 1962". Embassy of the Republic of Korea to New Zealand. Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  253. ↑ https://www.mfat.govt.nz/en/countries-and-regions/asia/republic-of-korea-south/new-zealand-embassy/?l=en_NZ
  254. ↑ https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/nz-ko/index.do
  255. ↑ https://overseas.mofa.go.kr/nz-auckland-ko/index.do
  256. ↑ https://www.mofa.go.kr/eng/nation/m_4902/view.do?seq=23
  257. 1 2 3 "Relations between Turkey and New Zealand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  258. ↑ "Commercial and Economic Relations between Turkey and New Zealand". Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 6 October 2020.
  259. ↑ "Global Family Doctor - WONCA Online".
  260. ↑ "Greece's Bilateral Relations – New Zealand". Hellenic Republic Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
  261. ↑ "Nunciature to New Zealand". Catholic-Hierarchy.org. David M. Cheney. Retrieved 21 January 2015.
  262. ↑ "Address to the Ambassador of New Zealand, 12 January 1984". Vatican.va. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  263. ↑ "24 November 1986, Lancaster Park in Christchurch – New Zealand". Vatican.va. 24 November 1986. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  264. ↑ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "Embassy of Hungary". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 17 September 2016. Retrieved 17 September 2016.
  265. ↑ "New Zealand recognizes Republic of Kosovo". 9 November 2009. Retrieved 9 November 2009.
  266. ↑ "Embassy of the Republic of Kosovo".
  267. ↑ "Kosovo Falls Three Votes Short in UNESCO Bid". 9 November 2015.
  268. ↑ "Bulletin de documentation_1970_10" (PDF). sip.gouvernement.lu (in French). p. 32. Retrieved 14 June 2023.
  269. ↑ "Abel Tasman - NZHistory, New Zealand history online". www.nzhistory.net.nz.
  270. ↑ "Dutch Migration after 1945". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. 4 March 2009. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
  271. ↑ "History of the New Zealand/Dutch Relationship". New Zealand Embassy The Hague. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
  272. ↑ "Redmer Yska. 'Dutch – Facts and figures'". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
  273. ↑ "The Netherlands/New Zealand Relations – History Bilateral Linkages". Embassy of the Netherlands in Wellington. Archived from the original on 25 May 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2010.
  274. ↑ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "New Zealand Embassy". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
  275. ↑ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "Embassy of the Republic of North Macedonia, O'Malley, Australia". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 25 April 2019. Retrieved 5 March 2017.
  276. ↑ "Building a bridge to Norway". The New Zealand Herald. 22 May 2000. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  277. ↑ "NZ urges Norway to stop commercial whaling". News.xinhuanet.com. 21 April 2006. Archived from the original on 25 August 2007. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  278. ↑ "Whaling issue splits Norway and New Zealand in official visit". Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  279. ↑ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "New Zealand Embassy". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
  280. ↑ "Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Wellington". wellington.msz.gov.pl.
  281. ↑ "Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with New Zealand". Mfa.gov.rs. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved 19 August 2011.
  282. ↑ "Entrance to the former Yougoslavian Embassy building, Karori, Wellington". National Library of New Zealand. 2 November 1992.
  283. ↑ Ethnic group (total responses) for the census usually resident population count, 2006 Archived 27 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine (Excel 97 format), Classification counts, 2006 Census, Statistics New Zealand.
  284. ↑ Trade, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and. "New Zealand Embassy". New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
  285. ↑ "Embassy of Spain in Wellington".
  286. ↑ "Embassy of New Zealand in Stockholm".
  287. ↑ "New Zealand's Export Markets year ended June 2000 (provisional)". Statistics New Zealand. June 2000. Archived from the original on 15 May 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2008.
  288. ↑ New Zealand Historical Atlas – McKinnon, Malcolm (Editor); David Bateman, 1997, Plate 61
  289. ↑ "New Zealand country brief". Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  290. ↑ "Plan will turn New Zealand flights into domestic bliss". The Sydney Morning Herald. March 2009. Archived from the original on 5 February 2010. Retrieved 31 January 2010.
  291. ↑ "Air reforms grounded". The Sydney Morning Herald. January 2011. Archived from the original on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  292. ↑ "New Zealand High Commission". New Zealand Foreign Affairs & Trade. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  293. ↑ "Samoan High Commission". samoa.org.nz. Retrieved 7 March 2018.
  294. ↑ "New Zealand High Commission to the Solomon Islands". Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Archived from the original on 18 March 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  295. ↑ "High Commission". Solomon Islands High Commission. Archived from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  296. ↑ Capie, David (10 June 2015). "Peacekeeping - Solomon Islands". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Archived from the original on 28 January 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2022.
  297. ↑ Hager, Nicky; Gallagher, Ryan (15 March 2015). "Revealed: The names NZ targeted using NSA's XKeyscore system". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  298. ↑ Fisher, David (15 March 2015). "GCSB spied on inner circle of former Solomon Islands PM and anti-corruption campaigner". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 4 January 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2015.
  299. ↑ "'We know you need more than books' – PM gives Tonga $10m for Cyclone Gita rebuild". 1 News. 7 March 2018. Retrieved 7 March 2018.

Further reading

  • Belich, James. Paradise Reformed: A History of the New Zealanders (2001)
  • Buchanan, Paul G. "Lilliputian in Fluid Times: New Zealand Foreign Policy after the Cold War," Political Science Quarterly (2010) 125#2 pp 255–279
  • Hensley, Gerald, Beyond the Battlefield: New Zealand and its Allies, 1939–45 (2009) 415pp., focus on diplomatic history
  • Iwami, Tadashi. "Strategic partnership between Japan and New Zealand: foundation, development and prospect." Pacific Review (2020): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512748.2020.1769156
  • Kennaway, Richard. New Zealand foreign policy, 1951-1971 (1972) online
  • Key, John. "New Zealand in the World: Prime Minister John Key Outlines His Government's Approach to International Affairs," New Zealand International Review (2010) 35#6 online
  • McCully, Murray. "Keeping Relationships in Good Repair: Murray McCully Provides an Update on New Zealand's Foreign Policy," New Zealand International Review (July 2013) 38#4 pp 13+ online
  • McKinnon, Malcolm. Independence and Foreign Policy: New Zealand in the World since 1935 (Auckland University Press 1993)
  • Travieso, Emiliano. "United by grass, separated by coal: Uruguay and New Zealand during the First Globalization." Journal of Global History 15.2 (2020): 269–289. online
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.