Below is a list of sovereign states with the dates of their formation (date of their independence or of their constitution), sorted by continent.

This list includes the 195 states which are currently full member states or observer states of the United Nations. This does not include extinct states, but does include several states with limited recognition.[note 1]

For proposed states or various indigenous nations which consider themselves still under occupation, see list of active autonomist and secessionist movements.

Nation-building is a long evolutionary process, and in most cases the date of a country's "formation" cannot be objectively determined; e.g., the fact that England and France were sovereign kingdoms on equal footing in the medieval period does not prejudice the fact that England is not now a sovereign state (having passed sovereignty to Great Britain in 1707), while France is a Republic founded in 1870 (though the term France generally refers to the current French Fifth Republic government, formed in 1958).

An unambiguous measure is the date of national constitutions; but as constitutions are an almost entirely modern concept, all formation dates by that criterion are modern or early modern (the oldest extant constitution being that of San Marino, dating to 1600).

Countries by Date of National Constitution
  Pre-1940
  1940–1949
  1950–1959
  1960–1969
  1970–1979
  1980–1989
  1990–1999
  2000–2009
  2010–present

Independence dates for widely recognized states earlier than 1919 should be treated with caution, since prior to the founding of the League of Nations, there was no international body to recognize nationhood, and independence had no meaning beyond mutual recognition of de facto sovereigns (the role of the League of Nations was effectively taken over by the United Nations after the Second World War). See also: disputed territories.

Many countries have some remote (or fantastically remote) symbolic foundation date as part of their national mythology, sometimes artificially inflating a country's "age" for reasons of nationalism, sometimes merely gesturing at a long and gradual process of the formalizing national identity. Such dates do not reflect the formation of a state (an independent political entity).

The following list contains the formation dates of countries with a short description of formation events. For a more detailed description of a country's formation and history, please see the main article for that country.

Africa

Country Date of current form of government Birth of current form of government Date of acquisition of sovereignty Acquisition of sovereignty Date of territorial modification Most recent significant territorial modification
 Algeria 19 September 1958 Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic proclaimed 202 BC Massinissa unifies Numidia which extended from the Moulouya river in the west to Cyrenaica in the east 18 March 1845 Lalla Maghnia treaty between French administration in Algeria and the Sherifian empire, the treaty confirms the Sherifian acquisitions in 1813, the Moulouya river is no longer the border between the two territories and is relocated to Oued Kiss. Algerian territory no longer comprises Oujda and Figuig
2 October 972 Buluggin ibn Ziri becomes the first Emir of the Zirid Emirate
1516 Oruç Barbarossa proclaimed Sultan of Algiers
5 July 1962 Algeria reclaims sovereignty over the entire Algerian territory upon independence from France
 Angola 1975 11 November 1975 Independence from Portugal
 Benin 1 March 1960 1 August 1960 Independence from France 15 January 1894 Borders of French Protectorate of Dahomey set at conclusion of Second Franco-Dahomean War
 Botswana 30 September 1966 30 September 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom 31 December 1999 Sedudu ruled to belong to Botswana rather than Namibia by the International Court of Justice.
 Burkina Faso 30 September 2022 Coup d'état 5 August 1960 Independence from France
 Burundi 28 November 1966 Monarchy replaced by republic 1 July 1962 Independence from Belgium
 Cabo Verde 5 July 1975 5 July 1975 Independence from Portugal
 Cameroon 20 May 1972 1 January 1960 Independence from France 1 October 1961 Merger of part of British Cameroons with Cameroon
 Central African Republic 21 September 1979 Monarchy replaced by republic 13 August 1960 Independence from France
 Chad 10 October 2022 National Transitional Council established 11 August 1960 Independence from France 3 February 1997 Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad
 Comoros 6 July 1975 Independence from France declared
 Democratic Republic of Congo 17 May 1997 30 June 1960 Independence from Belgium
 Republic of Congo 15 August 1960 Independence from France
 Djibouti 27 June 1977 Independence from France
 Egypt 18 June 1953 Egyptian revolution of 1952, Egyptian monarchy overthrown in a military coup, republic declared 28 February 1922 The UK ends its protectorate, granting independence to Egypt 1925 The eastern borders of Libya and British Egypt are changed to their present boundaries.
 Equatorial Guinea 12 October 1968 Independence from Spain
 Eritrea 27 April 1993 Independence from Ethiopia declared 1 April 2002 Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia
 Eswatini 8 February 2006 Constitution of Eswatini 6 September 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Ethiopia 21 August 1995 1995 Constitution of Ethiopia 900 Zagwe dynasty 1 April 2002 Badme ruled to be Eritrean by the Eritrea–Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War). Contested by Ethiopia
 Gabon 17 August 1960 Independence from France
 Gambia 18 February 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Ghana 6 March 1957 Independence from the United Kingdom 13 December 1956 Union of British Togoland with Gold Coast
 Guinea declaration 2 October 1958 Independence from France
 Guinea-Bissau 24 September 1973 Independence from Portugal declared
10 September 1974 Independence from Portugal recognized
 Ivory Coast 4 December 1958 Autonomous republic within French Community
7 August 1960 Independence from France
 Kenya 12 December 1963 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Lesotho 4 October 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom 12 March 1868 Area that is now Lesotho placed under British rule
 Liberia 26 July 1847 Independence from American Colonization Society 6 January 1986 Current constitution came into effect
 Libya 4 August 2014 House of Representatives takes power.[note 2] 24 December 1951 Independence from UN Trusteeship (British and French administration after Italian governance ends in 1947) 13 February 1984 Aouzou Strip awarded to Chad.
 Madagascar 14 October 1958 The Malagasy Republic was created as autonomous state within French Community
26 June 1960 France recognizes Madagascar's independence
 Malawi 6 July 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Mali 25 November 1958 French Sudan gains autonomy 8 April 1960 Senegal secedes from Mali Federation
22 September 1960 Independence from France
 Mauritania 28 November 1960 Independence from France 11 August 1979 Mauritania withdraws from Tiris al-Gharbiyya (part of Western Sahara)
 Mauritius 12 March 1968 Independence from the United Kingdom 1965 Separation of Chagos Archipelago
 Morocco 18 November 1956 Protectorate Abolished 788, AD Enthronement of Idris I in Volubilis 6 November 1975 Green March
 Mozambique 27 October 1994 Mozambique holds its first multiparty election since the Civil War 25 June 1975 Independence from Portugal
 Namibia 21 March 1990 Independence from South African rule 1 March 1997 Walvis Bay integrated into Namibia
 Niger 4 December 1958 Autonomy within French Community
3 August 1960 Independence from France
 Nigeria 1 October 1960 Independence from the United Kingdom 15 January 1970 Biafra re-integrated into Nigeria
1 June 1961 Northern Cameroons integrated in Nigeria
 Rwanda 1 July 1962 Independence from Belgium
 São Tomé and Príncipe 12 July 1975 Independence from Portugal
 Senegal 20 August 1960 Independence from France
 Seychelles 29 June 1976 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Sierra Leone 27 April 1961 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Somalia 20 August 2012 Federal Government of Somalia established.[note 3] 1 July 1960 Union of Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and State of Somaliland (formerly British Somaliland) 18 May 1991 (disputed) Somaliland declares independence, but is not recognized by any UN state.
 South Africa 31 May 1961 Republic declared 11 December 1931 Statute of Westminster, which establishes a status of legislative equality between the self-governing dominion of the Union of South Africa and the UK 21 March 1990 De facto: South West Africa declares independence, forming Namibia
4 February 1997 The post-Apartheid Constitution of South Africa comes into effect 31 May 1910 Creation of the autonomous Union of South Africa from the previously separate colonies of the Cape, Natal, Transvaal and Orange River 27 April 1994 De jure: Reincorporation of the nominally independent but unrecognised bantustans into post-apartheid South Africa
 South Sudan 9 July 2011 2011 South Sudanese independence referendum 9 July 2011 Separation of Southern Sudan from Sudan
 Sudan 15 April 2010 First democratic election since the Second Sudanese Civil War 1 January 1956 Independence from Egyptian and British joint rule 9 July 2011 South Sudan secedes from Sudan
 Tanzania 1 July 1991 Amendment to Constitution of Tanzania ends status as one-party state 9 December 1961 Independence of Tanganyika from the United Kingdom 26 April 1964 Merger of Zanzibar with Tanganyika to form Tanzania
 Togo 30 August 1958 Autonomy within French Union
27 April 1960 Independence from France
 Tunisia 25 July 2022 2022 Constitution of Tunisia 20 March 1956 Independence from France
 Uganda 1 March 1962 Self-government granted
9 October 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Zambia 24 October 1964 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Zimbabwe 22 December 1987 Robert Mugabe revises the Constitution of Zimbabwe to create an executive presidency.[note 4] 11 November 1965 Unilateral declaration of independence by Southern Rhodesia 1901 BSAC separates North-Eastern Rhodesia from Southern Rhodesia
18 April 1980 Recognized independence from the United Kingdom as Zimbabwe

Americas

Country Date of current form of government Birth of current form of government Date of acquisition of sovereignty Acquisition of sovereignty Date of territorial modification Most recent significant territorial modifi­cation
 Antigua and Barbuda 1 November 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Argentina 10 December 1983 The current Constitution of Argentina enters in force 25 May 1810 May Revolution installs first local government 18 October 1884 Conquest of the Desert
9 July 1816 Argentine Declaration of Independence from Spain.
 Bahamas 7 January 1964 Internal self-governance granted
10 July 1973 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Barbados 30 November 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Belize 1 January 1964 Self-governing colony 1859 Treaty establishes border between British Honduras and Guatemala
21 September 1981 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Bolivia 25 January 2009 Constitution of Bolivia 6 August 1825 Bolivian War of Independence from Spain. 11 November 1903 Treaty of Petrópolis with Brazil whereby Bolivia gained lands in Mato Grosso in exchange for the territory of Acre
21 July 1844 Independence recognized by Spain
 Brazil 5 October 1988 Constitution of Brazil established as the third Federative Republic 7 September 1822 Independence from the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves declared 11 November 1903 Signing of the Treaty of Petrópolis with Bolivia whereby Brazil was given the territory of Acre in exchange for lands in Mato Grosso
29 August 1825 Independence recognized by Portugal
15 November 1889 Proclamation of the Federal Republic
 Canada 1 July 1867 Granted nominal independence (Dominion status), establishing as a federation 11 December 1931 Statute of Westminster 1 April 1999 Nunavut Territory created as per native land claims act from two thirds of the area of Northwest Territories.
17 April 1982 Constitution Act, 1982 established
 Chile 17 August 1989 Amendment to the Constitution of Chile ends the military dictatorship 18 September 1810 First Government Junta 3 July 1929 Chile awarded Arica district in Treaty of Lima
12 February 1818 Chilean Declaration of Independence from Spain
25 April 1844 Independence recognized by Spain
 Colombia 4 July 1991 Colombian Constitution of 1991 established as a presidential republic. 20 July 1810 Colombia declares independence from Spain. 4 July 1991 The Sovereign territory was organized under the National Constituent Assembly.
17 December 1819 Colombia merged with Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador.
19 November 1831 Gran Colombia dissolved creating a pact with Panama as the Republic of New Granada.
22 May 1858 The Republic of New Granada was replaced to the Granadine Confederation under the 1858 constitution.
8 May 1863 The Granadine Confederation was replaced to the United States of Colombia under the constitutional change of 1864.
30 January 1881 Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain
8 August 1886 Establishment of the current sovereignty of Colombia as a republic.
 Costa Rica 7 November 1949 Constitution of Costa Rica 15 September 1821 Costa Rica declared independence from Spain 25 July 1824 Partido de Nicoya
15 November 1838 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
10 May 1850 Independence recognized by Spain
 Cuba 1 January 1959 Cuban Revolution 10 October 1898 Several wars were declared against Spain from 1868 to 1898, ending with the military support of USA to the Cuban Revolution.
10 December 1898 Spain loses the war against the United States and the military occupation of Cuba by the U.S. begins.
20 May 1902 United States military occupation ends[2]
 Dominica 3 November 1978 Constitution of Dominica 27 February 1967 Became an associated state of the United Kingdom
3 November 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Dominican Republic 28 November 1966 Civilian constitution of the Dominican Republic following the Dominican Civil War.[note 5] 27 February 1844 The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti 9 May 1936 Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border.
14 October 1874 Independence recognized by Spain
 Ecuador 28 September 2008 Constitution of Ecuador established. 10 August 1809 First declaration of Independence from Spain 26 February 1946 Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Peru
24 May 1822 Second declaration of independence from Spain of Gran Colombia, of which Ecuador is a part of
13 May 1830 Dissolution of Gran Colombia
16 February 1840 Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain
 El Salvador 16 December 1983 Constitution of El Salvador established as the third Unitary presidential republic 15 September 1821 El Salvador becomes independent from Spain, and 4 months later becomes province in First Mexican Empire
1 July 1823 El Salvador becomes a state of Federal Republic of Central America from the First Mexican Empire
2 February 1841 Dissolution of the Federal Republic of Central America, El Salvador becomes independent nation
18 February 1841 El Salvador was internationally recognized.
24 June 1865 Independence recognized by Spain
 Grenada 30 September 1978 Paul Scoon Takes power after the US Invasion Which Ousted the PRG 27 February 1967 Associated state of the United Kingdom
7 February 1974 Full independence from the United Kingdom
 Guatemala 31 May 1985 Constitution of Guatemala established 15 September 1821 Guatemala becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain
17 April 1839 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America declared
29 May 1863 Independence recognized by Spain
 Guyana 26 May 1966 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Haiti March 1987 Constitution of 1987 (superseded) 1 January 1804 The French colony Saint-Domingue gains independence as Haiti 27 February 1844 The Dominican Republic gains independence from Haiti
9 May 1936 Haiti and the Dominican Republic sign a treaty setting a definitive border.
 Honduras 11 January 1982 Constitution of Honduras. 15 September 1821 Honduras becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain 1 September 1972 Swan Islands returned to Honduras from United States occupation
26 October 1838 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
17 November 1894 Independence from Spain recognized
 Jamaica 6 August 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Mexico 7 February 1917 Constitution of Mexico 16 September 1810 Independence from Spain declared 30 December 1853 Gadsden Purchase
27 September 1821 Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
28 December 1836 Declaration of Independence recognized by Spain
 Nicaragua 9 January 1987 Constitution of Nicaragua established 15 September 1821 Nicaragua becomes state in Federal Republic of Central America, which declared independence from Spain
5 November 1838 Independence from Federal Republic of Central America
24 July 1850 Independence recognized by Spain
 Panama 11 October 1972 Constitution of Panama established 3 November 1903 Independence from Colombia 31 December 1999 Sovereignty of Panama Canal Zone transferred to Panama from the United States
10 May 1904 Independence from Spain recognized
 Paraguay 20 June 1992 Democratic Constitution of Paraguay 14 May 1811 Independence from Spain declared 1938 Paraguay awarded a large portion of the Gran Chaco as a result of the Chaco War
10 September 1880 Independence from Spain recognized
 Peru 31 December 1993 Constitution of Peru established 28 July 1821 Independence from Spain declared 26 February 1942 Rio Protocol ends border dispute with Ecuador
14 August 1879 Independence from Spain recognized
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 27 February 1967 Associated state of the United Kingdom 19 December 1980 Anguilla separated from Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla
19 September 1983 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Saint Lucia 27 February 1967 Associated statehood
22 February 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 27 October 1969 Associated statehood
27 October 1979 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Suriname 15 December 1954 Self-government granted
25 November 1975 Independence from Netherlands
 Trinidad and Tobago 31 August 1962 Independence from the United Kingdom
 United States 4 March 1789 United States Constitution enters into force, replacing the previous Articles of Confederation and creating a new system of government 4 July 1776 Declaration of Independance from Great Britain is adopted by the United States Congress 21 August 1959 United States Territory:
Territory of Hawaii joins the United States as the State of Hawaii
3 September 1783 Independence from Great Britain recognized 7 September 1981 Insular area:
The United States cedes Serrana Bank and Roncador Bank to the Republic of Colombia as a result of a treaty signed in 1972
 Uruguay 8 December 1996 1996 Uruguayan constitutional referendum 25 August 1825 Independence from Empire of Brazil declared, joined in union with United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (current Argentina).
27 August 1828 Treaty of Montevideo signed, recognizing Uruguay's independence by Brazil
19 July 1870 Independence recognized by Spain
 Venezuela 20 December 1999 New Constitution of Venezuela establishes the Bolivarian Fifth Republic 19 April 1810[3] Independence from Spain declared 3 October 1899 Tribunal of Arbitration awards most of Guayana Esequiba to British Guyana.
13 January 1830 Dissolution of Gran Colombia
30 March 1845 Independence recognized by Spain

