GRM1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesGRM1, GPRC1A, MGLU1, MGLUR1, PPP1R85, SCAR13, glutamate metabotropic receptor 1, SCA44
External IDsOMIM: 604473 MGI: 1351338 HomoloGene: 649 GeneCards: GRM1
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

2911

14816

Ensembl

ENSG00000152822

ENSMUSG00000019828

UniProt

Q13255

P97772

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_001114333
NM_016976

RefSeq (protein)

NP_001264993
NP_001264994
NP_001264995
NP_001264996

NP_001107805
NP_058672

Location (UCSC)Chr 6: 146.03 – 146.44 MbChr 10: 10.56 – 10.96 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

The glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1, also known as GRM1, is a human gene which encodes the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) protein.[5][6][7]

Function

L-glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system and activates both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is involved in most aspects of normal brain function and can be perturbed in many neuropathologic conditions. The metabotropic glutamate receptors are a family of G protein-coupled receptors, that have been divided into 3 groups on the basis of sequence homology, putative signal transduction mechanisms, and pharmacologic properties. Group I, which includes GRM1 alongside GRM5, have been shown to activate phospholipase C. Group II includes GRM2 and GRM3 while Group III includes GRM4, GRM6, GRM7 and GRM8. Group II and III receptors are linked to the inhibition of the cyclic AMP cascade but differ in their agonist selectivities. Alternative splice variants of the GRM1 gene have been described but their full-length nature has not been determined.[5]

A possible connection has been suggested between mGluRs and neuromodulators, as mGluR1 antagonists block adrenergic receptor activation in neurons.[8]

Studies with knockout mice

Mice lacking functional glutamate receptor 1 were reported in 1994. By homologous recombination mediated gene targeting those mice became deficient in mGlu receptor 1 protein. The mice did not show any basic anatomical changes in the brain but had impaired cerebellar long-term depression and hippocampal long-term potentiation. In addition they had impaired motor functions, characterized by impaired balance. In the Morris watermaze test, an assay for learning abilities, those mice needed significantly more time to successfully complete the task.[9]

Clinical significance

Mutations in the GRM1 gene may contribute to melanoma susceptibility.[10] Antibodies against mGluR1 receptors cause cerebellar ataxia and impair long-term depression (LTDpathies) in the cerebellum.[11]

Ligands

In addition to the orthosteric site (the site where the endogenous ligand glutamate binds) at least two distinct allosteric binding sites exist on the mGluR1.[12] A respectable number of potent and specific allosteric ligands – predominantly antagonists/inhibitors – has been developed in recent years, although no orthosteric subtype-selective ligands have yet been discovered (2008).[13]