Asia

Country Date of current form of government Birth of current form of government Date of acquisition of sovereignty Acquisition of sovereignty Date of territorial modification Most recent significant territorial modification
 Afghanistan 15 August 2021 Fall of Kabul reestablished the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. 1747 Durrani Empire
 Armenia 21 September 1991 2015 Armenian constitutional referendum creates a parliamentary republic 880 Evolving as a feudal kingdom in the ninth century, Armenia experienced a brief cultural, political and economic renewal under the Bagratuni dynasty. 5 December 1936 Establishment of the Armenian SSR
21 September 1991 Independence recognized by the Soviet Union
 Bahrain 14 February 2002 2002 Constutution of Bahrain 15 August 1971 End of treaties with the United Kingdom 1 July 1521 Portuguese conquest of current territory
 Bangladesh 4 November 1972 De jure: Constitution of Bangladesh 26 March 1971 Independence from Pakistan declared 31 July 2015 India and Bangladesh exchange enclaves
February 27, 1991 De facto: First general election since restoration of parliamentary democracy.
 Bhutan 24 March 2008 First elections to the National Assembly 1885 Ugyen Wangchuck ends period of civil war and unites Bhutan 11 November 1865 Treaty of Sinchula
 Brunei 29 September 1959 De jure: Constitution of Brunei 1 January 1984 Brunei regains its independence after an agreement with the British on 4 January 1979 18 August 1841 Kingdom of Sarawak founded
12 December 1962 De facto: Martial law declared during the Brunei Revolt, suspending democratic elections indefinitely.
 Cambodia 21 September 1993 Constitution of Cambodia 9 November 1953 France grants Cambodia independence
26 September 1989 Becomes free from Vietnamese occupation; it gets back its name instead of the People's Republic of Kampuchea
Republic of China (Taiwan)[Asia 1] 1 January 1912 A republic was formally established following the Xinhai Revolution, 1600 BC The Shang dynasty is the earliest dynasty of traditional Chinese history firmly supported by archaeological evidence 20 January 1955 Loss of Yijiangshan Islands, resulting in the current free area of the Republic of China
25 December 1947 The Republic of China adopted its constitution during the National Assembly on 25 December 1947, with further revisions and amendments since 1991
People's Republic of China 1 October 1949 Proclamation of the People's Republic of China in Beijing 6 October 2011 Tajikistan ceded 1158 square kilometers of land to China
4 December 1982 The People's Republic of China adopted its constitution during the 5th National People's Congress on 4 December 1982, with further revisions about every five years
 India 26 January 1950 De jure: Constitution of India 15 August 1947 Independence from the British Empire 31 July 2015 India and Bangladesh exchange exclaves
2500 BC Indus Valley Civilisation was the earliest settlement in India
 Iran 11 February 1979 Iranian Revolution ended the monarchy and establishes the Islamic Republic on 11 February 1979 2600 BC Founded by the Elamite 10 February 1828 Signing of the Treaty of Turkmenchay, whereby the territories that now constitute Armenia, Azerbaijan (the remaining part which hadn't been lost by the Treaty of Gulistan (1813)), and Iğdır are ceded to Russia
14 August 1971 Bahrain's independence from Iran
30 November 1971 Recapture of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs
3 December 1979 the new constitution was approved according to the results of the constitutional referendum of 2 and 3 December 1979
 Iraq 15 October 2005 Constitution of Iraq following the Iraq War[note 6] 762 The Abbasid Caliphate built the city of Baghdad along the Tigris in the 8th century as its capital, and the city became the leading metropolis of the Arab and Muslim world for five centuries 28 February 1991 Kuwait liberated.[note 6]
3 October 1932 Kingdom of Iraq
 Israel 14 May 1948 Democratic state of Israel. Reading of the Declaration of Independence of Israel 14 May 1948 Democratic state of Israel. Reading of the Declaration of Independence of Israel 14 December 1981 The Golan Heights Law annexes the Golan Heights, conquered from Syria in the Six-day war to Israel proper; they were administered as a militarily-occupied territory until that point.
12 September 2005 The Completion of Israel's unilateral disengagement from the Gaza Strip
 Japan 22 December 1885 On December 22, 1885, "Daijo-kan No. 69" were established, and the Cabinet system was established in place of the Daijo-kan system. 11 February 660 BC Traditional founding date of the imperial dynasty by Emperor Jimmu. 15 May 1972 Return of the Ryukyu Islands to Japan and abolition of the United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
 Jordan 1 January 1952 Constitution of Jordan 25 May 1946 End of the British Mandate for Palestine 26 October 1997 Signing of the Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace, whereby most of the disputed 400 square-kilometer area in the Arabah was handed back to Jordan
12 June 2011 The Cabinet of Jordan is made an elected body[4]
 North Korea 9 September 1948 Kim Il-sung declared Premier of North Korea, establishing the still-ruling Kim dynasty. Independence declared from the Soviet Union. 918 The Goryeo Dynasty unified the Korean states, the exonym Korea originated from the word Goryeo. 12 October 1962 Signing of the Sino–Korean Border Agreement with the People's Republic of China
25 December 1972 The Constitution of North Korea replaced Communism with Juche as North Korea's governing philosophy.[note 7]
 South Korea 15 August 1948 First Republic of Korea established, Independence declared from the United States 27 July 1953 Cease-fire in the Korean War creates the northern border along the Military Demarcation Line
29 October 1987 Current Sixth Republic of South Korea founded, ending military rule
 Kuwait 11 November 1962 Constitution of Kuwait 1752 Establishment of the Sheikhdom of Kuwait 18 December 1969 Formal division of Saudi-Kuwaiti neutral zone
 Kyrgyzstan 10 June 2010 Constitution of Kyrgyzstan introduces parliamentary system. 31 August 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union[5] 5 December 1936 Establishment of the Kirghiz SSR
 Laos 2 December 1975 Lao PDR formed 22 October 1953 Independence from France
 Lebanon 23 May 1926 Lebanese Republic formed 26 November 1941 Independence from France declared 1 September 1920 France establishes State of Greater Lebanon with current boundaries
22 November 1943 Independence from France recognized
 Malaysia 16 September 1963 Formation of Malaysia[6][7] 31 August 1957 Malayan Independence[8] from the United Kingdom was declared in Dataran Merdeka (Independence Square) 9 August 1965 Singapore expelled from the Federation of Malaysia[9][10][11]
16 September 1963 Malaysia was formed by the federation of North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore with the existing States of the Federation of Malaya.[6][12]
 Maldives 11 November 1968 Declaration of Republic 26 July 1965 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Mongolia 12 February 1992 Constitution of Mongolia declares the country a parliamentary democracy. 1206 Mongol Empire formed
29 December 1911 Proclamation of Mongolian independence from Manchu's Qing dynasty
 Myanmar 1 February 2021 The SAC with help from the Tatmadaw overthrows the elected government 4 January 1948 Myanmar (Burma) declares independence from the British Empire 1956 Signing of border treaty with the People's Republic of China
   Nepal 28 May 2008 Formation of Republic 25 September 1768 Nepali unification 2 December 1815 Sugauli Treaty ends the Gurkha War
 Oman 10 June 1749 Beginning of the Al Said dynasty, current absolute monarchical line of Oman. 26 January 1650 Expulsion of the Portuguese 8 December 1958 Gwadar sold to Pakistan
1996 Basic Law of Oman
 Pakistan 14 August 1973 Constitution of Pakistan 14 August 1947 Establishment from the Indian Empire after Independence from the British Empire and Partition of India
 Palestine[Asia 2] 4 May 1994 Agreement on the Gaza Strip and the Jericho Area 15 November 1988 Palestinian Declaration of Independence 15 June 2007 Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip
 Philippines[Asia 3] 2 February 1987 The current form of government was established in 1987, as a compromise between different versions of the previous constitutions and patterned after the 1935 Commonwealth constitution 12 June 1898 The evolving revolutionary movement in the Philippines declares itself independent from the Spanish Empire.[13][14][15] Spain regarded this as an expression of continued rebellion.[note 8] This difference in viewpoints was not resolved. 2012[16][17] In 2012, the United Nations approved a 2009 claim by the Philippines to the Benham Rise.[17]
10 December 1898 Spain, still sovereign,[note 9] cedes the Philippines to the United States via the Treaty of Paris (1898).[18]
4 July 1946 The United States recognizes Philippine independence under the provisions of the Treaty of Manila (1946). The 1935 Constitution remained in effect until 1973, when the Marcos regime promulgated a newer one, in turn replaced by the present 1987 Constitution.
 Qatar 8 September 1971 Influence from Britain concluded 18 December 1878 Independence from the Ottoman Empire 4 November 2021 Acquisition of the rest of Khawr al Udayd
 Saudi Arabia 23 September 1932 Regions of al-Hasa, Qatif, Nejd and Hejaz unified to become Saudi Arabia 13 January 1902 Establishment of the Third Saudi State 4 November 2021 Fixed border territory with Qatar
 Singapore 9 August 1965[9] Singapore ceased to be a state of Malaysia 3 June 1959 Self-government under the United Kingdom 9 August 1965 Establishment of Singapore as an independent sovereign state[11]
9 August 1965 separate from and independent of Malaysia[9][10]
 Sri Lanka 22 May 1972 Constitution of Sri Lanka 4 February 1948 Independence from United Kingdom 14 February 1815 De jure: The Kandyan Kingdom is annexed by British Ceylon
18 May 2009 De facto: The Sri Lankan government regains control of the whole island following the end of the Sri Lankan Civil War.
 Syria 27 February 2012 Constitution of Syria[note 10] 28 September 1961 End of the United Arab Republic 8 November 1941 De jure: Lebanon declares independence from the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon[note 10]
10 June 1967 De facto: Israel conquers the Golan Heights from Syria during the Six-day War
 Tajikistan 9 September 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union[5] 5 December 1929 Establishment of the Tajik SSR
 Thailand 6 April 2017 Constitution of the Kingdom of Thailand 2017 6 November 1767 Salvage Independence by King Taksin the Great consist of expulsion of Burmese out of former capital (Through Taksin's reunification of Siam on October-6 November 1767) and Establish a New kingdom together with reunification of Thailand 10 March 1909 Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909
 Timor-Leste 20 May 2002 Constitution of East Timor 20 May 2002 Independence was recognized by the international community following the UN-sponsored act of self-determination of 1999 1914 The borders of Portuguese Timor are agreed.[19]
 Turkmenistan 28 September 2008 Constitution of Turkmenistan 27 October 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union[5] 7 August 1921 Establishment of the Turkmen SSR
 United Arab Emirates 2 December 1971 End of treaty relationship with the United Kingdom 11 February 1972 Ras al-Khaimah joins the UAE
 Uzbekistan 31 August 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union declared[5] 24 October 1924 Establishment of the Uzbek SSR
 Vietnam 31 December 1959 North Vietnam declared a socialist republic 2 September 1945 Withdrawal of the Japanese after World War II 2 July 1976 Reunification of North Vietnam and South Vietnam as Socialist Republic of Vietnam
1 January 2014 Current Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
 Yemen 22 May 1990 Unification of North Yemen and South Yemen 1 November 1918 North Yemen independence from the Ottoman Empire 21 September 2014 Houthis seized control of the bulk of the former North Yemen territory and its capital Sana'a
30 November 1967 South Yemen independence from the United Kingdom 26 April 2020 Southern Transitional Council declares self-governance of Socotra and some areas controlled by the former PDR Yemen.
Table notes
  1. ↑ Taiwan: For some clarification and more detail including the sovereignty status of the Republic of China, see the following articles: Cross-Strait relations, One-China policy and Political status of Taiwan.
  2. ↑ Palestinian National Authority: For some clarification and more detail, see History of the State of Palestine.
  3. ↑ Philippines: For some clarification and more detail, see Timeline of Philippine Sovereignty and Sovereignty of the Philippines.

Europe

Country Date of current form of government Birth of current form of government Date of acquisition of sovereignty Acquisition of sovereignty Date of territorial modification Most recent significant territorial modification
 Albania 29 April 1991 Socialist People's Republic of Albania was replaced by the Republic of Albania. 1190 c. Principality of Arbër was established by archon Progon. 1945 Occupied Kosovo, west Macedonia and border region of Montenegro returned to Yugoslavia
28 November 1912 Declaration of independence from Ottoman Empire
28 November 1944 Albanian state re-established after Italian/German occupation
 Andorra 28 April 1993 Current Constitution of Andorra entered force 1278 Independence from Aragon 28 August 2001 The Andorra–France border is adjusted to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge
 Austria 12 November 1918 Declaration of the Republic of German-Austria 17 September 1156 Privilegium Minus: Sovereignty from Duchy of Bavaria as a Duchy of the Holy Roman Empire 14 December 1921 City of Sopron, and 8 other towns moved to Hungary after plebiscite
11 August 1804 Proclamation of the Austrian Empire
27 April 1945 Restoration of the Republic of Austria
 Belarus 28 November 1996 Constitutional amendment abolishes the Supreme Soviet and establishes the National Assembly 882 Formation of the Kievan Rus'
27 July 1990 Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic 1945 Western border with Poland: modification of the Curzon Line determined at the 1945 Yalta Conference
25 August 1991 Independence recognized by Soviet Union[5]
 Belgium 21 July 1831 King Leopold I of Belgium swears allegiance to the constitution making the country a constitutional monarchy 4 October 1830 Independence was proclaimed by the provisonial government 28 June 1919 Belgian proper:
Treaty of Versailles and annexation of the East Cantons
1 July 1962 Belgian colonial empire:
Ruanda-Urundi declares independence and split within two countries: Rwanda and Burundi.
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 3 March 1992 3 March 1992 Independence declared from the SFR Yugoslavia[note 11] 25 November 1943 Establishment of SR Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
 Bulgaria 10 November 1989 People's Republic of Bulgaria was replaced by the Republic of Bulgaria 681 on territories of the Eastern Roman Empire (Danubian) Bulgaria 28 October 1944 Under the 1944 Armistice with the Allies, Bulgaria renounces the 1941 annexation of Vardar Macedonia from Yugoslavia and Eastern Macedonia and Western Thrace from Greece. Formally confirmed on 10 February 1947 by Paris Peace Treaties.
1185 Second Bulgarian Empire formed
13 July 1878 Autonomy within Ottoman Empire recognized internationally by the Treaty of Berlin
22 September 1908 Independence from Ottoman Empire
 Croatia 8 October 1991 Independence from SFR Yugoslavia[note 11] 879 Duke Branimir was recognized as an independent ruler of the Duchy of Croatia by Pope John VIII.[20][21][22][23][24] 10 February 1947 Annexation of most of Istria to SR Croatia as a result of signing the 1947 Paris Peace Treaties
925 Formation of Kingdom of Croatia by King Tomislav
 Czech Republic 1 January 1993 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia, creating Czech Republic and Slovakia October 1918 Creation of Czechoslovakia
 Denmark 5 June 1953 Constitutional Act of Denmark 965 Harald Bluetooth unifies Denmark 15 June 1920 Denmark proper:
Sønderjylland was recovered from Germany.[note 12]
 Estonia 24 February 1918 Estonian Declaration of Independence, whereby a republic was declared[Europe 1] 20 August 1991 Independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation[note 13] 1 January 1945 De facto: Eastern coast of Narva river and most of Petseri County were transferred to Russian SFSR
 Finland 29 March 1809 Diet of Porvoo, birth of Finland as an autonomous state entity within Russian Empire 6 December 1917 Independence from Russian Empire declared 26 January 1956 Porkkala returned from Soviet control
3 January 1918 Independence from Russia recognized by the highest Soviet executive body, VTsIK
 France 4 October 1958 Establishment of the current semi-presidential system known as the Fifth Republic 481 then
843		 First creation with (Clovis), king of the Franks. Then creation of the Kingdom of France (West Francia), Treaty of Verdun 10 February 1947 Metropolitan France:
Annexation of Tende, La Brigue and other villages formerly in Italy.[note 14][note 15]
22 September 1792 French Republic founded. 30 July 1980 Overseas France:
The New Hebrides Condominium declares independence and becomes Vanuatu.
 Germany 23 May 1949 The Basic Law of Germany comes into effect. 843 then

962

 Creation of East Francia

East Francia becomes the Holy Roman Empire (with the Kingdom of Germany as a main part of the empire)

 3 October 1990 Reunification of West Germany and East Germany
1815 German Confederation founded
18 January 1871 German Empire founded
1954 German Democratic Republic (commonly referred to at the time as East Germany) declared fully sovereign
5 May 1955 Federal Republic of Germany (commonly referred to at the time as West Germany) declared fully sovereign
15 May 1991 Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany ends the Four Power occupation.
 Greece 11 June 1975 Third Hellenic Republic 25 March 1821 (Traditional)

23 February 1821 (Actual)

 Greek Revolution starts, various regional administrations established during 1821 10 February 1947 Peace treaty with Italy awards the Dodecanese to Greece
1 January 1822 Provisional Administration of Greece proclaimed
3 February 1830 Independence recognised by the London Protocol as Kingdom of Greece.
 Hungary 23 October 1989 People's Republic of Hungary was replaced by the Republic of Hungary. 895 Principality of Hungary formed 10 February 1947 With the Paris Peace Treaty, Hungary loses all territories that were regained with the First and Second Vienna Awards and during World War II, thus it returns to the 1937 borders (except for three villages in the northwest given to Czechoslovakia).
1 January 2012 The Basic Law of Hungary comes into effect. 1000 Formation of the Kingdom of Hungary by Stephen I of Hungary.
 Iceland 930 The Icelandic Commonwealth established and first meeting held of the Althingi (Parliament). 1 December 1918 Iceland becomes sovereign and independent from Denmark as the Kingdom of Iceland but retains a personal union with the King of Denmark. 1 September 1972 No territorial changes on land have taken place, however the expansion of the Exclusive Economic Zone was such an important change in territory for Iceland that it merits a special inclusion here.
1 July 1845 The Althingi resumes meeting after hiatus since 1799. 17 June 1944 Kingdom of Iceland becomes a Republic.
 Ireland 21 January 1919 Elected Irish Parliament Dáil Éireann unilaterally declares Ireland's independence from the United Kingdom 1542 Foundation of the Kingdom of Ireland
6 December 1922 Irish Free State secedes from United Kingdom by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty but remains a dominion of the British Empire 8 December 1922 De facto: Northern Ireland secedes from the Irish Free State and rejoins the United Kingdom in accordance with the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922
11 December 1931 Statute of Westminster confers legislative independence from the United Kingdom
29 December 1937 Constitution of Ireland establishes the roles of Taoiseach and President, and replaces the Irish Free State (or Saorstat Eireann in Irish language) with a new state named Ireland (or Éire in Irish language). 18 April 1949 Republic of Ireland Act 1948 terminates the functions of the British King in Ireland's diplomatic relations; domestic United Kingdom law purports that Ireland was one of the King's dominions until this date; Irish law does not accept this interpretation. 2 December 1999 De jure: Amendment to the Irish constitution removes irredentist claims to Northern Ireland.[note 16]
 Italy 2 June 1946 Italian Republic founded. 2 January 888 c. Sovereignty of the Kingdom of Italy, an independent successor state of the dissolved Carolingian Empire 1 January 1948 The Peace treaty with Italy officially determines the boundaries of the Republic of Italy. The Italian Constitution of 1948 implements it at articles 10 and 117.
17 March 1861 Italian unification
25 April 1945 Disestablishment of the German-backed Italian Social Republic, whereby the unity and independence of the Italian state was restored
 Latvia 7 November 1922 Constitution of Latvia enforced[Europe 1] 4 May 1990 Independence (from Soviet Union) reasserted[note 13] 1944 Abrene district ceded to Russian SFSR (modern Russia)
 Liechtenstein 16 March 2003 The 2003 Liechtenstein constitutional referendum increases the Prince's powers and makes the country an absolute monarchy[26] 19 October 1813 Dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine 23 January 1719 Purchase of Vaduz
 Lithuania 11 March 1990 Act of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania independence (from the Soviet Union) reasserted, end of occupation[note 13][Europe 1] 16 February 1918 Independence declared from Germany and Russia 27 October 1939 and
3 August 1940		 Western part (approximately half) of Vilnius Region ceded to Lithuania
 Luxembourg 23 November 1890 Separates from union with the Kingdom of the Netherlands, becomes Grand Duchy in its own right 1945 End of German occupation during World War II 19 April 1839 Partition of Luxembourg under the Treaty of London
 Malta 13 December 1974 The State of Malta became a republic 21 September 1964 Independence from United Kingdom 20 August 1801 Gozo rejoined Malta
 Moldova 27 August 1997 Constitution of Moldova (1997) 27 August 1991 Independence from Soviet Union[5] 2 August 1940 De jure: Moldavian SSR formed
2 September 1990 De facto: Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic declares independence. The government is not recognized by any UN member, but has de facto control over the Transnistria region.
 Monaco 17 December 1962 Amendment to Constitution of Monaco curtails the power of the prince and establishes the modern National Council 1297 François Grimaldi captures the fortress atop the Rock of Monaco. 1848 Secession of Menton and Roquebrune-Cap-Martin.
 Montenegro 22 October 2007 Constitution of Montenegro 3 June 2006 Declaration of independence from Serbia and Montenegro.
 Netherlands 24 August 1815 Adoption of the constitution of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. 26 July 1581 Plakkaat van Verlatinghe signed, independence from Spain 16 March 1839 European Netherlands:
The United Kingdom of the Netherlands divided under the Treaty of London (1839).
15 December 1954 Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands signed 5 May 1945 Surrender of Nazi forces occupying the Netherlands 25 November 1975 Kingdom of the Netherlands:
Suriname declares independence.
 North Macedonia
(until 2019 Republic of Macedonia)		 17 November 1991 Constitution of North Macedonia 8 September 1991 After a referendum, the Socialist Republic of Macedonia declared independence from Yugoslavia[note 11] 2 August 1944 Establishment of SR Macedonia
 Norway 1814 Constitution of Norway 872 King Harald I of Norway unifies the Petty kingdoms of Norway. 27 February 1930 Jan Mayen was made part of the Kingdom of Norway.
1814 Dissolution of the union between Norway and Denmark.
7 June 1905 Dissolution of the union between Norway and Sweden.
8 May 1945 German occupying forces surrender.
 Poland 4 June 1989 The first partially free Parliament's vote after 45-year-long Soviet domination 966 Adoption of Christianity by the first historically documented Polish ruler Mieszko I. 15 February 1951 Polish-Soviet border adjustment treaty
11 November 1918 Poland regains its independence.
 Portugal 2 April 1976 Constitution of Portugal 5 October 1143 Formation of Kingdom of Portugal by Treaty of Zamora signing. 6 June 1801 Continental Portugal:
Spain occupies the present day border town of Olivença since the War of the Oranges.
20 December 1999 Portuguese Overseas:
De facto: Portuguese Macau transferred to the People's Republic of China
20 May 2002 Portuguese Overseas:
De jure: Portuguese Timor, occupied by Indonesia since 1975, officially dissolved to form the independent state of East Timor.[note 17]
 Romania 22 December 1989 Romanian Revolution of 1989 24 January 1859 Autonomous Principality of Romania founded; becomes kingdom in 1866 and achieved independence 1878 Ottoman Empire 10 February 1947 Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
13 July 1878 International recognition by the Treaty of Berlin.
 San Marino 1600 Constitution of San Marino 3 September 301 Independence from Roman Empire 1463 Added Fiorentino, Montegiardino, Serravalle, and Faetano
 Serbia 27 April 1992 Independence from SFR Yugoslavia, forming the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.[note 11] 780 8th century-Creation of the Principality of Serbia in the Southeastern Europe. 17 February 2008 (disputed)[27] The region of Kosovo declared independence unilaterally on 17 February 2008, and is recognized by 97 UN states. Serbia recognizes the government of Kosovo but claims its territory as an Autonomous Province.
8 June 2006 Republic of Serbia declared legal successor to Serbia and Montenegro, ending the process of the dissolution of Yugoslavia. 13 July 1878 International recognition by the Treaty of Berlin.
 Slovakia 1 January 1993 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia October 1918 Creation of Czechoslovakia
 Slovenia 13 December 1991 Constitution of Slovenia 25 June 1991 Declaration of independence from Yugoslavia[note 11] 19 February 1945 Formation of SR Slovenia
 Spain 6 December 1978 Spanish Constitution 1479 Dinastical unification of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon by the Catholic Monarchs. The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other; alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in the other Crowns/States.[28] 26 February 1976 Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords.
1707~1716 De jure by the Nueva Planta decrees
1831 Dissolution of crowns and kingdoms and creation de jure, of the unified Kingdom of Spain.
 Sweden 1 January 1974 Instrument of Government 970 (Or prior) Eric the Victorious, the first king of Sweden about whom anything definite is known, becomes king. 29 March 1809 Loss of Finland to Imperial Russia.
6 June 1523 Gustav Vasa elected King of Sweden and marking a definite secession from the Kalmar Union.
  Switzerland 12 November 1848 Foundation of the federal state after Sonderbund war 1291 Traditional founding 1815 The cantons of Valais, Neuchâtel and Geneva join the Swiss Confederation.
7 August 1815 Restoration of the Ancien Régime (federalism), reverting the changes imposed by Napoleon Bonaparte.
 Ukraine 24 August 1991 Independence of former Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic from Soviet Union declared.[5] 882 Formation of the Kievan Rus' 30 September 2022 (disputed) Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts by Russia
22 January 1918 Ukraine declares independence as the Ukrainian People's Republic.
 United Kingdom 8 December 1922 The Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922, however Northern Ireland opted to exclude itself from the Irish Free State two days later creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 927 Kingdom of England 1603 The Kingdoms of Scotland, England and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots inherited the crowns of England and Ireland; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal and religious institutions.[29][30]
843 Kingdom of Scotland

(Devolved Parliament since 1999)

1057[31] then
1165[32]		 Kingdom of Wales then
Principality of Wales

(Annexed by England in 1542)
(Devolved Assembly since 1999)

1171 then
1542		 Lordship of Ireland then
Kingdom of Ireland
1 May 1707 Kingdom of Great Britain

(United the parliaments of Scotland and England)
1 January 1801 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland[33][34][35]

(United the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland)

 6 December 1922
then 8 December 1922		 Irish Free State secedes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922.
1 July 1997 British Overseas Territories:
Hong Kong was transferred to the People's Republic of China in 1997.[note 14]
 Vatican City 1274 Birth of current form of government the Papal conclave in 1274 7 June 1929 Ratification of the Lateran Treaty, making the Vatican City a sovereign state 11 February 1929 Signing of the Lateran Treaty
Table notes
  1. 1 2 3 The date of formation of the current states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania is subject to an international dispute. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania all maintain that they were illegally occupied by the Soviet Union, and that the current states are direct continuations of the pre-WWII states, which continued to exist through governments-in-exile. Russia maintains that the current three states are legally distinct entities newly created after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. All three states were admitted the UN as independent nations, not successor states of the USSR. For more information, see State continuity of the Baltic states.

Australia/Oceania

Country Date of current form of government Birth of current form of government Date of acquisition of sovereignty Acquisition of sovereignty Date of territorial modification Most recent significant territorial modification
 Australia 1 January 1901 Commonwealth of Australia established as federation. 1 January 1901 Independence from United Kingdom. 16 September 1975 Papua New Guinea becomes formally independent of Australia
11 December 1931 Statute of Westminster
3 March 1986 Australia Act 1986
 Fiji 10 October 1970 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Kiribati 12 July 1979 Independence from United Kingdom 1 October 1975 Separation of the Gilbert Islands (later Kiribati) and the Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu)
 Marshall Islands 1 May 1979 Constitution and local government established 21 October 1986 Compact of Free Association with the United States
 Federated States of Micronesia 10 May 1979 Constitution ratified 3 November 1986 Compact of Free Association with the United States 10 May 1979 Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae unite to form the Federated States of Micronesia
 Nauru 31 January 1968 Independence from UN Trusteeship (Australian, British and New Zealand administration ends)
 New Zealand 6 February 1840 Treaty of Waitangi where the British Crown established a right to govern from indigenous Māori tribes[36] 17 January 1853 Self-Government 1 June 1962 Samoa becomes fully independent from New Zealand. It is also the first small-island country in the Pacific to become independent.
18 April 1856 Responsible Government
26 September 1907 Granted nominal independence (Dominion status).
25 October 1926 Balfour Declaration of 1926 — Great Britain and the Dominions are "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another in any aspect of their domestic or external affairs"
27 July 1938 Governor-General ceases to represent the British Government and becomes the personal representative of the King.
25 November 1947 Statute of Westminster adopted — Britain loses the power to legislate for New Zealand except by request
10 December 1947 Full power to amend own constitution
1 December 1967 Governor-General becomes a New Zealand appointment
 Palau 1 January 1981 Republic of Palau created upon adoption of constitution 1 October 1994 Emerged from United Nations trusteeship (administered by the United States).
 Papua New Guinea 1 December 1973 Self-governing territory
16 September 1975 Independence from Australia
 Samoa 1 June 1962 Independence from New Zealand
 Solomon Islands 2 January 1976 Self-government granted by United Kingdom
7 July 1978 Independence from the United Kingdom
 Tonga 4 July 1970 Independence from United Kingdom 4 December 1845 Unification of what is now the islands of Tonga by George Tupou I of Tonga
 Tuvalu 1 October 1975 Separation of Gilbert Islands (later Kiribati) and Ellice Islands (later Tuvalu) 1 October 1978 Independence from United Kingdom 7 February 1979 Treaty with United States recognizing Tuvaluan control over Funafuti, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, and Niulakita atolls
 Vanuatu 30 July 1980 Independence from joint British-French condominium[37]

Transcontinental states

Country Date of current form of government Birth of current form of government Date of acquisition of sovereignty Acquisition of sovereignty Date of territorial modification Most recent significant territorial modification
 Azerbaijan 18 October 1991 Declaration of independence from the Soviet Union 28 May 1918 Establishment of the Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.[5] 28 April 1920 Establishment of the Azerbaijan SSR
 Colombia 4 August 1886 Creation of the Republic of Colombia 20 July 1810 Independence declared from Spain 3 November 1903 Separation of Panama from Colombia
7 August 1819 Independence recognized by Spain
1830 Dissolution of Gran Colombia
 Cyprus 16 August 1960 Constitution of Cyprus establishes consocial government. Consociationalism de facto suspended in 1963.[38][39][40] 16 August 1960 Independence from United Kingdom 23 July 1974 Establishment of the United Nations Buffer Zone in Cyprus
15 November 1983 (disputed) Northern Cyprus declares independence. The government has de facto control of the northern part of the island, but is only recognized by Turkey
 Egypt 18 June 1953 Egyptian revolution of 1952, Egyptian monarchy overthrown in a military coup, republic declared 28 February 1922 The UK ends its protectorate, granting independence to Egypt 1925 The eastern borders of Libya and British Egypt are changed to their present boundaries.
 France 22 September 1792 French Republic founded. 481 then
843		 First creation with (Clovis), king of the Franks. Then creation of the Kingdom of France (West Francia), Treaty of Verdun 10 February 1947 Metropolitan France:
Annexation of Tende, La Brigue and other villages formerly in Italy.[note 18][note 19]
4 October 1958 Establishment of the current semi-presidential system known as the Fifth Republic 30 July 1980 Overseas France:
The New Hebrides Condominium declares independence and becomes Vanuatu.
 Georgia 9 April 1991 Independence from the Soviet Union declared 1008 Establishment of the Kingdom of Georgia 23 July 1992 Abkhazia unilaterally declared independence
26 May 1918 Establishment of Democratic Republic of Georgia[5] 28 November 1991 South Ossetia unilaterally declared independence
 Indonesia 18 August 1945 Ratification of the Constitution of Indonesia by the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence 17 August 1945 Indonesian Declaration of Independence from Netherlands 20 May 2002 Independence of East Timor, formerly administered as a province of Indonesia
27 December 1949 Independence from the Netherlands recognized
 Kazakhstan 30 August 1995 Constitution of Kazakhstan 16 December 1991 Independence declared from the Soviet Union[5] 5 December 1936 Establishment of the Kazakh SSR
30 March 1993 (disputed) Baikonur Cosmodrome and surrounding areas leased to Russia.[note 20]
 Panama 3 November 1903 Separation of Panama from Colombia, independence from Spain 1 October 1979 Panama Canal Zone
 Russia 25 December 1993 1993 Russian constitutional referendum replaces the Supreme Soviet with the Federal Assembly and increases presidential power. 882 Formation of the Kievan Rus' 30 September 2022 (disputed) Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts by Russia
25 December 1991 After the USSR ceased to exist, the Russian Federation became an independent state and was recognized by the international community as the successor state of the USSR.
 Spain 6 December 1978 Spanish Constitution 1479 Dinastical unification of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon by the Catholic Monarchs. The governments, institutions, and legal traditions of each kingdom remained independent of each other; alien laws (Leyes de extranjeria) determined that the national of one kingdom was a foreigner in the other Crowns/States.[28] 26 February 1976 Spanish Sahara is lost following the Madrid Accords.
1707~1716 De jure by the Nueva Planta decrees
1831 Dissolution of crowns and kingdoms and creation de jure, of the unified Kingdom of Spain.
 Turkey 24 June 2018 2017 Turkish constitutional referendum comes into effect; Turkey transitions from a parliamentary republic to a presidential republic. 1299 Formation of the Ottoman Empire 29 June 1939 Turkey annexes the once Syrian province of Hatay.
29 October 1923 The provincial government, formed in 1920, declares the foundation of the Republic of Turkey, as the legal successor state to the Ottoman Empire.
 United Kingdom 8 December 1922 The Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922, however Northern Ireland opted to exclude itself from the Irish Free State two days later creating the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. 927 Kingdom of England 1603 The Kingdoms of Scotland, England and Ireland were united in a personal union when James VI, King of Scots inherited the crowns of England and Ireland; each country nevertheless remained a separate political entity and retained its separate political, legal and religious institutions.[29][30]
843 Kingdom of Scotland

(Devolved Parliament since 1999)

1057[31] then
1165[32]		 Kingdom of Wales then
Principality of Wales

(Annexed by England in 1542)
(Devolved Assembly since 1999)

1171 then
1542		 Lordship of Ireland then
Kingdom of Ireland
1 May 1707 Kingdom of Great Britain

(United the parliaments of Scotland and England)

 6 December 1922
then 8 December 1922		 Irish Free State secedes from the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by agreement in accordance with the terms of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the Irish Free State Constitution Act 1922.
1 January 1801 United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland[33][34][35]

(United the parliaments of Great Britain and Ireland)

1 July 1997 British Overseas Territories:
Hong Kong was transferred to the People's Republic of China in 1997.[note 14]

Sortable list

In this list, "date of last subordination" refers to the last date of control by an external government. The list shows large groupings associated with the dates of independence from decolonization (e.g. 41 current states gained control of sovereignty from the United Kingdom and France between 1956 and 1966) or dissolution of a political union (e.g. 18 current states gained control of sovereignty from the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia between 1990 and 1992). In other cases, a sovereign state submitted to foreign military occupation or political subjugation for a period of time and later regained its independence (e.g. 6 current states gained control of sovereignty from Nazi Germany between 1944 and 1945).

Dates refer to de facto rule or occupation of the major territory, whether or not legitimized by international recognition.

In a union such as Czechoslovakia, the Soviet Union, or the Kalmar Union, one of the constituents can be considered the dominant power – generally where the seat of government was located. The United Kingdom is a particularly complicated case. If England is viewed as the dominant member, then history can be traced from Roman conquest, Saxon invasions, 10th-century unification, and the 1066 Norman Conquest before the union of England and Scotland in 1707. However, if viewed from a Scottish perspective, an unbroken history of sovereignty can be traced from unification in 843 through the 1707 union with England (with a brief annexation by England from 1657 to 1660). Some Scots view the 1707 union as a ceding of sovereignty to England.[42]

There are cases where a state is completely extinguished or abolished without having any successor states. Cases like this occur when, for example, one state is annexed or conquered by another and ceases to exist even in nominal form (ie not even a "government in exile" is established). The most recent case in human history is the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), which was completely abolished after the German reunification. Modern Germany is a continuation of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), it is not a successor state.

The Holy Roman Empire is not considered a state by modern historians, but a political entity bringing together several sovereign states in a confederation.

The concept of sovereign state should not be confused with that of nation (for example there are even stateless nations). This list has the date of creation of current sovereign states but not of nations. The historiography of some nations, such as the Bulgarians, even separates the different states founded by these nations (for example First, Second and Third Bulgarian State)

Country Continent Acquisition
of sovereignty		 Date of last
subordination		 Previous governing power Historical Notes
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Afghanistan Asia July 1747 (Durrani Empire) 1796 Afsharid Empire 2021–present: Afghanistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (de facto)

2004–2021: Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (de jure; internationally recognized Government)

2002–2004: Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan

1996–2001: Afghanistan Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan
1992–2002: Islamic State of Afghanistan Islamic State of Afghanistan (controlled only a small part of the country from 1996 to 2001, but still recognized by the UN and most of the world's countries as the legitimate government of Afghanistan)

1987–1992: Afghanistan Republic of Afghanistan
1978–1987: Democratic Republic of Afghanistan Democratic Republic of Afghanistan
1973–1978: Republic of Afghanistan (1973–1978) Republic of Afghanistan
1926–1973: Kingdom of Afghanistan Kingdom of Afghanistan
1823–1926: Emirate of Afghanistan Emirate of Afghanistan (protectorate of the United Kingdom 1879–1919)
1747–1823: Durrani Empire (also called Sadozai Kingdom)
1738–1796: Part of the Afsharid Empire
1709–1738: Hotak Emirate
1506–1709: Part of the Khanate of Bukhara
1405–1506: Center of the Timurid Empire Timurid Empire
1369–1405: Part of the Timurid Empire Timurid Empire
1231–1369: Part of the Mongol Empire
1163–1231: Part of the Khwarazmian Kingdom
1003–1163: Ghaznavid Sultanate
873–1003: Saffarid Emirate
821–873: Part of Tahirid Emirate
750–821: Part of Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate
500–661: Part of Sasanian Empire Sasanian Empire
320–500 AD: Kidarite Kingdom
30–320 AD: Kushan Empire
150 BC–30 AD: Part of Indo-Parthian Kingdom and the Indo-Scythians
256–150 BC: Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
549–256 BC: Part of Macedonian Empire
549–330 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire Achaemenid Empire
678–549 BC: Part of Median Kingdom/Empire
Since 48,000 BC humans have been known to be living in the region, starting as Part of Indus Valley civilisation and Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex

 Albania Europe 28 Nov 1912 Nov 1944[43] Germany 1992–present: Republic of Albania

1946–92: People's Socialist Republic of Albania

1944–46: Democratic Government of Albania

1943–44: Albania Albanian Kingdom, independent country militarly occupied by Nazi Germany Germany

1939–43: Albania Kingdom of Albania, a monarchy in personal union with Kingdom of Italy Italy as the
1928–39: Albanian Kingdom
1925–1928: Albanian Republic
1914–1925: Principality of Albania (via Albanian Declaration of Independence)
1912–1914: Albania Independent Albania
1479–1912: Part of  Ottoman Empire as Sanjak of Scutari
1444–1479: League of Lezhë (military alliance of Albanian feudal lords)
1190–1444: Various Albanian principalities (including the Principality of Albania)
1255–1368: Kingdom of Albania, Dependency of the Angevin Kingdom of Sicily/Naples
1190–1255: Principality of Arbanon, oldest of the Albanian principalities, also autonomous principality of the  Byzantine Empire and later of the Despotate of Epirus
324–1190: Part of the  Byzantine Empire as the province of Macedonia
148 BC-324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as the province of Macedonia
Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled in the Kryegjata Valley, near the antique site of Apollonia,[44] including Illyria.

 Algeria Africa 3 July 1962[45] 3 July 1962[46]  France 1962–present: Algeria People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (via Évian Accords)
1830–1962: Part of French Colonial Empire (as an integral territory)

1659–1830: De facto Independence of Regency of Algiers
1519–1659: Part of the  Ottoman Empire (as the Regency of Algiers)
1516-1519: Sultanate of Algiers 1235–1554: Kingdom of Tlemcen
1121–1269: Part of the Almohad Caliphate
1014–1152: Hammadid Sultanate
973–1014: Center of the Zirid Emirate
909–973: Fatimid Caliphate Fatimid Caliphate
800–909: Part of the Aghlabid Emirate
778–909: Rustamid Imamate
750–778: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
590–698: Part of the Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire (as the Exarchate of Africa)
484–703: Kingdom of the Aurès
439–534: Part of the Vandal Kingdom
435–439: Center of the Vandal Kingdom
395–435: Part of the Western Roman Empire as province
40 BC–395 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as province
202 BC – 40 BC: Kingdom of Numidia
814–202 BC: Part of the Carthaginian Empire
2500–539 BC: Part of Phoenicia
10,000–2500 BC: Inhabited by Caspians
20,000–10,000 BC: Inhabited by Iberomaurusians
80,000–20,000 BC: Inhabited by Aterians
Since 1.8 Million BC, humans have been settled in Algeria as demonstrated by the discovery of Oldowan stone tools found at Ain Hanech in 1992.[47]

 Andorra Europe 7 Sep 1278[48][49] Nov 1944[50] France 1278–present: Principality of Andorra (via Paréage of Andorra; occupied by France 1812–13, 1870, 1914, 1936, 1939, 1944)

987–1278: Part of France
843–987: Part of West Francia
481–843: Part of Francia
395–481: Part of the Western Roman Empire
27 BCE-481: Part of the Roman Empire
197 BCE – 27 BCE: Part of the Roman Republic

 Angola Africa 11 Nov 1975[51] 11 Nov 1975  Portugal 1992–present: Republic of Angola
1975–1992: People's Republic of Angola (via the Alvor Agreement)
1972–1975: State of Angola (part of the Portuguese Empire)
1951–1972: Overseas Province of Angola (part of the Portuguese Empire)
1575–1951: State of West Africa (part of the Portuguese Empire)
The territory of Angola has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups, tribes and kingdoms (like the kingdoms of Kongo, Ndongo and Matamba).
 Antigua and Barbuda The Americas 1 Nov 1981[52] 1 Nov 1981  United Kingdom 1981–present:  Antigua and Barbuda

1632–1981: Part of the  British Empire as its West Indies (interrupted by  France in 1666)
Since 3100 BC, humans have been settled starting with the indigenous peoples of the Americas.

 Argentina The Americas 25 May 1810 9 July 1816[53] Spain 1861–present: Argentina Argentine Republic (a Federal state; originally the federation had 14 federated states [ Provinces of Argentina ], after the Conquest of the Desert, federal territories was established in Patagonia, the last territory, Tierra del Fuego, became the Province of Tierra del Fuego, Antarctica and South Atlantic Islands and joined the federation in 1990. Currently Argentina has 23 provinces)

1831–1861:  Argentine Confederation
1816–1830: United Provinces of South America (On 9 July 1816, the Congress of Tucumán issued the formal Declaration of Independence, the country became a republic)
1810–1816: United Provinces of South America (via the 1810 May Revolution; nominally a monarchic state in personal union with Spain, recognizing Ferdinand VII as king)
1776–1810: Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1528–1542: Governorate of New Andalusia, part of the Spanish Empire
11,000 BC-1528 AD: Inhabited by Native Argentines, including the Inca Empire, Chonan peoples and Guaycuru peoples.

 Armenia Asia/Europe 28 May 1918 23 Sep 1991[54] Soviet Union 1991–present: Armenia Republic of Armenia

1920–1991:  Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the  Soviet Union
1918–1920: Armenia First Republic of Armenia
April–May 1918: Part of the Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
November 1917 – April 1918: Part of the Russian Empire Russian Republic as Transcaucasian Commissariat
1829–1917: Part of the  Russian Empire as Caucasus Viceroyalty
1502–1829: Part of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
1468–1502: Part of the Timurid Empire
1374–1468: Part of the Kara Koyunlu
1335–1374: Part of the Jalairid Sultanate
1236–1335: Part of the Mongol Empire as its territory
1201–1360: Zakarid Principality of Armenia
1071–1194: Part of the Seljuk Empire
987–1170: Kingdom of Syunik
883–1045:Bragatid Kingdom of Armenia
654–884: Arminiya, Province (largely autonomous vassal principalities) of the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates
428–654: Divided between the  Byzantine Empire on the west, and the east by the  Sasanian Empire.
321 BCE–AD 428: Kingdom of Armenia
549 BCE–331 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire
860 BCE–590 BC: Kingdom of Ararat
1114 BCE–860 BC: Nairi Confederation
1300 BCE–1190 BC: Kingdom of Arme-Shupria
1500 BCE–1290 BC: Hayasa-Azzi Confederation
2492 BCE: Traditional foundation
Since 6000 BC humans have been settled starting with the Shulaveri-Shomu and Kura–Araxes eras.