  • JNJ-16259685: highly potent, selective non-competitive antagonist[14]
  • R-214,127 and [3H]-analog: high-affinity, selective allosteric inhibitor[15]
  • YM-202,074: high-affinity, selective allosteric antagonist[16]
  • YM-230,888: high-affinity, selective allosteric antagonist[17]
  • YM-298,198 and [3H]-analog: selective non-competitive antagonist[18]
  • FTIDC: highly potent and selective allosteric antagonist/inverse agonist[19]
  • A-841,720: potent non-competitive antagonist; minor hmGluR5 binding[20]
  • VU-71: potentiator[12]
  • Fluorinated 9H-xanthene-9-carboxylic acid oxazol-2-yl-amides: orally available PAMs[21]
  • Cyclothiazide: non-selective non-competitive antagonist[22]
Chemical structures of mGluR1 selective ligands.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000152822 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. 1 2 3 GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000019828 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. ↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. 1 2 "Entrez Gene: GRM1 glutamate receptor, metabotropic 1".
  6. ↑ Stephan D, Bon C, Holzwarth JA, Galvan M, Pruss RM (1996). "Human metabotropic glutamate receptor 1: mRNA distribution, chromosome localization and functional expression of two splice variants". Neuropharmacology. 35 (12): 1649–60. doi:10.1016/S0028-3908(96)00108-6. PMID 9076744. S2CID 37222391.
  7. ↑ Makoff AJ, Phillips T, Pilling C, Emson P (September 1997). "Expression of a novel splice variant of human mGluR1 in the cerebellum". NeuroReport. 8 (13): 2943–7. doi:10.1097/00001756-199709080-00027. PMID 9376535. S2CID 28116484.
  8. ↑ Smith RS, Weitz CJ, Araneda RC (Aug 2009). "Excitatory actions of noradrenaline and metabotropic glutamate receptor activation in granule cells of the accessory olfactory bulb". Journal of Neurophysiology. 102 (2): 1103–14. doi:10.1152/jn.91093.2008. PMC 2724365. PMID 19474170.
  9. ↑ Conquet F, Bashir ZI, Davies CH, Daniel H, Ferraguti F, Bordi F, Franz-Bacon K, Reggiani A, Matarese V, Condé F (November 1994). "Motor deficit and impairment of synaptic plasticity in mice lacking mGluR1". Nature. 372 (6503): 237–43. Bibcode:1994Natur.372..237C. doi:10.1038/372237a0. PMID 7969468. S2CID 4256888.
  10. ↑ Ortiz P, Vanaclocha F, López-Bran E, Esquivias JI, López-Estebaranz JL, Martín-González M, Arrue I, García-Romero D, Ochoa C, González-Perez A, Ruiz A, Real LM (November 2007). "Genetic analysis of the GRM1 gene in human melanoma susceptibility". Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 15 (11): 1176–82. doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201887. PMID 17609672.
  11. ↑ Mitoma H, Honnorat J, Yamaguchi K, Manto M (March 2021). "LTDpathies: a novel clinical concept". Cerebellum. 20 (6): 948–951. doi:10.1007/s12311-021-01259-2. PMC 8674158. PMID 33754326.
  12. 1 2 Hemstapat K, de Paulis T, Chen Y, Brady AE, Grover VK, Alagille D, Tamagnan GD, Conn PJ (2006). "A novel class of positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 1 interact with a site distinct from that of negative allosteric modulators". Mol. Pharmacol. 70 (2): 616–26. doi:10.1124/mol.105.021857. PMID 16645124. S2CID 2719603.
  13. ↑ based on a plain PubMed review
  14. ↑ Lavreysen H, Wouters R, Bischoff F, Nóbrega Pereira S, Langlois X, Blokland S, Somers M, Dillen L, Lesage AS (2004). "JNJ16259685, a highly potent, selective and systemically active mGlu1 receptor antagonist". Neuropharmacology. 47 (7): 961–72. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2004.08.007. PMID 15555631. S2CID 601322.
  15. ↑ Lavreysen H, Janssen C, Bischoff F, Langlois X, Leysen JE, Lesage AS (2003). "[3H]R214127: a novel high-affinity radioligand for the mGlu1 receptor reveals a common binding site shared by multiple allosteric antagonists". Mol. Pharmacol. 63 (5): 1082–93. doi:10.1124/mol.63.5.1082. PMID 12695537.
  16. ↑ Kohara A, Takahashi M, Yatsugi S, Tamura S, Shitaka Y, Hayashibe S, Kawabata S, Okada M (2008). "Neuroprotective effects of the selective type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist YM-202074 in rat stroke models". Brain Res. 1191: 168–79. doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2007.11.035. PMID 18164695. S2CID 3236484.
  17. ↑ Kohara A, Nagakura Y, Kiso T, Toya T, Watabiki T, Tamura S, Shitaka Y, Itahana H, Okada M (2007). "Antinociceptive profile of a selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist YM-230888 in chronic pain rodent models". Eur. J. Pharmacol. 571 (1): 8–16. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.05.030. PMID 17597604.
  18. ↑ Kohara A, Toya T, Tamura S, Watabiki T, Nagakura Y, Shitaka Y, Hayashibe S, Kawabata S, Okada M (2005). "Radioligand binding properties and pharmacological characterization of 6-amino-N-cyclohexyl-N,3-dimethylthiazolo[3,2-a]benzimidazole-2-carboxamide (YM-298198), a high-affinity, selective, and noncompetitive antagonist of metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 315 (1): 163–9. doi:10.1124/jpet.105.087171. PMID 15976016. S2CID 15291494.
  19. ↑ Suzuki G, Kimura T, Satow A, Kaneko N, Fukuda J, Hikichi H, Sakai N, Maehara S, Kawagoe-Takaki H, Hata M, Azuma T, Ito S, Kawamoto H, Ohta H (2007). "Pharmacological characterization of a new, orally active and potent allosteric metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 antagonist, 4-[1-(2-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-5-methyl-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl]-N-isopropyl-N-methyl-3,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxamide (FTIDC)". J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 321 (3): 1144–53. doi:10.1124/jpet.106.116574. PMID 17360958. S2CID 10065500.
  20. ↑ El-Kouhen O, Lehto SG, Pan JB, Chang R, Baker SJ, Zhong C, Hollingsworth PR, Mikusa JP, Cronin EA, Chu KL, McGaraughty SP, Uchic ME, Miller LN, Rodell NM, Patel M, Bhatia P, Mezler M, Kolasa T, Zheng GZ, Fox GB, Stewart AO, Decker MW, Moreland RB, Brioni JD, Honore P (2006). "Blockade of mGluR1 receptor results in analgesia and disruption of motor and cognitive performances: effects of A-841720, a novel non-competitive mGluR1 receptor antagonist". Br. J. Pharmacol. 149 (6): 761–74. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706877. PMC 2014656. PMID 17016515.
  21. ↑ Vieira E, Huwyler J, Jolidon S, Knoflach F, Mutel V, Wichmann J (2009). "Fluorinated 9H-xanthene-9-carboxylic acid oxazol-2-yl-amides as potent, orally available mGlu1 receptor enhancers". Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 19 (6): 1666–9. doi:10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.01.108. PMID 19233648.
  22. ↑ Surin A, Pshenichkin S, Grajkowska E, Surina E, Wroblewski JT (2007). "Cyclothiazide selectively inhibits mGluR1 receptors interacting with a common allosteric site for non-competitive antagonists". Neuropharmacology. 52 (3): 744–54. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2006.09.018. PMC 1876747. PMID 17095021.

Further reading

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