 Australia Australia 9 Oct 1942 [note 21] 9 Oct 1942 United Kingdom 1942–present: Australia Commonwealth of Australia, a Federal state, (consisted of six states, three internal territories, and seven external territories, via Constitution of Australia[55]) and a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom

1901–1942: Australia Commonwealth of Australia, a federation with a Dominion status within the British Empire)
1788–1901: Part of the  British Empire
Possibly 70,000 BC – 1788 AD: Inhabited by Indigenous Australians

 Austria Europe 1156 27 Apr 1945[note 22] World War II Allies (Allied-occupied Austria) 1955–present: Republic of Austria, a Federal state (via Austrian State Treaty)
1945–55: Allied-occupied Austria
1938–45: Annexed by Nazi Germany
1934–38: Federal State of Austria (client state of Italy)
1919–34: First Republic of Austria (via Treaty of Saint Germain)
1918–19: Republic of German-Austria (via Proclamation of Charles I)
1867–1918: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, a dual monarchy with Hungary (via Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867)
1866: Austrian Empire
1815–1866: Austrian Empire (In union with other 38 states in the German Confederation)
1806–1815: Austrian Empire
1804–1806: Austrian Empire (State of the Holy Roman Empire)
1457–1804: Archduchy of Austria (State of the Holy Roman Empire)
1156–1457: Duchy of Austria (state of the Holy Roman Empire)
 Azerbaijan Asia/Europe 28 May 1918 30 Aug 1991 Soviet Union 1991–present: Republic of Azerbaijan (independence from Soviet Union declared 1991

1920–1991: Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the  Soviet Union
1918–1920: Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
1824–1918: Part of Russian Empire
1796–1824: Part of Qajar Empire
1747–1796: Part of Afsharid Empire
(1760–1794): Part of Zand Empire
1736–1747: Part of Afsharid Empire
(1722–1729): Part of Hotaki Emirate
1501–1736: Part of Safavid Empire
1468–1508: Part of Agh Qoyunlu
1405–1507: Part of Timurid Empire
1406–1468: Part of Qara Qoyunlu
1370–1405: Part of Timurid Empire
1337–1376: Part of Sarbadars
1336–1432: Part of Jalayirid Sultanate
1335–1393: Part of Muzaffarid dynasty
1335–1357: Part of Chobanid dynasty
1256–1335: Part of Ilkhanate
1077–1231: Part of Khwarazmian Kingdom
1037–1194: Part of Great Seljuq Empire
963–1186: Part of Ghaznavid Sultanate
875–999: Part of Samanid Emirate
936–1055: Part of Buyid Empire
934–936: Part of Buyid Emirate
867–1002: Part of Saffarid Emirate
928–1043: Part of Ziyarid Kingdom
750–1258: Part of Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate
(642–759/760): Part of Dabuyid dynasty
224–651: Part of Sassanid Empire
247 BC – 224 AD: Part of Parthian Empire
312–63 BC: Part of Seleucid Empire
550–330 BC: Part of Achaemenid Empire
(652–625 BC): Part of Scythian Kingdom
678–550 BC: Part of Median Empire
850–616 BC: Inhabited by Mannaeans
2700–539 BC: Inhabited by Elamites
3200–2700 BC: Inhabited by Proto-Elamites

 Bahamas The Americas 10 July 1973[56] 10 July 1973  United Kingdom 1973–present: Commonwealth of the Bahamas, a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom (Self-government gained from the United Kingdom in 1964; independence gained on 10 July 1973)
1718–1973: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies
1492–1718: Part of the Spanish Empire
500 to 800–1492: Inhabited by the Lucayans (a Taino people)
 Bahrain Asia 16 Dec 1971 16 Dec 1971  United Kingdom 1971–present: Kingdom of Bahrain

1861–1971: Protectorate of the British Empire by way of the Perpetual Truce of Peace and Friendship
1783–1861: In union with other states in the Bani Utbah Confederation
1717–1783: Ruled by Oman after a successful invasion
1602–1717: Part of Persia under the Safavid dynasty
1521–1602: Part of the Portuguese Empire
Mid-1400s–1521: Ruled by the Jabrid dynasty
1253-mid–1400s: Ruled by the Usfurid dynasty
1076–1235: Ruled by the Uyunid Emirate
976–1076: Ruled as part of the Abbasid Caliphate
899–976: Ruled by the Qarmatian Republic
3rd century AD – 899: Ruled by the Sassanids of Persia
130 BC – 3rd century BC: Ruled by the Parthians
6th century BC – 3rd century BC: Part of the Persian Empire under the Achaemenids
4th millennium BC – 6th century BC: Dilmun civilization

 Bangladesh Asia 16 Dec 1971 16 Dec 1971  Pakistan 1972–present: Bangladesh People's Republic of Bangladesh

1971–1972: Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh
1955–1971: East Pakistan (Part of Pakistan)
1947–1955: East Bengal (Part of Pakistan)
1858–1947: Part of the  British Empire as Bengal Province, within British Raj India
1757–1858: Part of the  British Empire as Bengal Presidency, of the East India Company East India Company
1717–1880: Ruled by the Nawabs, nominally subordinate to the Mughal Empire until 1757, and to the British Empire after 1757 (Lost ruling power after the Battle of Plassey in 1757)
1576–1757: Part of the Mughal Empire as Bengal Subah
1352–1576: Bengal Sultanate
1235–1352: Part of the Delhi Sultanate
1204–1297: Deva dynasty
c.1070–1204: Sena Kingdom
c. 750–c. 1070: Pala Empire
c. 650–c. 750: Bengal was divided between various kingdoms, like Vanga and Samatata (Both ruled by the Khadga dynasty)
590–626: Gauda Kingdom
350–655: Part of Kamarupa under the Varman dynasty
358–590: Part of the Gupta Empire
26 BC – 358 AD: Bengal was divided between various kingdoms.
73 BC – 26 BC: Part of the Kanva Kingdom
185 BC–73 BC: Part of the Shunga Empire
232 BC – 800 AD: Part of Samatata
319–185 BC: Part of the Maurya Empire
340–319 BC: Part of the Kingdom of Magadha
600–340 BC: Ancient Bengal was divided between various kingdoms.
700–200 BC: Inhabited by the Pundravardhana culture
Since 100,000 BC humans have been settled on Bangladesh, although the prehistoric evidences are weak.[57]

 Barbados The Americas 30 Nov 1966 30 Nov 1966  United Kingdom 1966–present: Barbados

1625–1966: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies
Claimed by Spain and Portugal in the 16th century.
c. 1200–c.1500 AD: Inhabited by the Kalinago
c. 800–c. 1200 AD: Inhabited by the Saladoids
Archeological evidence suggests humans may have first settled or visited the island circa 1600 BC.

 Belarus Europe 25 Aug 1991[note 23] 25 Aug 1991 Soviet Union 1990–present: Republic of Belarus

1943–1990: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic, a federated state of the Soviet Union (USSR)
1941–1943: Occupation by Nazi Germany
1922–1941: Byelorussian SSR, a federated state of the Soviet Union (USSR)
1920–1922: Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1919–1919: Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
1918–1919: Belarusian People's Republic
1917–1918: Part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1795–1917: Part of the Russian Empire
1569–1795: Part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1397–1569: Part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1307–1397: Principality of Polotsk, part of Grand Duchy of Lithuania
987–1307: Principality of Polotsk (independent principality)
Before 987: In the 9th century the territory of modern Belarus became part of Kievan Rus', a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples, ruled by the Rurikid dynasty
The region that is now Belarus was first settled by Baltic tribes in the 3rd century. Around the 5th century, the area was taken over by Slavic tribes.

 Belgium Europe 4 Oct 1830 1945 Germany 1830–present: Kingdom of Belgium (a Federal state, consisted of three regions and three communities)
1813–1830: Part of the Netherlands
1795–1813: Ruled by France
1713–1795: Austrian Netherlands (collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, held by the Habsburg monarchy)
1581–1714: Spanish Netherlands (collective name of States of the Holy Roman Empire in the Low Countries, held in personal union by the Spanish Crown)
 Belize The Americas 21 Sep 1981[58] 21 Sep 1981  United Kingdom 1981–present: Belize

1716–1973: Part of the British Empire

 Benin Africa 1 Aug 1960 1 Aug 1960  France 1990–present: Republic of Benin
1975–1990: People's Republic of Benin

1958–1975: Republic of Dahomey (French self-governing colony)
1904–1958: French Dahomey (as part of French West Africa)
1894–1904: Kingdom of Dahomey (French Protectorate)
c.1600–1894: Kingdom of Dahomey (African kingdom)

 Bhutan Asia 1634 1634 (none) 1910–1947: protectorate of the  British Empire

Autonomous since at least the 10th century.[59] Unified 1634, after the Battle of Five Lamas. Early history is sketchy, but may have been part of Kamarupa kingdom, and may have been occupied by Tibetan-Mongol forces ca. 10th century.[60]

 Bolivia The Americas 6 Aug 1825 6 Aug 1825 Spain 2009–present: Plurinational State of Bolivia

1839–2009: Republic of Bolivia
1836–1839: In union with North Peru and South Peru in the Peru–Bolivian Confederation
1825–1839: Republic of Bolivia (The name of the country is a tribute to Simon Bolivar (considered as the country's first president), who always referred to the country as Upper Peru. There were doubts if the region should be an independent nation or join Argentina or Peru. After Antonio José de Sucre was elected as the second president, he convened the Constituent Assembly in Chuquisaca to determine the future of the region. Almost all delegates wanted that Bolivia became an independent country and rejected any annexation to Argentina (former Río de la Plata) or Peru).
1821–1825: Center of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire)
1810–1821: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire)
1776–1810: Part of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire)
1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Spanish Empire)
1528–1542: Governorate of New Toledo(governorate of the Crown of Castille)
1471–1542: Part of the Inca Empire
1000–1500: Mollo culture
550–c.1000: Tiwanaku state
The region now known as Bolivia had been occupied for over 2,500 years when the Native Bolivians, including Aymara, arrived.

 Bosnia and Herzegovina Europe 3 Mar 1992 3 Mar 1992 Yugoslavia 1997–present: Bosnia and Herzegovina (a Federal state)

1992–1997: Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1945–1992: Federated state of Yugoslavia
1941–1945 Part of Independent State of Croatia (Nazi Germany invasion)
1918–1941: Part of Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1878–1918: Part of Austria-Hungary Empire
1463–1878: Part of Ottoman Empire
1377–1463: Kingdom of Bosnia
1154–1377: Banate of Bosnia (subject to Kingdom of Hungary)

 Botswana Africa 30 Sep 1966[61] 30 Sep 1966  United Kingdom 1966–present : Republic of Botswana

1885–1966: Part of the British Empire as Bechuanaland Protectorate
600 AD: Bantu-speaking peoples first moved into the country from the north
The territory of Botswana has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era. The original inhabitants of southern Africa were the San and Khoi peoples.

 Brazil The Americas 7 Sep 1822[62] 29 Aug 1825 (Treaty of Rio de Janeiro) United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves 1985–Present: Brazil Federative Republic of Brazil (Sixth Brazilian Republic) (a federal state, the federation have 26 federated states and 1 federal district)

1964–1985: Brazil Brazilian Military Dictatorship (Fifth Brazilian Republic) (a federal state, the federation had 22 federated states, 1 federal district and 4 federal territories)
1946–1964: Brazil United States of Brazil (Fourth Brazilian Republic) (a federal state, the federation had 22 federated states, 1 federal district and, 4 federal territories)
1930–1946: Brazil Brazilian Vargas Era (Second and Third Brazilian Republics) (a federal state, the federation had 20 federated states, 1 federal district and 7 federal territories)
1889–1930: Brazil Republic of the United States of Brazil (First Brazilian Republic) (a federal state, the federation had 20 federated states, 1 federal district and, from 1903, 1 federal territory)
1822–1889:  Empire of Brazil (a unitary state)
1815–1822: Brazil, elevated to kingdom so that it was legally possible to achieve a political union with the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves to create the Portuguese Empire United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves (Portuguese Empire)
1772–1775: State of Maranhão and Piauí, part of the Portuguese Empire
1772–1775: State of Grão-Pará and Rio Negro, part of the Portuguese Empire
1751–1772: State of Grão-Pará and Maranhão, part of the Portuguese Empire
1621–1751: State of Maranhão, part of the Portuguese Empire
1621–1815: State of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire
1613–1621: Governorate General of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire
1607–1613: Divided in Governorate General of Bahia and Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro, part of the Portuguese Empire
1578–1607: Governorate General of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire
1572–1578: Divided in Governorate General of Bahia and Governorate General of Rio de Janeiro, part of the Portuguese Empire
1549–1572: Governorate General of Brazil, part of the Portuguese Empire
1534–1549: Captaincy Colonies of Brazil, private and autonomous colonies of the Portuguese Empire
9000 BC – 1500 AD: Inhabited by Native Brazilians, including Tupi people, Gê peoples, Kalina people and Arawaks.

 Brunei Asia 1 Jan 1984 1 Jan 1984  United Kingdom 1984–present: Nation of Brunei, the Abode of Peace

1945–1984: Part of the British Empire
1942–1945: Occupied by Japan
1888–1942: Part of the British Empire
1368–1888: Sultanate of Brunei
1294–1368: Part of the Majapahit Kingdom
1276–1294: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari
c. 1000 AD – 1276 AD: Part of the Kingdom of Srivijaya

 Bulgaria Europe 5 Oct 1908[63] 5 Oct 1908 Ottoman Empire
 Soviet Union		 1990–present: Bulgaria Republic of Bulgaria

1946–1990: Bulgaria People's Republic of Bulgaria
1908–1946: Kingdom of Bulgaria Tsardom of Bulgaria (reunified with Eastern Rumelia where was a part of the  Ottoman Empire)
1878–1908: Bulgaria Principality of Bulgaria
1396–1878: Part of the  Ottoman Empire
1185–1396: Second Bulgarian Empire
1018–1185: Part of the  Byzantine Empire
681–1018: First Bulgarian Empire
632–668: Old Great Bulgaria
324–681: Part of the  Byzantine Empire as the province of Thracia
46–324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as the province of Thracia
480 BC–46 AD: Odrysian kingdom
Since c.1.4 million BC humans have been settled starting with Lower Paleolithic.[64]

 Burkina Faso Africa 5 Aug 1960[65] 5 Aug 1960  France 1984–present: Burkina Faso

1960–1984:Republic of Upper Volta (independent)
1958–1960: Republic of Upper Volta, self-governing colony within the French Empire
1896–1958: Part of the French West Africa, federation of colonies of the French Empire
11th century – 1896: Burkina Faso is divided in several Mossi Kingdoms

 Burundi Africa 1 July 1962 1 July 1962  Belgium 1966–present: Republic of Burundi

1962–1966: Kingdom of Burundi (independent)
1890–1962: Kingdom of Burundi, subnational monarchy and part of Ruanda-Urundi (Part of the Belgian Empire)
1890–1919: Kingdom of Burundi, subnational monarchy and part of German East Africa (Part of the German Empire)
c.1680–1890: Kingdom of Burundi

 Cambodia Asia 9 Nov 1953 9 Nov 1953[66]  France 1993–present: Kingdom of Cambodia

1992–1993: United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia
1989–1992: State of Cambodia
1979–1989: People's Republic of Kampuchea
1975–1979: Democratic Kampuchea
1970–1975: Khmer Republic
1954–1970: Kingdom of Cambodia
1945–1953:French protectorate of Cambodia
1945: Japanese occupation of Cambodia
1863–1945: French protectorate of Cambodia, a French protectorate within French Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French Empire.
1431–1863: Kingdom of Cambodia
802–1431: Khmer Empire founded 802 according to Sdok Kok Thom Inscription
706/717–802: Separation in Land Chenla and Water Chenla
550 – c.706/717: Kingdom of Chenla
c.50/68 AD–550 AD: Kingdom of Funan

 Cameroon Africa 1 Jan 1960 1 Oct 1961  United Kingdom Republic of Cameroon

French Cameroons gained independence in 1960; added British Southern Cameroons in 1961.
1922–1961: British Cameroon, part of the British Empire
1918–1960: French Cameroon, part of the French Empire
1884–1916: German Cameroon, part of the German Empire
The territory of Cameroon has been inhabited since the Neolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups, tribes, fondoms and kingdoms (such as the kingdoms of Kotoko, Mandara and Bamum).

 Canada The Americas 11 Dec 1931 [note 24] 11 Dec 1931 United Kingdom

1760–1783: British America (After the Seven Years' War, the British conquers all French territories in the future modern territory of Canada)

 Cape Verde Africa 5 July 1975 5 July 1975[69]  Portugal Republic of Cabo Verde

1460–1975: Part of the Portuguese Empire

 Central African Republic Africa 13 Aug 1960 13 Aug 1960  France Central African Republic

1903–1960: Ubangi-Shari, part of the French Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire
The territory of Central African Republic has been inhabited since the Neolithic Era, hosting a wide variety of ethnic groups

 Chad Africa 11 Aug 1960 11 Aug 1960  France 1960–present: Republic of Chad

1900–1960: French Chad, part of the French Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire
1501–1912: Wadai Sultanate
1480/1522–1897: Sultanate of Bagirmi
c. 700–1900: Kanem–Bornu Empire
The territory of Chad has been inhabited since the Paleolithic Era.

 Chile The Americas 12 Feb 1818[note 25] 12 Feb 1818 Spain 1990–Present: Chile Republic of Chile (Democracy Restored)

1973–1990: Chile Chilean Military Dictatorship
1925–1973: Chile Chilean Presidential Republic
1891–1925: Chile Parliamentary Chile
1861–1891: Chile Liberal Chile
1830–1861: Chile Conservative Chile
1823–1830: Chile Republic of Chile (Organization of the Republic)
1818–1823: Chile Republic of Chile (Patria Nueva, New Fatherland)
1814–1818: Captaincy General of Chile (Reconquest by the Spanish Empire
1810–1814: Chile Kingdom of Chile (Patria Vieja, Old Fatherland) (nominally a monarchic state in personal union with Spain, recognizing Ferdinand VII as king)
1798–1818: Captaincy General of Chile or Governorate of Chile (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Chile), with self-administration without vice-royal dependence, part of the Spanish Empire
1533–1798: Captaincy General of Chile or Governorate of Chile (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Chile), under supervision of the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the Spanish Empire
1438–1533: Part of the Inca Empire
Between 18,500 and 14,000 BC – 1541 AD: Inhabited by Chilean Natives, including Aymara, Mapuche, and Rapa Nui

 China Asia 1600 BC c. (Shang dynasty) [note 26] 2 September 1945 Japan (partial occupation)

1949–present:  People's Republic of China
1937–1945: Japanese Invasion
1916–present: Republic of China (based in Taiwan since 1949)
1915–1916: Empire of China
1912–1915: Republic of China
1895–1945: Japanese Taiwan
1895: Republic of Formosa
1644–1912:  Qing dynasty
1624–1662: Dutch Formosa / Spanish Formosa
1368–1644: Ming dynasty
1271–1368: Yuan dynasty
960–1279: Song dynasty
907–1125: Divided in Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms / Liao dynasty
618–907: Tang dynasty
581–618: Sui dynasty
420–589: Divided in Northern and Southern dynasties
266–420: Jin dynasty
220–280: Divided in Three Kingdoms
206 BC – 220 AD: Han dynasty
221–206 BC: Qin dynasty (first imperial dynasty)
c. 1046–256 BC: Zhou dynasty
c. 1600–c. 1046 BC: Shang dynasty
c. 2070–c. 1600 BC: Xia dynasty (first royal dynasty)
c. 8500–c. 2070 BC: Neolithic
Since as earliest as 2 Million BC, humans have been settled starting with the Renzidong

The PRC government in Beijing considers itself the successor of the Republic of China (1912–1949) which legally inherited the whole of China from the Qing dynasty. The ROC government in Taipei denies the legitimacy of the PRC and considers itself the sole legitimate government of the whole of China.

 Colombia The Americas 7 Aug 1819 7 Aug 1819 Spain 1886–present: Colombia Republic of Colombia (unitary state)

1863–1886: United States of Colombia (federal state)
1858–1863: Granadine Confederation (confederal state)
1831–1858: Republic of New Granada (unitary state)
1819–1831: Republic of Colombia (Gran Colombia) (federal state)
1816–1819: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the  Spanish Empire(Reconquest by the Spanish Empire)
1811–1816: Patria Boba period (Foolish Fatherland period) United Provinces of New Granada, a federal and republican state
1810–1814: Patria Boba period (Foolish Fatherland period): Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca (a monarchical state in personal union with Spain, recognizing Ferdinand VII as king, in 1813 declared itself a republic and joined the United Provinces of New Granada in 1814)
1739–1810: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the  Spanish Empire
1723–1739: New Kingdom of Granada, within the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the  Spanish Empire
1717–1723: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the  Spanish Empire
1538–1717: New Kingdom of Granada, within the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the  Spanish Empire
Since 10,000 BC humans have been settled from Native Colombians with tribes, chiefdoms, and confederations (like the Muisca Confederation).

 Comoros Africa 6 July 1975 6 July 1975  France 2001–present:Union of the Comores (a Federal state)

1975–2001: Federal and Islamic Republic of Comoros
1886–1975: part of the French Empire
c.1000 BC: when the archipelago was first inhabited. The Comoros have been inhabited by various groups throughout this time.

 Congo, Democratic Republic of the Africa 30 June 1960 30 June 1960  Belgium

1997–present:  Democratic Republic of the Congo
1971–1997: Zaire Republic of Zaire
1964–1971: Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa)
1960–1964: Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville)
1908–1960: Part of the Belgian Empire as  Belgian Congo
1885–1908: Part of the Belgian Empire as the  Congo Free State (as sovereign entity, a private domain of King Leopold II of Belgium)
1390–1914: Part of the Kingdom of Kongo
Since 80,000 BC humans has been settled from with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.

 Congo, Republic of the Africa 15 Aug 1960 15 Aug 1960  France

1992–present:  Republic of the Congo
1969–1992:  People's Republic of the Congo
1960–1969: Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville)
1910–1960: Part of the French Empire as French Equatorial Africa
1882–1910: Part of the French Empire as Middle Congo
1390–1914: Part of the Kingdom of Kongo
Since 80,000 BC humans has been settled from with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.

 Costa Rica The Americas 14 Nov 1838 1838 Federal Republic of Central America 1948–present: Costa Rica Republic of Costa Rica (Second)

1848–1948: Costa Rica First Costa Rican Republic
1838–1847: Costa Rica Free State of Costa Rica
1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
24 September 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as Province of Costa Rica
15–24 September 1821: Republic of Costa Rica
1609–1821: Part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly Kingdom of Guatemala) within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1525–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire)
Before 1525: The Huetar people establishes some kingdoms in the modern territory of Costa Rica: Eastern Huetar Kingdom, domains of the King Garabito, Kingdom of Pacaca and Western Huetar Kingdom. There was also the Kingdom of Nicoya and the Kingdom of Talamanca
Since about 10,000 to 7,000 BC humans have been settled by Native Costa Ricans, including Chibchans and Nahuatl.

 Croatia Europe 8 Oct 1991[20][21][22][23][24] 8 Oct 1991 Yugoslavia 1991–present: Croatia Republic of Croatia

1945–1991: Federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as  SR Croatia
1941–1945: Occupied by Nazi Germany as the  Croatia, a Fascist puppet.
1918–1941: Part of the  Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes)
1868–1918: Part of the  Austria-Hungary as the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia
1527–1868: Kingdom of Croatia (in the union with Kingdom of Hungary within Habsburg Monarchy, Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary)
1102–1526: Kingdom of Croatia (in the union with Kingdom of Hungary)
925–1102: Kingdom of Croatia
681–925 AD: Divided between the Pannonian and Dalmatian
324–681: Part of the  Byzantine Empire as the province of Dalmatia
32 BC – 324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as the province of Dalmatia and Illyricum
Since 128,000 BC humans have been settled from Pre-Croats with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.

 Cuba The Americas 20 May 1902 2 February 1909  United States 1959–present: Republic of Cuba, sovereign communist state

1934–1959: Republic of Cuba, sovereign capitalist state
1909–1934: Republic of Cuba, Protectorate of the United States
1906–1909: Second American Occupation of Cuba
1902–1906: Republic of Cuba, Protectorate of the United States
1898–1902: Occupied but not annexed by United States
1821–1898: Captaincy General of Cuba (part of the Spanish Empire)
1607–1821: Captaincy General of Cuba, under supervision of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, part of the Spanish Empire (part of the Spanish Empire)
1535–1607: Part of the Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (part of the Spanish Empire)
1510–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (part of the Spanish Empire)
The territory that is now Cuba was inhabited by the Taíno people from the 4th millennium BC until Spanish colonization in the 15th century.

 Cyprus Europe 16 Aug 1960 16 Aug 1960  United Kingdom 1960–present: Cyprus Republic of Cyprus

1878–1960: Part of the British Empire as crown colony
1571–1878: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1489–1571: Part of the  Republic of Venice
1192–1489: Kingdom of Cyprus
965–1192: Part of the  Byzantine Empire as Province
750–965: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
668–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
31 BC-668 AD: Part of the Roman Empire
305–31 BC: Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom
321–305 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire
545–321 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire
626–545 BC: Part of the Neo-Babylonian Empire
911–669 BC: Part of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
Since around the 10th millennium BC humans have been settled on the island dates.[70]
Note: Cyprus has been divided between two ethnicities as one sovereign state: Cyprus Greek Cyprus and Turkish Cyprus from 1983.

 Czechia Europe 870 1 Jan 1993 Czechoslovakia 1993–present: Czech Republic

1945–1993: Part of the Czechoslovakia (interrupted by Warsaw Pact armies in 1968)
1945: Occupied by WWII Allies in 1945
1939–1945: Occupied by Germany
1918–1939: Part of the Czechoslovakia
1867–1918: Lands of the Bohemian Crown, held in personal union within Austria-Hungary
1806–1867: Lands of the Bohemian Crown, held in personal union within the Austrian Empire
1198–1806: Kingdom of Bohemia, State of the Holy Roman Empire (in personal union with Austria from 1526)
1002–1198: Duchy of Bohemia, State of the Holy Roman Empire
935–1002: Unified with Moravia and Silesia under Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia, who acceded to the throne in 935.
870–935: Duchy of Bohemia first independent from Great Moravia

 Denmark Europe 714[71] 5 May 1945 Germany
2022: The sovereignty of Hans Island is partitioned between Denmark and Canada

2014: Denmark submits a claim for the North Pole to the UN
2009: Greenlandic Self-Governance after a referendum
1973–2022: Dispute with Canada over sovereignty of Hans Ø
1948: Faroe Islands granted home rule
1940–1945: German occupation
1920: Northern Schleswig (Sønderjylland) re-united with Denmark
1918: Independence of Iceland
1917: Denmark's last tropical colony, sold to United States
1864: Schleswig, Holstein & Lauenburg is lost to Prussia
1863– : House of Glücksburg
1849: New constitution with elected parliament
1814: Norway becomes independent with new constitution. Greenland, Iceland & Faroe Islands remain under Danish rule
1721: Denmark-Norway re-establish claim to Greenland
1679: Denmark forced to leave Gotland for good
1665: Kongeloven, Denmark's first constitution
1658: The sovereignty over Skåneland is transferred to Sweden
1620: First overseas colony
1536: Reformation in Denmark
1534–1536: War of succession
1448: Christian I first king of House of Oldenburg
1397–1523: Kalmar Union
1380–1814: Personal union between Denmark and Norway
1375–1412: Queen Margaret
1332–1340: Interregnum, Denmark controlled by German counts
1241: Code of Jutland "Jyske Lov"
1219–1223/27: Dominant Baltic power under the reign of Valdemar II
1154–1182: Valdemar the Great
1131–1157: Civil war
1047– : Unbroken line of Danish monarchs ruling the kingdom, al descending from titular Queen Estrid Svendsdatter
1042–1047: Norwegian rule
1010s–1040s: Anglo-Danish kingdom under the kings Sweyn, Cnut & Harthacnut
970s–1035: In periods the Danish kings Harald, Sweyn & Cnut (& perhaps Harald II ?) exercises supremacy over Norway
Country re-united under Gorm the Old & Harald Bluetooth
The decades from the 890s to the 930s are only sparse documented in written sources. The country possibly divided into smaller parts ruled by various families
Second half of the 9th century, an increasing number of Viking raids on Western Europe, many originating from Denmark
814–854: Horik I king (in periods ruling jointly with others)
812: Civil war
c. 800–810: King Gudfred
c. 714: Ongendus king

Danish kingship documented from the 8th century, though the institution possibly established prior to that
 Djibouti Africa 27 June 1977 27 June 1977  France 1977–present: Republic of Djibouti

1894–1977: Part of the French Colonial Empire as French Somaliland
1862–1883: Ruled by Afar and Somali sultans
1577–1862: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1415–1577:Part of the Sultanate of Adal
1285–1415: Part of the Sultanate of Ifat

 Dominica The Americas 3 Nov 1978 3 Nov 1978  United Kingdom 1978–present: Commonwealth of Dominica

1763–1978: Part of the British Empire as its West Indies
c.1690–1763: Part of the French Empire
The island was originally inhabited by the Kalinago.

 Dominican Republic The Americas 27 Feb 1844 [note 27] 27 Feb 1844 Haiti 1844–present: Dominican Republic

1822–1844: Part of the Republic of Haiti
1821–1822: Republic of Spanish Haiti
1809–1821: Part of the Spanish Empire
1806–1809: Part of the Republic of Haiti
1805: Part of the Empire of Haiti
1795–1805: Part of the French Colonial Empire
1535–1795: Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1492–1535: Captaincy General of Santo Domingo, part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire)
At the time of Columbus' arrival in 1492, the island's territory consisted of five Taíno chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey.

 Ecuador The Americas 13 May 1830 13 May 1830 Gran Colombia 1830–present: Ecuador Republic of Ecuador

1824–1830: Divided in Azuay, Guayaquil and Ecuador, federated states of the Gran Colombia
1821–1824: Federated state of the Gran Colombia
1717–1821: Part of the jurisdiction of the Royal Audience of Quito (sometimes referred unofficially as the Presidency of Quito or Kingdom of Quito) within the Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada, part of the  Spanish Empire
1563–1717: Part of the jurisdiction of the Royal Audience of Quito (sometimes referred unofficially as the Presidency of Quito or Kingdom of Quito) within the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the  Spanish Empire
1542–1562: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, within the  Spanish Empire
1532–1542: Part of the Governorate of New Castile, part of the  Spanish Empire
1486–1532: Part of the Inca Empire
Since 8000 BC humans has been settled, starting with Native Ecuadorians such as Cotocollao, Tayos, Machalilla, and Manteños

 Egypt Africa/Asia 28 Feb 1922[note 28] 28 Feb 1922 United Kingdom 1971–present: Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt

1958–1971:  United Arab Republic (In union with  Syria)
1953–1958: Egypt Arab Republic of Egypt
1922–1953: Kingdom of Egypt
1914–1922: Part of the  British Empire as the Sultanate of Egypt (British protectorate)
1867–1914: Khedivate of Egypt, a de jure Ottoman autonomous state (Occupied by the  British Empire from 1882 to 1922).
1798–1801: Occupied by the First French Empire
1517–1867: Part of the  Ottoman Empire as Eyalet of Egypt
1250–1517: Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt (Baḥrī and Burjī dynasties)
1218–1250: Center of the Ayyubid Sultanate
1174–1218: Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate
1171–1174: Center of the Ayyubid Sultanate
973–1171: Center of the Fatimid Caliphate
969–973: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate
935–969: Ikhshidid State, autonomous state within the Abbasid Caliphate
868–935: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
868–905: Tulunid Emirate
750–868: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
641–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate
619–629: Part of the Sasanian Empire as Province
324–641: Part of the  Byzantine Empire as province
30 BC-324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as province
332–30 BC: Ptolemaic Kingdom (in association with Macedonia)
332–323 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire
343–332 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire as the 31st Dynasty
404–343 BC: 28th–30th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
525–404 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire as the 27th Dynasty
664–525 BC: 26th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt
1069–664 BC: 21st–25th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
1550–1069 BC: 18th–20th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as a new kingdom
1650–1550 BC: 13th–17th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
2055–1650 BC: 11th and 12th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as the middle kingdom
2181–2055 BC: 8th–10th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt
2575–2150 BC: 3rd–7th Dynasties of Ancient Egypt as kingdom
3150–2575 BC: 1st–2nd Dynasties of Ancient Egypt (Unified by Pharaoh Menes or probably Narmer, founder of the First Dynasty between Lower Egypt and Upper Egypt).

Since 598,000 BC humans have been settled starting within a 30-metre (100 ft) terrace, with primitive Acheulean and Abbevillian (Chellean).[72]

 El Salvador The Americas 29 Nov 1898 29 Nov 1898 Greater Republic of Central America Greater Republic of Central America

1982–present: El Salvador Republic of El Salvador
1979–1982: El Salvador Revolutionary Junta of El Salvador
1922–1979: El Salvador Republic of El Salvador
1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
1915–1921: El Salvador Republic of El Salvador (As an official name from June 7)
1898–1915: Republic of Salvador
1896–1898: Federated state of the Greater Republic of Central America
November 1852 – 1896: Republic of Salvador
October–November 1852: Federated state of the Federation of Central America
1841–1852: Republic of Salvador
1823–1841: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
1821–1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as Province of Salvador
1609–1821: Part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly Kingdom of Guatemala) within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1525–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire)
c.1200–1525: Divided between Cuzcatlan (Western part) and Lenca (Eastern part)
Since 8000 BC humans have been settled by Native Salvadorans, including Mayans, Nahuatl, and Pipils.

 Equatorial Guinea Africa 12 Oct 1968 12 Oct 1968 Spain 1968–present: Republic of Equatorial Guinea

1778–1968: Part of the Spanish Empire
1474–1778: Part of the Portuguese Empire

 Eritrea Africa 24 May 1993 24 May 1993 Ethiopia 1993–present: State of Eritrea

1952–1993: Part of Ethiopia
1941–1952: Occupied by the British Empire
1889–1941: Part of the Italian Empire
1879–1889: Part of the Ethiopian Empire
1555–1879: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1137–1889: Medri Bahri kingdom
c. 100 AD – c. 940 AD: Part of the Kingdom of Aksum
c. 980 BC–c. 400 BC: Part of Dʿmt

 Estonia Europe 24 Feb 1918[73] 20 Aug 1991 Soviet Union 1991–present: Republic of Estonia

1940–1991: Occupation by the Soviet Union (1940–1941), Germany (1941–1944) and again by the Soviet Union (1944–1991)
1918–1940: Republic of Estonia
1917–1918: Autonomous Governorate of Estonia, autonomous entity of the Russian Republic
1721–1917: Governorate of Estonia, part of the Russian Empire
1561–1721: Duchy of Estonia, dominion of the Swedish Empire
1465–1561: Part of the Livonian Confederation
1346–1435: Part of the State of the Teutonic Order
1219–1346: Duchy of Estonia, a direct dominion (Latin: dominium directum) of the King of Denmark
The territory of Estonia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 B.C

 Eswatini Africa 6 Sep 1968 6 Sep 1968  United Kingdom 2018–present: Kingdom of Eswatini

1968–2018: Kingdom of Swaziland
1902–1968: Part of the British Empire
1745–1902:Kingdom of Swaziland

 Ethiopia Africa 900 c. (Zagwe Kingdom)[note 29] 5 May 1941 Italy 1995–present: Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (a Federal state, constituted by 10 regional states and 2 chartered cities)

1991–1995: Transitional Government of Ethiopia
1987–1991: People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
1974–1987: Provisional Military Government of Socialist Ethiopia
1941–1974: Ethiopian Empire
[74] 1936–1941: Occupied by Italy
[74] 1734–1936: Sultanate of Aussa
1647–1887: Emirate of Harar
1577–1672: Imamate of Aussa
1415–1577: Adal Sultanate
1285–1415: Part of the Sultanate of Ifat
1270–1936: Ethiopian Empire
c. 900/1137–1270: Zagwe Kingdom
c. 325–1627: Kingdom of Semien
c. 80 BC – c. 940 AD: Kingdom of Aksum
c. 980 BC–c. 400 BC: Kingdom of D'mt

 Fiji Australia 10 Oct 1970 10 Oct 1970  United Kingdom 1987–present: Republic of Fiji

1970–1987: Dominion of Fiji
1874–1970: Part of the British Empire
1871–1874: Kingdom of Fiji

 Finland Europe 6 Dec 1917 4 Jan 1918 Russia 1919–present: Republic of Finland

1918–1919: Kingdom of Finland
1809–1917: Grand Duchy of Finland, Governorate-General of the Russian Empire
c.1200s–1809: Part of the Kingdom of Sweden, as an integral region.

 France Europe 481 1944 Germany 1958—Present: France French Republic (Fifth; consisted of integral regions (five being overseas regions) and several overseas collectivities)

1946–1958: France French Fourth Republic
1944–1946: France Provisional Government of the French Republic
1940–1944:  Free France, a government-in-exile of France, and member of the allies during WWII.
1940–1944: France Occupied by Germany in WWII making Vichy France, a Nazi Puppet.
1870–1940: France French Third Republic
1852–1870: France Second French Empire
1848–1852: France French Second Republic
1830–1848: France July Monarchy
1814/5–1830: France Bourbon Restoration
1804–1814/5: France First French Empire
1792–1804: France First French Republic
987–1792: Focusing with West Francia, the Kingdom of France was established.
843–987: with the Treaty of Verdun established West Francia
768–843: Part of the Kingdom of the Franks
481–768: Center of the Kingdom of the Franks
395–480 AD: Gaul, part of the Western Roman Empire
121 BC – 395 AD: Gaul, part of the Roman Empire
French Tribes from 5th century to 121 BC: Gauls and Celtics
First human settlement from 1.8 Million BC

Note: The French Colonial Empire was founded by the order of Francis I of France. In 1534, Francis sent Jacques Cartier to explore the St. Lawrence River in Quebec.

 Gabon Africa 17 Aug 1960 17 Aug 1960  France 1960–present: Gabonese Republic

1910–1960: Part of the French Equatorial Africa, federation of colonial possessions of the French Empire
1839–1910: Part of the French Empire as a protectorate

 Gambia Africa 18 Feb 1965 18 Feb 1965  United Kingdom 1970–present: Republic of The Gambia

1965–1970: Gambia (monarchy)
1821–1965: Part of the British Empire
1287–1480: Part of the Mali Empire

 Georgia Asia/Europe 26 May 1918 9 Apr 1991 Soviet Union 1991–Present: Republic of Georgia
1921–1991: Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic, a federated state of the Soviet Union
1918–1921 : Democratic Republic of Georgia
1801–1918: Part of the Russian Empire
1490–1801 Fragmentized into three independent kingdoms – Kartli, Kakheti, and Imereti and five semi-independent principalities – Odishi, (Mingrelia), Guria, Abkhazia, Svaneti, and Samtskhe
1008–1490: Kingdom of Georgia
 Germany Europe 1 July 1867 (North German Confederation) 15 Mar 1991 West Germany
East Germany
West Berlin		 1990–Present: Germany Federal Republic of Germany (Become fully sovereign reunification on 15 March 1991 after the Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany came into effect).

1949–1990: Divided between West Germany Federal Republic of Germany and  German Democratic Republic (Berlin West Berlin was an exclave of West Germany).
1945–1949: Germany occupied between the Allied-occupied Germany Allies (USA, UK and France) and the Soviet Union (The occupation lasted from 1945 until the ratification of Bonn–Paris conventions in 1955).
1933–1945:  Nazi Germany
1918–1933: Weimar Republic Weimar Germany (a federal republic)
1878–1918:  German Empire (Prussia Unified in a federal monarchy with all state kingdoms of Germany, excluding Austria).
1867–1878: Germany North German Confederation, federal union of 22 German-speaking states .
1815–1866:  German Confederation, confederal union of 39 German-speaking sovereign states in Central Europe, including  Prussia and  Austrian Empire (Interrupted by the German Empire (1848–49)).
1806–1815: Confederation of the Rhine, confederal union of 37 German-speaking sovereign states, in a military alliance with the France First French Empire
962[note 30]-1806:  Holy Roman Empire (federation composed of many kingdoms, principalities, duchies, counties, prince-bishoprics, Free Imperial Cities, and other domains).
843–962: Kingdom of Germany or East Francia
768–843: Center of the Kingdom of the Franks
481–768: Part of the Kingdom of the Franks
395–480 AD: Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, parts of the Western Roman Empire
83–395 AD: Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, parts of the Roman Empire
Germanic Tribes from 5th century to 480 AD: Germania
First human settlement from the year 598,000 BC.

 Greece Europe 25 Mar 1822 1945  Bulgaria
 Nazi Germany
 Italy		 1974–Present: Greece Third Hellenic Republic

1967–1974: Greece: Greek Dictatorship
1944–1973:  Kingdom of Greece
1941–1944: Greece Hellenic State, a government-in-exile during the axis occupation, and member of the allies during WWII.
1935–1941:  Kingdom of Greece
1924–1935: Greece Second Hellenic Republic
1832–1924:  Kingdom of Greece
1822–1832: After the War of Independence Greece declared independent as the Greece First Hellenic Republic
1453–1822: Part of the  Ottoman Empire
1453–1460: Despotate of Morea, ruled by the Palaiologos dynasty
1346–1566: Island of Chios and port of Phocaea, Part of the Republic of Genoa (Maona of Chios and Phocaea)
1348–1360: Part of the Serbian Empire
1310–1522: Rhodes, under the Knights Hospitaller
1261–1453: Part of the  Byzantine Empire under the Palaiologos dynasty
1261–1458: Duchy of Athens
1261–1432: Principality of Achaea
1231–1244: Part of the Second Bulgarian Empire
1205–1669: Crete, part of the Republic of Venice as part of its Stato da Màr.
1205–1337/40: Despotate of Epirus
1204–1261: Part of the Latin Empire
920s–1010s: Part of the First Bulgarian Empire
324–1204: Part of the  Byzantine Empire
148 BC-324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire
323–148 BC: Ancient Greece (Hellenistic period), Greece was divided in the Kingdom of Macedonia, Kingdom of Epirus, and the Aetolian League, Achaean League, and the city-states of Sparta and Athens.
338–323 BC: League of Corinth, a confederation of Greek states created by Philip II of Macedon (father of Alexander the Great). Sparta and Crete did not join this league
776–338 BC: Ancient Greece (Archaic and Classical Period): Greece was divided into many states, including Athens, Sparta, Thebes and Macedonia
c.1100–776 BC: Greek Dark Ages
c. 1600–c. 1100 BC: Mycenaean civilization
Since 7000 BC humans have been settled passing the first Greek ages such as the Neolithic era, the Minoan era and the Helladic era.

 Ghana Africa 6 May 1957 6 May 1957  United Kingdom 1957–Present: Republic of Ghana

1867–1957: British Gold Coast
1658–1850: Danish Gold Coast
1598–1872: Dutch Gold Coast
1650–1663: Swedish Gold Coast
1682–1721: Branderberger/Prussian Gold Coast
c.1670–1957: Kingdom of Ashanti
1482–1642: Portuguese Gold Coast
1409–1700: Kingdom of Dagbon, founded by the Dagomba people
c.13th century: Modern day Ghana was divided in many states like Bonoman, Ashanti, Denkyira, Mankessim Kingdom, and Akwamu
c.11th century: Akans were firmly established in the Akan state called
Although the area of present-day Ghana in West Africa has experienced many population movements, the Akans were firmly settled by the 5th century CE

 Grenada The Americas 7 Feb 1974 7 Feb 1974  United Kingdom 1974–present: Grenada

1783–1974: Part of the British Empire, as its West Indies
1779–1783: Part of the French Empire
1763–1779: Part of the British Empire
1650–1763: Part of the French Empire

 Guatemala The Americas 17 Apr 1839 17 Apr 1839 Federal Republic of Central America 1922–present: Guatemala Republic of Guatemala

1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
1840–1921: Republic of Guatemala
1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
24 September 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as Province of Guatemala
15–24 September 1821: Republic of Guatemala
1609–1821: Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly known as Kingdom of Guatemala), within the Viceroyalty of New Spain, part of the Spanish Empire. Since its foundation the Captaincy had self-administration without vice-royal dependence.
1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain
1523–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty
Since 8000 BC humans have been settled by Native Guatemalans, including Mayans (that established city-states in the region) and Nahuatl (founders of the Aztec Empire).

 Guinea Africa 2 Oct 1958 2 Oct 1958  France 1958–present: Republic of Guinea

1894–1958: French Guinea, part of the French West Africa, part of the French Empire
1878–1898: Wassoulou Empire
1725–1894: Imamate of Futa Jallon
1559–1670: part of the Mali Empire
1235–1559: center of the Mali Empire

 Guinea-Bissau Africa 24 Sep 1973 10 Sep 1974  Portugal 1974–present: Republic of Guinea-Bissau

1474–1974: Portuguese Guinea

 Guyana The Americas 26 May 1966 26 May 1966  United Kingdom 1970–present: Co-operative Republic of Guyana

1966–1970: Guyana (monarchy)
1814–1966: British Guyana, part of the British Empire
1616–1814: Divided in three Dutch colonies: Demerara, Essequibo and Berbice
First human settlement from the year 35,000 BC.

 Haiti The Americas 1 Jan 1804 1 Jan 1804 France 1859–present: Republic of Haiti

1849–1859: Second Empire of Haiti
1820–1849: Republic of Haiti
1811–1820: Kingdom of Haiti
1806–1811: State of Haiti
1804–1806: First Empire of Haiti
1625–1804: Part of the French Empire as Saint-Domingue
1492–1625: Part of the Spanish Empire
At the time of Columbus' arrival in 1492, the island's territory consisted of five Taíno chiefdoms: Marién, Maguá, Maguana, Jaragua, and Higüey.

 Honduras The Americas 29 Nov 1898 29 Nov 1898 Greater Republic of Central America Greater Republic of Central America 1922–present: Honduras Republic of Honduras

1921–1922: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
1898–1921: Republic of Honduras (United States has been occupied on the Honduran Land in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924 and 1925).[75]
1896–1898: Federated state of the Greater Republic of Central America
November 1852 – 1896: Honduras Republic of Honduras
October–November 1852: Federated state of the Federation of Central America
1838–1852: Honduras Republic of Honduras
1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
September 24, 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as Province of Honduras
15–24 September 1821: Honduras Republic of Honduras
1609–1821: Part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly Kingdom of Guatemala) within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
9000 BC–1525 AD: Inhabited by Native Hondurans, including Mayans, and Toltecs.[76]

 Hungary Europe 895 1918
23 Oct 1989		  Austria-Hungary
 Soviet Union		 2012–present: Hungary Fourth Republic

1989–2012: Third Hungarian Republic
1949–1989: Hungarian People's Republic
1946–1949: Second Hungarian Republic
1920–1946: Kingdom of Hungary
1919–20: Hungarian Republic
1918–1919: First Hungarian Republic
1867–1918: Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, a dual monarchy with Austria (via Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867)
1000–1867: Kingdom of Hungary
895–1000: Principality of Hungary

 Iceland Europe 1 Dec 1918 1 Dec 1918  Denmark 1945–present: Republic of Iceland

1944–1945: Republic of Iceland (occupied by the United States) 1918–1944: Kingdom of Iceland, with a personal union with Denmark (Occupied by the United Kingdom and Canada in 1940 and 1941 and by the United States in 1941–1944) 1814–1918: Part of the Kingdom of Denmark 1523–1814: Part of Denmark-Norway, a real union between the kingdoms of Norway and Denmark
1397–1523: Part of the Kingdom of Norway, within the Kalmar Union (personal union between the kingdoms of Norway, Denmark and Sweden)
1262–1397: Part of the Kingdom of Norway
930–1262: Icelandic Commonwealth.in 1262; Part of the Kingdom of Denmark after 1814; Kingdom of Iceland (1918–1944) with a Personal union with Denmark, Republic of Iceland founded 1944.

 India Asia 15 Aug 1947 15 Aug 1947  United Kingdom 1950–present: India Republic of India (a federal state. The States Reorganisation Act, 1956 reorganised the states based on linguistic lines. Currently the Indian Union comprises 28 states and 8 union territories)

1947–1950: India Dominion of India, a monarchy in a personal union with the United Kingdom (a federal state. Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union.)
1858–1947: Part of the  British Empire as British Raj India (the territory was sometimes called the Indian Empire, though not officially.)(India was divided into provinces (formerly, called Presidencies) that were directly governed by the Crown and princely states which were ruled by a prince who acknowledged suzerainty to the Crown.)
1757–1858: Part of the  British Empire as the East India Company
1717–1857: India divided during the Mughal Era: Maratha Empire (later, the "Maratha Confederacy"), Kingdom of Mysore, and the Sikh Kingdom. However, the Mughal Emperor (in Maratha) continued to be the highest manifestation of sovereignty. The Muslim, Hindu (including Maratha), and Sikh leaders took part in ceremonial acknowledgements of the emperor as the sovereign of India.[77]
1555–1717: Mughal Empire
1540–1556: Sur Empire
1526–1556 AD: Mughal Empire
13th century-16th century: Politics in Northern India was dominated by the Delhi Sultanate, and in Southern India by the Vijayanagar Empire. However, there were other regional powers present, like the Chero dynasty, Reddi kingdom, Rajput states, Gajapati Kingdom, Ahom kingdom and the Kingdom of Manipur
1347–1527: Three sultanates declared independent from Delhi Bahmani Sultanate (1347–1527), Malwa Sultanate (1392–1562), and Gujarat Sultanate (1407–1573). Plus the Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646)
1336–1646: Vijayanagara Empire (also called Kingdom of Bisnegar), ruled a major part of the southern Indian subcontinent
1206–1526: Delhi Sultanate, ruled a major part of the northern Indian subcontinent
230 BC–1206 AD: India divided between the 49 middle kingdoms. The well-known kingdoms are Shunga Empire (187 to 78 BC), Gupta Empire (280–550 AD), Satavahana dynasty (1st century BC–2nd century AD), Pala Empire (8th century–12th century), Rashtrakuta Kingdom (753–982), Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty (mid-8th century AD–1036 AD) and the Chola Empire (300s BC–1279 AD).
322–185 BC: Maurya Empire (Political unity in verified historiography was first achieved by Chandragupta Maurya).
5th or 4th century–322 BC: Nanda Empire
c.600–345 BC: Indian Subcontinent was divided in 16 kingdoms called Mahajanapadas
1500–500 BC: Inhabited by Vedic
1700–1500 BC: Inhabited by Cemetery H
c.3300–c.1300 BC: Indus Valley civilisation, era when the India's local name Bhārat derives from the legendary Bharata (either Dushyanta's son Bharata or Rishabha's son Bharata), held by tradition as the first emperor to unite India in 2000 BC.

Since 2.2 million BC, India has been settled starting with Hominins who were from Africa by the expansion of civilization with the Madrasian and Soanian cultures.[78]: 147 [79][80]: 167–170 

 Indonesia Asia/Australia 17 Aug 1945 27 Dec 1949 Netherlands 1949–present: Republic of Indonesia

1945–1949: Indonesian Struggle for Independence
1942–1945: Part of Japan in World War II
1816–1942: Part of the Dutch Empire as Dutch East Indies
1812–1816: Part of British India (following Dutch-French defeat in the Napoleonic War)
1802–1812: Part of Batavian Republic (Client State of the Napoleonic France)
1619–1802: Under Administration of the Dutch East India Company, being part of the Dutch Empire
15th–19th century: Various Islamic Kingdoms, most notably Demak (successor state to the Majapahit Empire), Pajang (successor state to Demak), Mataram (successor state to Pajang) and Banten in Java; Malaka, Johor-Riau, Minang and Aceh in Sumatra; Brunei and Banjarmasin in Kalimantan, Makassar in Sulawesi, and Ternate and Tidore in Moluccas
1292–1478: Majapahit Empire, united Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and parts of Philippines under the reign of Hayam Wuruk
4th century–13th century: Various Hindu-Buddhist Kingdoms, most notably Srivijaya in 8th–10th century AD
4th century: First Hindu Kingdom of Kutai in Kalimantan

 Iran Asia 1501 (Safavid Empire) [note 31] 17 October 1941  United Kingdom/ Soviet Union
Anglo-Soviet withdrawal from Tehran		 1980–present: Islamic Republic of Iran

1979–1980: Under an Interim Government
1925–1979: Pahlavi dynasty (Anglo-Soviet occupation 1941–1946)
1796–1925: Qajar dynasty
1747–1796: Afsharid dynasty
(1760–1794): Zand dynasty
1736–1747: Afsharid dynasty
(1722–1729): Part of Hotaki Empire
1501–1736: Safavid dynasty
1468–1508: Part of Agh Qoyunlu
1405–1507: Part of Timurid Empire
1406–1468: Part of Qara Qoyunlu
1370–1405: Part of Timurid Empire
1337–1376: Sarbadars
1336–1432: Part of Jalayirid dynasty
1335–1393: Muzaffarid dynasty
1335–1357: Chobanid dynasty
1256–1335: Ilkhanate Empire (Hulagu dynasty)
1225–1231: Center of the Khwarazmian Empire
1077–1225: Part of the Khwarazmian Empire
1037–1194: Part of the Great Seljuq Empire
963–1186: Part of the Ghaznavid Empire
875–999: Part of the Samanid dynasty
934–1055: Buyid dynasty
867–1002: Part of Saffarid dynasty
928–1043: Ziyarid dynasty
750–1258: Part of Abbasid Caliphate
c.1236 661–750: Part of Umayyad Caliphate
(642–759/760): Dabuyid dynasty
224–651: Sassanid dynasty
247 BC – 224 AD: Parthian Empire (Arsacid dynasty)
312–63 BC: Part of Seleucid Empire
330–323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great
550–330 BC: Achaemenid dynasty
(652–625 BC): Part of Scythian Kingdom
678–550 BC: Median Empire
850–616 BC: Inhabited by Mannaeans
2700–539 BC: Elamites
3200–2700 BC: Proto-Elamites

 Iraq Asia 3 Oct 1932 1 May 2003  United Kingdom 2003–present:  Republic of Iraq (a federal state, consisting of 19 governorates, four of which make up the autonomous Kurdistan Region)

2003: American Invasion[81]
1968–2003: Iraqi Republic
1958–1968: Iraqi Republic
1958: Arab Federation of Iraq and Jordan
1932–1958: Kingdom of Iraq
1920–1932: Kingdom of Iraq under British Administration
1534–1923: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1509–1534: Part of the Safavid Empire
1469–1509: Part of the Aq Qoyunlu
1451–1469: Part of the Qara Qoyunlu
1434–1451: Part of the Qara Qoyunlu, except the east that was part of the Timurid Empire
1410–1434: Part of the Qara Qoyunlu, except the south and east that was part of the Timurid Empire
1394–1410: Part of the Timurid Empire
1335–1394: Jalairid Sultanate in the south, Artuqid Beylik in the north
1258–1335: Part of the Ilkhanate
1234–1258:Abbasid Caliphate in the center, Ayyubid Sultanate in the north, Mongol Empire in the east
1194–1234: Abbasid Caliphate in the center, Ayyubid Sultanate in the north, Khwaraszmian Sultanate in the east
1185–1194: Part of the Seljuk Empire in the south, west and center, Ayyubid Sultanate in the north
1130–1185: Part of the Seljuk Empire in the south, west and center, Zengid Emirate in the north
1071–1130: Part of the Seljuk Empire
1055–1071: Part of the Seljuk Empire in the south, west and center, Uqaylid Emirate in the north
1024–1055: Part of the Buyid Empire in the south, west and center, Uqaylid Emirate in the north, Kakuyid Emirate in the east
996–1024: Part of the Buyid Empire in the south, west and center, Uqaylids in the north
945–996: Part of the Buyid Empire in the south, west and center, Hamdanid Emirate in the north
937–945: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Ziyarid Kingdom and Buyid Empire in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north
931–937: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Ziyarid Kingdom in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north
900–931: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Samanid Emirate in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north
890–900: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, Saffarid Emirate in the east, Hamdanid Emirate in the north
876–890: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate, eastern regions are part of the Saffarid Emirate
809–876: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate
796–809: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
750–796: Center of the Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
656–661: Center of the Rashidun Caliphate
637–656: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate
224–637: Part of the Sassanid Empire
128 BC-224 BC: Part of the Parthian Empire
148 BC–128 BC: Divided between the Seleucid Empire and the Parthian Empire
301–148 BC: Seleucid Empire
310-301: Divided between the Antigonid Empire and the Seleucid Empire
318-310: Part of the Antigonid Empire
323-318: Divided in the satraps of Mesopothamia and Babylonia
330–323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great
539–330 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire
606–539 BC: Babylonian Empire
630 BC-606 BC: Divided between Babylonian Empire and Assyrian Empire
730 BC-630 BC: Assyrian Empire
770–730 BC: Divided between Babylonian Empire and Assyrian Empire
c.850 BC–770 BC: Assyrian Empire
c.1450–c.850 BC: Divided between Babylonian Empire and Assyrian Empire (between c.1020 BC-c.890 BC there is also the presence of small independent states orbiting the two empiress)
c.2000–c.1450 BC: Divided in many states like Assyria, Isin and Babylonia
c.2100 BC: Neo-Sumerian Empire
c.2200 BC: Divided in many states along the Tigris–Euphrates river system
c.2300 BC: Akkadian Empire
c.2550 BC: Divided in many states along the Tigris–Euphrates river system
c.4000 BC: Sumer Civilization (the first Civilization in the world)

 Ireland Europe 11 Dec 1931 [note 32] 11 Dec 1931 United Kingdom 1937–Present:  Ireland (additionally described as the Republic of Ireland) (Constitution of Ireland (1937): name change to "Ireland" (Irish: Éire), the country still was a monarchy in a personal union with Great Britain) (Republic of Ireland Act 1948: Ireland becomes a republic, ending the monarchy).

1931–1937:  Irish Free State, monarchic state in a personal union with the United Kingdom
1922–1931:  Irish Free State, a Dominion within the British Empire (Irish War of Independence: Ireland unilaterally declared itself independent in 1919, war ended with Anglo-Irish Treaty with the Partition of Ireland)..
1801–1922: constituent country of the  United Kingdom (political union)
1707–1801: Kingdom of Ireland (in a personal union with Great Britain)
1659–1707: Kingdom of Ireland (in a personal union with England)
1659–1660: Part of the Commonwealth of England
1653–1659: Part of The Protectorate
1653: Part of the Commonwealth of England
1642–1652: Confederate Ireland (a confederal monarchy that pledged allegiance to the English monarch)
1603–1642: Kingdom of Ireland. After the Tudor conquest of Ireland, the entire country came under the nominal control of the King of Ireland (the monarch of England held the crowns of England and Ireland in a personal union).
1542–1603: Kingdom of Ireland is established. However, most of Ireland was still held by Gaelic Irish dynasties.
1171–1542:  Lordship of Ireland, a papal possession held in fief by the King of England. The kings of England claimed lordship over the whole island, but in reality the king's rule only ever extended to parts of the island. The rest of the island —known as Gaelic Ireland—remained under the control of various Gaelic Irish kingdoms
800–1171: Divided in many states. Some states, like the Kingdom of Dublin, was founded by Nordic invaders
150–800:[82]-: Divided in many states, like the kingdoms of Osraige, Munster and Ulaid.
10,500 BC – 853 AD: Inhabited by the Native Irish, including Gaelic and Celtic cultures.

 Israel Asia 14 May 1948 14 May 1948  United Kingdom The 12 tribes conquer the holy land under the leadership of Joshua, then Israel goes through "The period of the judges" leading to the Kingdom of Israel unified under King Saul, c. 1020 BC, divided into separate kingdoms of Israel and Judea, which fall to Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires in 722 and 586 BC, respectively. In the 2nd century BC, Judea re-gains independence as Hasmonean kingdom after revolt against the Hellenist Seleucid Empire. Conquered by Pompey of the Roman Empire in 63 BC, and subsequently falls to Byzantine, Umayyad, Abbasid, Crusader, Mamluk, Ottoman Turkish, and British rule, before regaining independence as the State of Israel in 1948.
 Italy Europe 1003 (County of Savoy) 17 May 1861 Sardinia
Lombardy–Venetia
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
Papal States
United Provinces of Central Italy		 1946–present: Italy Italian Republic

1945–1946:  Kingdom of Italy
1943–1945:  Italian Social Republic, a Nazi Puppet.
1861–1943:  Kingdom of Italy (Unified by the Two Sicilies, Sardinia, the Papal States, Lombardy–Venetia, and its Central United Provinces)
1859–1860: United Provinces of Central Italy
1816–1861: Kingdom of the Two Sicilies
1815–1866: Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia
1805–1814:  Napoleonic Italy, part of the France First French Empire
1802–1805: Italian Napoleonic Republic, part of the France First French Empire
1720–1861: Kingdom of Sardinia
962–1801: the Italian peninsula divided into many states, among them the medieval Kingdom of Italy (774–1806) within the Holy Roman Empire
855–962: Divided between the Kingdom of Italy, Duchy of Benevento, Duchy of Naples, the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire
843–855: Divided between the Middle Francia, Duchy of Benevento, Duchy of Naples, the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire
775–843: Divided between the Frankish Kingdom, Duchy of Benevento, Duchy of Naples, the Giudicati, Republic of Venice and Byzantine Empire
754–775: Divided between the Kingdom of the Lombards, the Papal States, Duchy of Benevento and the Byzantine Empire
568–754: Kingdom of the Lombards, later the Kingdom of (all) Italy (Latin: Regnum totius Italiae). For most of the kingdom's history, the Byzantine-ruled Exarchate of Ravenna and Duchy of Rome separated the northern Lombard duchies, from the two large southern duchies of Spoleto and Benevento.
553–1071: Part of the  Byzantine Empire. Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian declared war on the Ostrogoths in 535 in an effort to restore the former western provinces of the Roman Empire. The Catepanate of Italy, the last Roman (Byzantine) outpost in Italy was lost in 1071.
493–553: Ostrogothic Kingdom, officially the Kingdom of Italy (Latin: Regnum Italiae). Zeno negotiated with the invading Ostrogoths, convincing their king Theodoric to depart for Italy as magister militum per Italiam ("commander in chief for Italy") with the aim of deposing Odoacer. The Ostrogoths was never recognised by the eastern emperors as "kings" (rex).
476–493: Kingdom of Italy (Odoacer). Odoacer assumed control of the peninsula as a de jure representative of the de jure Western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos. With the death of Nepos in 480, the Eastern Roman Emperor Zeno legally abolished the title and position of Western Roman Emperor and assumed the role of Odoacer's sovereign. In Roman constitutional theory, the Empire was still simply united under one emperor, implying no abandonment of territorial claims.
395–476: Center of the Western Roman Empire
27 BC – 395 AD: Center of the Roman Empire
509–27BC Roman Republic. Italy was unified by Rome in the third century BC. For 700 years, it was a de facto territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, and for a long time experienced a privileged status and was not converted into a province.
753 BC–509 BC: Roman Kingdom, founded by an Italic tribe known as the Latins
12th century – 100 BC:Various ancient peoples dispersed throughout modern-day Italy, the most predominant being the Italic peoples who gave the peninsula its name, there also the presence of Phoenicians and Carthaginians in insular Italy, Greeks in Southern Italy, and Etruscans and Celts in central and northern Italy respectively.
Since 848,000 BC humans have been settled by the first hominins at Monte Poggiolo.[83]

 Ivory Coast Africa 7 Aug 1960 7 Aug 1960  France 1960–present Ivory Coast

1886–1962: Part of the French Empire as French Ivory Coast, part of the Western Africa
1740–1843: Kingdom of Sanwi
1710–1898: Kong Empire
1460–1895: Gyaaman
Possibly since the Upper Paleolithic humans have been settled before 1460.

 Jamaica The Americas 6 Aug 1962 6 Aug 1962  United Kingdom 1962–present: Jamaica

1707–1962: Part of the British Empire
1655–1707: Part of the English Empire
1509–1655: Part of the Spanish Empire
Originally inhabited by the indigenous Arawak and Taíno peoples, the island came under Spanish rule following the arrival of Christopher Columbus in 1494.

 Japan Asia 539 c. [note 33]. 28 Apr 1952 Allied occupation of Japan 1952–present:  Japan (after the Treaty of San Francisco ended postwar occupation).

1945–1952: Japan Allied-occupation of Japan with the United States and the United Kingdom in the post-war period.
1868–1945:  Empire of Japan
1603–1868: Tokugawa shogunate
1568–1603: Japanese Azuchi–Momoyama
1336–1568: Ashikaga shogunate
1333–1336: Kenmu Restoration
1185–1333: Kamakura shogunate
794–1185: Heian era
710–794: Nara era
538–710: Asuka era
300–578: Kofun era (Era when all Japanese states merged into one in c. 400 AD).
1000 BC – 300 AD: Yayoi era (Era when Japan was founded in 660 BC by Emperor Jimmu mythologically).
14,000 – 900 BC: Jōmon era
Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled crossing through the Korean-Japanese bridge,[84] and Japan made as an island in 12,000 BC warming the planet.

 Jordan Asia 25 May 1946 2 Aug 1958 Arab Federation 1958–present: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

Feb–Aug 1958: Federated state of the Arab Federation, governed from Baghdad, Iraq.
1946–1958: Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan
1921–1946: Emirate of Transjordan, part of the British Empire
1918–1920: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
1517–1918: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1250–1517: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
1174–1250: Part of the Ayyubid Sultanate
1071–1174: Part of the Seljuk Empire
969–1071: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate
750–969: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
636–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate
625–636: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
614–625: Part of the Sassanid Empire
286–614: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
273–286: Part of the Roman Empire
269–273: Part of the Palmyrene Empire
107–269: Part of the Roman Empire
330 BC-107 AD: Nabatean Kingdom
539–330 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire
596–539 BC: Part of the Babylonian Empire
607–596 BC: Ammon, Moab and Edom
c.719–607 BC: Part of the Assyrian Empire
13th century – 719 BC: Three stable kingdoms emerged there at the end of the Bronze Age: Ammon, Moab and Edom.
What is now Jordan has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period.

 Kazakhstan Asia/Europe 16 Dec 1991 16 Dec 1991 Soviet Union 1991–present: Republic of Kazakhstan
1936–1991:Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union
1920–1936: Part of the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union
1918–1920: Alash Autonomy
1731–1917: Part of the Russian Empire
1465–1731: Kazakh Khanate
1240s–1456: Part of the Golden Horde
1220s–1240s: Part of the Mongol Empire
The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by nomadic groups and empires. In antiquity, the nomadic Scythians have inhabited the land and the Persian Achaemenid Empire expanded towards the southern territory of the modern country. Turkic nomads who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as the First Turkic Khaganate etc. have inhabited the country throughout its history.
 Kenya Africa 12 Dec 1963 12 Dec 1963  United Kingdom 1964–present: Republic of Kenya

1963–1964: Kenya (monarchy)
1920–1963: Colony and Protectorate of Kenya, part of the British Empire
1895–1920: East Africa Protectorate, part of the British Empire
c.1st century AD: The Kenyan coast had served host to communities of ironworkers and communities of Bantu subsistence farmers, hunters, and fishers who supported the economy with agriculture, fishing, metal production, and trade with foreign countries. These communities formed the earliest city-states (like Mombasa and Malindi) in the region which were collectively known as Azania.[85] As city-states settled on the coast, several nomadic tribes inhabited the rest of what is today Kenya.
What is now Kenya has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period.

 Kiribati Australia 12 July 1979 12 July 1979  United Kingdom 1979–present: Republic of Kiribati

1892–1976: Gilbert and Ellice Islands, part of the British Empire

 North Korea Asia 9 Sep 1948 9 Sep 1948  Soviet Union 1948–present: North Korea Democratic People's Republic of Korea

1945–1948: Occupied by the  Soviet Union under the Provisional People's Committee, and later the People's Committee
1945–1946: People's Republic of Korea
1910–1945: Part of the Korea under Japanese rule Empire of Japan
1897–1910:  Korean Empire
1392–1897: Kingdom of Great Joseon
918–1392: Kingdom of Goryeo
901–918: Kingdom of Taebong
892–936: Later Baekje
698–926: Kingdom of Balhae
668–935: Unified Silla
18 BC – 660 AD: Kingdom of Baekje
37 BC – 668 AD: Kingdom of Goguryeo
108 BC – 37 AD: Divides between the kingdoms of Korea
2333–108 BC: Kingdom of Gojoseon (Founded by Dangun according to legend)
Since around 498,000 BC humans have been settled in the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria began roughly half a million years ago.,[86][87] including Jeulmun and Mumun.

 South Korea Asia 15 Aug 1948 15 Aug 1948  United States 1987–present: South Korea Republic of Korea (Sixth)

1981–1987:  Fifth Republic of Korea
1972–1981:  Fourth Republic of Korea
1963–1972:  Third Republic of Korea
1961–1963:  Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
1960–1961:  Second Republic of Korea
1948–1960:  First Republic of Korea
1945–1948: Occupied by the  United States under the Army Military.
1919–1945: Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea
1910–1945: Part of the Korea under Japanese rule Empire of Japan
1897–1910:  Korean Empire
1392–1897: Kingdom of Great Joseon
918–1392: Kingdom of Goryeo
901–918: Kingdom of Taebong
892–936: Later Baekje
668–935: Unified Silla
42–562: Gaya confederacy
18 BC – 660 AD: Kingdom of Baekje
37 BC–668 AD: Kingdom of Goguryeo
57 BC – 935 AD: Kingdom of Silla
108 BC – 37 AD: Divides between the kingdoms of Korea
2333–108 BC: Kingdom of Gojoseon (Founded by Dangun according to legend)
Since around 498,000 BC humans have been settled in the Korean Peninsula and Manchuria began roughly half a million years ago.,[86][87] including Jeulmun and Mumun.

 Kuwait Asia 1752 Feb 1991  Iraq 1991–present: State of Kuwait

1990–1991: Kuwait Governorate, governorate of Iraq
1990: Republic of Kuwait
1963–1990: State of Kuwait
1919–1963: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of the British Empire as a protectorate
1889–1919: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, part of the British Empire as a protectorate (not recognized by the Ottomans)
1871–1899: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, de facto part of the Ottoman Empire
1752–1871: Sheikhdom of Kuwait, independent state
1670–1752: Part of the Khalidi Emirate
1613–1670: In 1613, the town of Kuwait was founded in the present-day location of Kuwait City. Part of the Ottoman Empire

 Kyrgyzstan Asia 31 Aug 1991 31 Aug 1991 Soviet Union 1991–present: Kyrgyz Republic (the name "Republic of Kyrgyzstan" was adopted in 1990, changed to current in 1993)

1936–1991: Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union
1922–1936: Part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, federated state of the Soviet Union
1918–1922: Part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1867–1918:Part of the Russian Empire

 Laos Asia 22 Oct 1953 22 Oct 1953  France 1975–present: Lao People's Democratic Republic

1953–1975: Kingdom of Laos, independent state
1947–1953: Kingdom of Laos, Part of the French Empire
1945–1947: French Protectorate of Laos a French protectorate within French Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French Empire.
1940–1945: Occupied by Japan
1893–1940: French Protectorate of Laos, a French protectorate within French Indochina — a collection of Southeast Asian protectorates within the French Empire.
1707–1893: Divided between the Kingdom of Luang Phrabang (1707–1893), Kingdom of Champasak (1713–1904), Principality of Phuan (1707–1899) and Kingdom of Vientiane (1707–1828) (which lost its sovereignty to the Kingdom of Siam from 1828 until 1893),
1354–1707: Kingdom of Lan Xang

 Latvia Europe 18 Nov 1918[88] 4 May 1990 Soviet Union 1991–present: Republic of Latvia

1940–1991: Occupation by Germany (1940–1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944–1991)
1918–1940: Republic of Latvia
1918: Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, de jure independent state (was a client state of Germany)
1918: Divided in the Courland Governorate, part of the Russian Republic, and a region occupied by Germany (Ober Ost)
1795–1918: Divided between the Courland Governorate and the Governorate of Livonia, both part of the Russian Empire
1721–1795: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Governorate of Livonia, part of the Russian Empire
1629–1721: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Swedish Livonia, part of the Swedish Empire
1569–1629: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and the Duchy of Livonia, both part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1561–1569: Divided between the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, and the Duchy of Livonia, part of the Kingdom of Poland
1215–1561: Terra Mariana (later known as Livonian Confederation), a directly subject to the Holy See
1207–1215: Terra Mariana, State of the Holy Roman Empire
The territory of Latvia has been inhabited since at least 9,000 B.C

 Lebanon Asia 22 Nov 1943 31 Dec 1946  France  Lebanese Republic (1943–present)

1920–1943: State of Greater Lebanon (constituent of the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon)
1917–1920: Part of the Occupied Enemy Territory Administration
1516–1917: Part of the Ottoman Empire (as the Eyalet of Sidon and later the Beirut Vilayet)
1289–1516: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate
1109–1289: County of Tripoli
1071–1109: Part of the Seljuk Empire
969–1071: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate
935–969: Ikhshidid State, autonomous state within the Abbasid Caliphate
905–935: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
876–905: Part of the Tulunid Emirate
750–876: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
637–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate
626–637: Part of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)
611–626: Part of the Sassanid Empire
395–611: Part of the Byzantine Empire (Eastern Roman Empire)
273–395: Part of the Roman Empire
270–273: Part of the Palmyrene Empire
63 BC–270: Part of the Roman Republic (and later the Roman Empire)
301 BC–63 BC: Part of the Seleucid Empire
314 BC–301 BC: Part of the kingdom of Antigonus I Monophthalmus
320 BC–314 BC: Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt
323 BC– 320 BC: Part of the Satrap of Laomedon of Mytilene
332 BC–323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great
538 BC–332 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire
605 BC–538 BC: Part of the Babylonian Empire
858 BC–608 BC: Part of the Assyrian Empire
2500 BC–858 BC: Ancient Phoenicia: Lebanon was divided into many states, like Tyre, Sidon, Arwad, Berytus, Byblos

 Lesotho Africa 4 Oct 1966 4 Oct 1966  United Kingdom 1966–present:  Kingdom of Lesotho (resumed)

1884–1966: Basutoland, Part of the British Empire
1822–1884: Kingdom of Lesotho

 Liberia Africa 26 July 1847 26 July 1847 American Colonization Society 1847–present: Republic of Liberia

1821–1847: Settled but not claimed by the United States[89]

 Libya Africa 24 Dec 1951[90] 24 Dec 1951 Cyrenaica Emirate
 France
 United Kingdom		 2011–present:  State of Libya (Sometimes refer to as Libya)

1977–2011: Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya (before 1986 without the word "Great" in the full name of the country)
1969–1977: Libyan Arab Republic
1963–1969: Kingdom of Libya
1951–1963: United Kingdom of Libya
1949–1951: Emirate of Cyrenaica
1943–1951: French Military Territory of Fezzan-Ghadames
1942–1951: British Military Administration of Libya
1911–1943: Italian Libya, part of the Italian Empire
1558–1911: Part of the Ottoman Empire (Ottoman Tripolitania). Ottomans conquered Fezzan between 1556 and 1577
1544–1558: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Ottoman Empire (Tripolitania)
1404–1544: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Sultanate of Tunis (Tripolitania)
1203–1404: Banu Sulaym tribe (coastal areas)
1187–1203: Banu Ghanyia tribe (coastal areas)
1184–1187: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Banu Ghanyia tribe (Tripolitania)
1159–1184: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Almohad Caliphate (Tripolitania)
1148–1159: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Kingdom of Africa (Tripolitania)
1097–1148: Divided between the Banu Sulaym tribe (Cyrenaica) and the Banu Jami tribe (Tripolitania)
1051–1097: Banu Sulaym tribe (coastal areas)
973–1051: Divided between the Fatimid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Zirid Emirate (Tripolitania)
961–973: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate
945–961: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Fatimid Caliphate (Tripolitania)
969-945: Part of the Fatimid Caliphate (coastal areas)
909–969: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Fatimid Caliphate (Tripolitania)
906–909: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Aghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania)
868–906: Divided between the Tulunid Emirate (Cyrenaica) and the Aghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania)
800–868: Divided between the Abbasid Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Aghlabid Emirate (Tripolitania)
750–800: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
694–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
683–694: Divided between the Umayyad Caliphate (Cyrenaica) and the Byzantine Empire (Tripolitania)
663–683: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
648–656: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate
553–648: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire)
439–533: Divided between the Eastern Roman Empire (Cyrenaica) and the Vandal Kingdom (Tripolitania)
395–439: Divided between the Eastern Roman Empire (Cyrenaica) and the Western Roman Empire (Tripolitania)
97 BC – AD 395: Part of the Roman Republic (later the Roman Empire)
107 BC–95 BC: Divided between the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica) and the Roman Republic (Tripolitania)
201 BC–107 BC: Part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica)
323 BC–201 BC: Divided between the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt (Cyrenaica) and Carthage (Tripolitania)
331 BC–323 BC: Divided between the Empire of Alexander the Great (Cyrenaica) and Carthage (Tripolitania)
525 BC–331 BC: Divided between the Achaemenid Empire (Cyrenaica) and Carthage (Tripolitania)
Phoenicians (Anciente Lebanese) and Ancient Greeks arrived in the country in the 7th century BC and established colonies and cities. The Phoenicians are fixed in Tripolitania, and the Greeks, in Cyrenaica. Fezzan was home to a Beber people known as Garamantes
Archaeological evidence indicates that the coastal plain was inhabited by Neolithic peoples (ancestors to the Bebers) from as early as 8000 BCE.

 Liechtenstein Europe 23 January 1719 23 January 1719 None 1866–present: Principality of Liechtenstein

1815–1866: Principality of Liechtenstein, in union with other 37 sovereign states in the German Confederation
1813–1815: Principality of Liechtenstein
1806–1813: Principality of Liechtenstein, in union with other 36 sovereign states in the Confederation of the Rhine
1719–1806: Principality of Liechtenstein formed in 1719 from Vaduz and Schellenberg, being a State of the Holy Roman Empire.

 Lithuania Europe 16 Feb 1918 11 Mar 1990 Soviet Union 1991–present: Republic of Lithuania

1940–1991: Occupation by Germany (1940–1944) and later by the Soviet Union (1944–1991)
1918–1940: Republic of Lithuania
1918: Lithuania Kingdom of Lithuania
1914–1918: noborder German Occupation
1812–1914: Part of the Russian Empire
1812: French Occupation
1795–1812: Part of the Russian Empire
1569–1795: Grand Duchy of Lithuania, federated state of the noborder Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
1253–1569: Grand Duchy of Lithuania

 Luxembourg Europe 15 Mar 1815 1945 Germany
 1890–present: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state with its own dynasty

1866–1890: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent state in personal union with Netherlands
1815–1866: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, independent from France in 1815 and in union with other 37 sovereign states in the German Confederation, but also in personal union with Netherlands

 Madagascar Africa 26 June 1960 26 June 1960  France 2014–present: Republic of Madagascar (Fourth Republic)

2009–2014: High Transitional Authority
1992–2009: Republic of Madagascar (Third Republic)
1975–1992: Democratic Republic of Madagascar
1960–1975: Malagasy Republic, independent state
1958–1960: Malagasy Republic, an autonomous republic within the French Community
1897–1958: French Madagascar, part of the French Empire
1882–1897: Malagasy Protectorate, part of the French Empire
1840–1882: Most of the island was united by Imerina as the Kingdom of Madagascar
1540–1840: Madagascar was divided in many states, one of this states was the Kingdom of Imerina
By the Middle Ages, over a dozen predominant ethnic identities had emerged on the island, typified by rule under a local chieftain. Among some communities, such as the Sakalava, Merina and Betsimisaraka, leaders seized the opportunity to unite these disparate communities and establish true kingdoms under their rule.
Around the 9th century AD Bantu migrants crossed the Mozambique Channel from East Africa.
Human settlement of Madagascar occurred between 350 BC and 550 AD by Indianized Austronesian peoples, arriving on outrigger canoes from Indonesia.

 Malawi Africa 6 July 1964 6 July 1964  United Kingdom 1964–present: Republic of Malawi

1963–1964: Nyasaland, part of the British Empire
1953–1963: Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, part of the British Empire
1907–1953: Nyasaland, part of the British Empire
1893–1907: British Central Africa Protectorate, part of the British Empire
1891–1893: Nyasaland Districts Protectorate, part of the British Empire
1480–1891: Kingdom of Maravi
The part of Africa now known as Malawi was settled by migrating Bantu groups around the 10th century.

 Malaysia Asia 31 Aug 1957[8] 31 Aug 1957  United Kingdom The Federation of Malaya gained independence in 1957; in 1963 it added territories of Sabah, Sarawak and Singapore, and changed its name to Malaysia (a federal state).[52] Singapore became independent in 1965.


Peninsular Malaysia:
1826–1957: British Malacca: Straits Settlements, Federated Malay States, Unfederated Malay States
1636–1826: Divided in many states like the Johor Sultanate, the Perak Sultanate, the Selangor Sultanate, Kingdom of Besut Darul Iman, etc.
1641–1824: Dutch Malacca, part of the Dutch Empire
1620–1636: Occupied by the Aceh Sultanate
1528–c.1620: Divided between the Johor Sultanate and the Perak Sultanate
1511–1641: Portuguese Malacca, part of the Portuguese Empire
1499–1511: Divided between the Kedah Sultanate and the Malacca Sultanate
c.1467–1499: Divided between the Kedah Sultanate, Malacca Sultanate, Pahang Sultanate and the Majapahit Empire
1402-c.1467: Divided between the Majapahit Empire and the independent Malacca Sultanate
1392–1402: Part of the Majapahit Empire
1380–1392: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc.
1355–1380: Part of the Majapahit Empire
1293–1355: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc.
1287–1293: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari
1250–1287: Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Kedah Sultanate, Samudera Pasai Sultanate, Langkasuka, Pahang Tua, etc.
1090–1250: Part of the Dharmasraya
687–1090: Part of the Srivijaya Empire
c.100–687:Peninsular Malaysia was divided in many states like Gangga Negara, Langkasuka, Chi Tu, Pan Pan, Kedah, Melayu Kingdom, etc.

Malaysian Borneo:
1841–1963: British Borneo
1599–1641: Sultanate of Sarawak
1568–1888: Divided between the Sultanate of Brunei and the Sultanate of Sulu
1368–1568: Part of the Sultanate of Brunei
1294–1368: Part of the Majapahit Kingdom
1276–1294: Part of the Kingdom of Singhasari
c.900 AD–1276 AD: Part of the Srivijaya Kingdom

 Maldives Asia 26 July 1965 26 July 1965  United Kingdom Unified according to legend by King Koimala (1117–1141). Independent sultanate until 1887, when it became a British protectorate.
 Mali Africa 20 Aug 1960 20 Aug 1960  Mali Federation 1960–present: Republic of Mali

1959–1960: part of Mali Federation, a territory with self-rule within the French Community, governed from Dakar, Senegal.
1893–1958: French Sudan, part of the French West Africa, federation of territories of the French Colonial Empire in Africa
1848–1893: Toucouleur Empire
1818–1862: Massina Empire
1670–1818: Pashalik of Timbuktu, part of Morocco
1559–1670: Center of the Mali Empire
c. 1235–1559: part of the Mali Empire
1464–1591: Songhai Empire
c. 9th century–1430: Gao Empire

 Malta Europe 21 Sep 1964 21 Sep 1964  United Kingdom 1974–present: Republic of Malta

1964–1974: State of Malta
1813–1964: Crown Colony of Malta
1800–1813: Protectorate of Malta
1798–1800: French occupation of Malta, the insurrection and independent Gozo
1530–1798: Hospitaller Malta
1130–1530: part of the Kingdom of Sicily
1091–1130: part of the County of Sicily
909–1091: part of the Fatimid Caliphate
870–909: part of the Abbasid Caliphate
395–870: part of the Byzantine Empire
218 BC-395 AD: part of Roman Sicilia
480 BC-218 BC: part of the Carthaginian Empire
800 BC-480 BC: part of the Phoenician Empire

 Marshall Islands Australia 21 Oct 1986 21 Oct 1986  United States

1986–present: Republic of the Marshall Islands (independent state)
1943–1986: part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, administered by the United States
1914–1943: part of the South Seas Mandate, part of the Japanese Empire
1898–1914: part of the German New Guinea, part of the German Empire
1878–1898: part of the German Empire
Micronesian colonists reached the Marshall Islands using canoes circa 2nd millennium BC, with interisland navigation made possible using traditional stick charts.

 Mauritania Africa 28 Nov 1960 28 Nov 1960  France 1960–present: Islamic Republic of Mauritania

1903–1960: Colony of Mauritania, part of the French West Africa (a federation of French colonial territories), part of the French Empire
1600s–1903: Various Berber and Arabic tribes
early 1500s-early 1600s: Southern regions are part of the Songhai Empire
c.early 1200s-early 1500s: Southern regions are part of the Mali Empire
1086 – c.early 1200s: Ghana Empire
1076–1086: Part of the Almoravid Emirate
c.300–1076: Ghana Empire
Various Berber tribes.

 Mauritius Africa 12 Mar 1968 12 Mar 1968  United Kingdom 1992–present: Republic of Mauritius

1968–1992: Mauritius, independent state (monarchy)
1814–1968: British Mauritius, part of the British Empire
1710–1814: Isle de France, part of the French Empire
1638–1710: Dutch Mauritius, part of the Dutch Empire
The island of Mauritius was uninhabited before its first recorded visit by the Dutch in the late 16th century. The name Dina Arobi has been associated with Arab sailors, but this is speculative, as the name is evidently of Sankritic origin (dwip (island) > diba > dina).

 Mexico The Americas 16 Sep 1810 1864 Spain 1867–Present: Mexico United Mexican States (a federal state, composed of 32 federal entities: 31 states and the Mexico City)

1864–1867: Mexico Second Mexican Empire (a unitary state)
1846–1863: Mexico Second Federal Republic of Mexico (a federal state, composed of 24 federated states, 1 federal territory and 1 federal district)
1835–1846: Mexico Centralist Republic of Mexico (a unitary state)
1824–1835: Mexico First Mexican Republic (a federal state, originally composed of 19 federated states and 4 territories. In its later years was composed of 20 federated states, 6 territories and a federal district)
1823–1824: Mexico Provisional Government of Mexico
1821–1823: Mexico First Mexican Empire (unitary state)
1521–1821: Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1421–1521: Aztec Empire (or the Triple Alliance, a confederation of allied city-states), but also Maya city-states and some city-states that was not allied with the Aztecs
1122–1421: Several small states in the modern territory of Mexico (except in the northern regions, inhabited by nomad tribes)
674–1122: Toltec Kingdom
c.100 AD–c.700 AD: Mexica-Tenochtitlan
c.700 BC – 1521 AD: Zapotec civilization
c.1500 BC – 1521 AD: Mixtec Civilization
c.2000 BC – 1539 AD: Maya Civilization
c.2,500 BC–400 BC:Olmec Civilization
Since 19,000 BC humans has been settled by the Native Mexicans, including Nahuatl.

 Micronesia, Federated States of Australia 3 Nov 1986 3 Nov 1986  United States 1979–present: Federated States of Micronesia Federated States of Micronesia

1947–1979:  Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

1919–1947: South Seas Mandate

1914–1919: Empire of Japan Imperial Japanese Navy occupation

1899–1914: Part of German New Guinea

1574–1899: Part of the Spain Captaincy General of the Philippines

 Moldova Europe 27 Aug 1991 27 Aug 1991  Soviet Union
 Monaco Europe 2 Feb 1861 1945 Germany Previously occupied by Italy and France. Subject to Sardinia 1815–1861.
 Mongolia Asia 29 Dec 1911 13 Mar 1921 Republic of China De facto independence from China in 1921.
 Montenegro Europe 21 May 2006[note 34] 21 May 2006 (independence referendum)
June 3, 2006		 Serbia and Montenegro 2006–present: Montenegro
2003–2006: Part of the union of Serbia and Montenegro
1992–2003: Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (with Serbia)
1945–1991: Part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1943–1945: Occupied by Nazi Germany
1941–1943: Occupied by the Kingdom of Italy
1918–1941: Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes)
1910–1918: Kingdom of Montenegro
1852–1910: Principality of Montenegro
1516–1852: Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro
1499–1516: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1356–1499: Principality of Zeta
1346–1356: Part of the Serbian Empire
1217–1346: Part of the Kingdom of Serbia
1186–1217: Part of the Grand Principality of Serbia
1077–1186: Kingdom of Duklja
843–1077: Principality of Duklja
625–843: Duklja (vassal state of the Byzantine Empire)
 Morocco Africa 788[91] 7 Apr 1956 France
Spain		 1955–present:Morocco Kingdom of Morocco

1912–1956:French protectorate of Morocco
1912–1956:Spanish protectorate of Morocco
1666–1912: Alaouite Sultanate of Morocco
1510–1659:Saadi Sultanate
1472–1554:Wattasid dynasty
1244–1465:Marinid Sultanate
1121–1269:Almohad Caliphate
1040–1147:Almoravid dynasty
750–778:Idrisid dynasty
744–1058:Barghawata
710–1019:Kingdom of Nekor
661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
590–698: Part of the Byzantine Empire Byzantine Empire (as the Exarchate of Africa)
484–703: Kingdom of the Aurès
439–534: Part of the Vandal Kingdom
435–439: Center of the Vandal Kingdom
395–435: Part of the Western Roman Empire as province
42 AD–395 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as province
300 BC – 42 AD: Kingdom of Mauretania
814–202 BC: Part of the Carthaginian Empire
2500–539 BC:Phoenician trading posts in the coasts
10,000–2500 BC: Inhabited by Capsians
20,000–10,000 BC: Inhabited by Iberomaurusians
80,000–20,000 BC: Inhabited by Aterians
Idris I of Morocco convinced the Awraba Berber tribes to break their allegiance to the distant Abbasid caliphs in Baghdad and he founded the Idrisid dynasty in 788. Since 1.3 Million BC, humans have been settled in Morocco as demonstrated by the discovery of Stone Age hand-axe manufacturing site found at Casablanca in 2021.

 Mozambique Africa 25 June 1975 25 June 1975  Portugal Portuguese colony from 1498 to 1975.
 Myanmar Asia 4 Jan 1948 4 Jan 1948  United Kingdom Pagan Kingdom founded 849. Occupied by Japan 1942–1945
 Namibia Africa 21 Mar 1990 21 Mar 1990 South Africa German colony from 1884; governed by South Africa 1915–1990
 Nauru Australia 31 Jan 1968 31 Jan 1968  Australia/ New Zealand/ United Kingdom Trust Territory of Nauru Previously occupied by Germany 1888, Australia 1914, Japan 1942–45,
   Nepal Asia 1559 c. (Gorkha Kingdom) 1768 (Unification of Nepal) (none) 1816–1923: protectorate of the  British Empire

Autonomous throughout its recorded history, and certainly since its 1768 unification.[92] The ancient Maurya Empire occupied southern Nepal, but not the core Kathmandu valley.

 Netherlands Europe 26 July 1581 (de facto)
30 Jan 1648 (de jure)		 1945 Germany

1945–present: Kingdom of the Netherlands (reestablished in 1945. Aruba, Curaçao, the Netherlands, and Sint Maarten are the constituent countries of the Kingdom)
1940–1945: Occupied by  Nazi Germany establishing as Dutch government-in-exile, a member of the allies during WWII.
1839–1940: Kingdom of the Netherlands
1815–1839: United Kingdom of the Netherlands
1813–1815: Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands
1810–1813: Part of the  First French Empire
1806–1810: Occupied by the  First French Empire as Kingdom of Holland
1795–1806: Occupied by France France as the  Batavian Republic
1648–1795: The  Dutch Republic, recognized as a full independent state
1581–1648: The  Dutch Republic declares its independence as a confederacy of seven Dutch provinces-seceded from the Spanish Empire. The new republic was still considered a state of the Holy Roman Empire until the Peace of Münster in 1648
1556–1714: Spanish Netherlands, part of the  Spanish Empire
1549–1556: Seventeen Provinces(personal union of states of the Holy Roman Empire, administered by the Archduke of Austria (that was also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain. The Archduchy of Austria was a state of the HRE. But the Kingdom of Spain was not)
1482–1549: Habsburg Netherlands (personal union of fiefs of the Kingdom of France and of the  Holy Roman Empire (the County of Artois was ceded by France to the Holy Roman Empire in 1493, all the fiefs became Imperial States after this year), held by the Archdukes of Austria (that was also Holy Roman Emperors, the Archduchy of Austria was itself a State of the HRE)
1384–1482: Burgundian Netherlands (personal union of fiefs of the  Kingdom of France (in the case of the County of Artois) and of the  Holy Roman Empire (the other fiefs), held by the Dukes of Burgundy (vassals of the French king and of the Holy Roman Emperor)
1190–1384: States of the  Holy Roman Empire: County of Hainaut, Duchy of Luxembourg, County of Artois, Duchy of Guelders, County of Namur, Duchy of Brabant, County of Holland, Bishopric of Utrecht, Frisian Freedom (autonomous confederation within the Holy Roman Empire).
959–1190: Duchy of Lower Lotharingia, part of the Kingdom of East Francia, later the Kingdom of Germany and later a state of the Holy Roman Empire
855–959: Part of Lotharingia
843–855: Part of Middle Francia
600–734: Frisian Kingdom
481–843: Part of Francia
385–481 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior
3rd century: Inhabited by Salian Franks
22 BC – 385 AD: Parts of the Roman Empire as Gallia Belgica and Germania Inferior
55 BC – 600 AD: Part of Germania
800–22 BC: Inhabited by the Celts, Gauls, and Germanic peoples.
1800–800 BC: Inhabited by the Elps
2700–1800 BC: Inhabited by the Beakers
Since 38,000 BC humans have been settled since Neanderthals from the North Sea floor off the coast of Zeeland.[93]

Note: The Dutch Empire was created in 1602, after the foundation of the Dutch East India Company, in the government of the stadtholder Maurice, Prince of Orange.

 New Zealand Australia 25 Nov 1947 [note 35] 25 Nov 1947 United Kingdom 1947–present: Realm of New Zealand, a monarchy in a personal union with the United Kingdom.[94][95] New Zealand (a sovereign state) has one Antarctic territorial claim (the Ross Dependency), one dependent territory (Tokelau), and two associated states (the Cook Islands and Niue)

1907–1947: Dominion of New Zealand, a Dominion within the British Empire
1841–1907: Colony of New Zealand, part of the British Empire
1788–1841: Part of the Colony of New South Wales, part of the British Empire
c.1280–1788 CE: Inhabited by Native New Zealanders (Maori), divided in tribes (iwi)

 Nicaragua The Americas 29 Nov 1898 29 Nov 1898 Greater Republic of Central America Greater Republic of Central America 1898–Present: Nicaragua Republic of Nicaragua

1896–1898: Federated state of the Greater Republic of Central America
November 1852 – 1896: Nicaragua Republic of Nicaragua
October–November 1852: Federated state of the Federation of Central America
1838–1852: Nicaragua Republic of Nicaragua
1823–1838: Federated state of the Federal Republic of Central America
24 September 1821 – 1823: Part of the First Mexican Empire as Province of Nicaragua
15–24 September 1821: Republic of Nicaragua
1638–1894: Mosquito Coast, part of the  British Empire
1609–1821: Part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala (alternativelly Kingdom of Guatemala) within the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1535–1609: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1525–1535: Part of the Columbian Viceroyalty (Part of the Spanish Empire)
Since c.2000 BC humans have been settled by Native Nicaraguans, including Chibcha.

 Niger Africa 3 Aug 1960 3 Aug 1960  France Became part of  France in 1900, became independent on 3 August 1960
 Nigeria Africa 1 Oct 1960 1 Oct 1960  United Kingdom Became part of the  United Kingdom as the Colony and Protectorate (1914–1954)/Federation of Nigeria(1954–1960), became independent on 1 October 1960
 North Macedonia Europe 8 Sep 1991 8 Sep 1991 Yugoslavia 2019–present: North Macedonia Republic of North Macedonia

1991–2019: North Macedonia/North Macedonia Republic of Macedonia (the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia)
1946–1992: Part of the  Yugoslavia as Socialist Republic of Macedonia
1943–1946: Part of the  Democratic Federal Yugoslavia as Democratic Republic of Macedonia
1929–1943: Part of the  Kingdom of Yugoslavia as Vardar Banovina
1918–1929: Part of the  Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as South Serbia
1882–1918: Part of the Serbia Kingdom of Serbia
1867–1882: Part of the Serbia Principality of Serbia
1365–1867: Part of the  Ottoman Empire as Rumelia Eyalet
1346–1365 Part of the Serbian Empire
1185–1396: Part of the Second Bulgarian Empire
681–1018: Part of the First Bulgarian Empire
324–681: Part of the  Byzantine Empire as the province of Macedonia
148 BC – 324 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as the province of Macedonia
324–148 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire
479–324 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire
Since 5700 BC humans have been settled passing the Vinča.

 Norway Europe 872 8 May 1945 Germany 1940–present: Kingdom of Norway (The Bouvet Island, located in the Subantarctic, is a dependency of the Kingdom of Norway. Norway also lays claims to the Antarctic territories of Peter I Island and Queen Maud Land).

1940–1945: Occupied by Germany (Reichskommissariat).
1905–1940: Kingdom of Norway (Haakon VII elected Norwegian king in a referendum in 1905).
1814–1905: United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway. A personal union between the Kingdom of Norway and the Kingdom of Sweden.
1537–1814: Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Norway, in real union with the Kingdom of Denmark, Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein.
1523–1533: Denmark-Norway – Kingdom of Norway, in personal union with the Kingdom of Denmark, Duchy of Schleswig, and the Duchy of Holstein.
1397–1523: Kingdom of Norway, in personal union with the Kingdom of Sweden and the Kingdom of Denmark. This union was known as the Kalmar Union
872–1397: Kingdom of Norway (According to tradition, Harald Fairhair unified all the small kingdoms into one in 872 after the Battle of Hafrsfjord in Stavanger, thus becoming the first king of a united Norway. In 1163, Norway adopted its current Law of Succession)
c.700s–872: The modern territory of Norway was divided in several small kingdoms. This age was characterised by expansion and emigration by Viking seafarers. The Viking Age itself only ended later in 1066.
About 10,000 BC, following the retreat of the great inland ice sheets, the earliest inhabitants migrated north into the territory which is now Norway.

 Oman Asia 1626 [note 36] 1743 Afsharid Empire Previously occupied by Great Seljuq Empire, Ottoman Empire, Portugal (1508–1650), etc.
 Pakistan Asia 14 Dec 1947 14 Dec 1947  United Kingdom 1956–present: Islamic Republic of Pakistan

1947–1956: Dominion of Pakistan
1858–1947: Part of the  British Empire as Punjab Province, Balochistan Province, Baluchistan Agency, North West Frontier Province, North-West Frontier States Agency in the British Raj Indian Empire
1849–1858: Part of the Bengal Presidency Bengal Presidency of the East India Company East India Company
1799–1849: Sikh Empire
1747–1826: Durrani Empire
1716–1799: Sikh Misl
1591–1707: Mughal Empire
1520–1591: Divided between Arghun dynasty and Tarkhan dynasty
1351–1524: Samma dynasty
13th century-1351: Divided between parts of the Mongol Empire and Delhi Sultanate
879–1215: Ghurid Sultanate
879–1026: Hindu Shahi
854–1011: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate under the Habbari dynasty
819–999: Samanid Empire
Mid-8th–12th Centuries: Pratihara Empire
670–860: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate as Umayyad Sindh
643–661: Rashidun Caliphate
632–724: Brahman dynasty of Sindh
524–632: Rai dynasty
450–560: Hephthalite Empire
240–410 AD: Kushano-Sasanian Kingdom, part of the  Sasanian Empire
30–375 AD: Kushan Empire
19–c.240 AD: Indo-Parthian Kingdom, part of the Parthian Empire
150 BC–400 AD: Parts of the Indo-Scythian Kingdom as Apracharajas and Paratarajas
256 BC–125 BC: Part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
322–200 BC: Part of the Maurya Empire
329–323 BC: Part of the Macedonian Empire
550–330 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire
1500–500 BC: Inhabited by Vedic
1700–1500 BC: Inhabited by Cemetery H
c.3300–c.1300 BC: Part of the Indus Valley civilisation
Since 2 million BC, Pakistan has been settled starting with Proto-humans.[96][97]

 Palau Australia 1 Oct 1994 1 Oct 1994  United States Previously ruled by Spain, Germany, Japan.
 Palestine Asia Sovereignty disputed by  Israel 15 Nov 1988  Israel On 15 November 1988, the Palestinian Liberation Organization also proclaimed its independence of the State of Palestine and attained its autonomy as the Palestinian National Authority in 1994 in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, the territories that are occupied by Israel since 1967.

Parts of West Bank are controlled by Israel, except for the Area A of the Palestinian National Authority. The Gaza Strip has been occupied by Hamas since the 2007 war after Israeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005.

The West Bank was occupied by Jordan from 1948 to 1967, and the Gaza Strip was occupied by Egypt from 1957 to 1967.

 Panama The Americas 3 Nov 1903 31 Jan 1990  Colombia 1990–present: Republic of Panama
1989–1990: American Invasion
1903–1989:  Republic of Panama
1886–1903:Part of the Republic of Colombia
1863–1886: Federated state of the United States of Colombia
1858–1863: In union with other 7 states in the Granadine Confederation
1831–1858: Part of the Republic of New Granada
1819–1831: Part of the Gran Colombia
1717–1819: Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the Spanish Empire
1542–1776 : Viceroyalty of Peru (viceroyalty of the Crown of Castile, and after 1715, of the Crown of Spain)
1528–1542: Governorate of New Toledo, governorate of the Crown of Castile
Before Europeans arrived Panama was widely settled by Chibchan, Chocoan, and Cueva peoples.
 Papua New Guinea Australia 16 Sep 1975 16 Sep 1975  Australia Papuan, Polynesians, and Melanesians before then.
 Paraguay The Americas 14 May 1811 (de facto)
Nov 25, 1845 (formal declaration of Independence)		 1876  Empire of Brazil

 Argentina
 Uruguay

 1876–present: Republic of Paraguay

Occupied 1870–1876 by Brazil, in Triple Alliance with Argentina and Uruguay.[98] (Paraguayan independence was assured only after the War of the Triple Alliance, when Brazil resisted Argentine offers to divide and annex the country)
1813–1870: Republic of Paraguay (Paraguay refused to join the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata and the Argentine Confederation [future Argentina], which considered Paraguay to be a break-away province. On 12 October 1813 the Paraguayan Republic was proclaimed. Paraguay only made a formal declaration of independence in 1845. It was only recognized by Argentina as an independent country on 17 July 1852. However, this recognition was rejected by the Congress of Argentina and the actual recognition of independence came only in 1856)
1811–1813: Province of Paraguay (de facto independent of Spain, but still de jure part of the Spanish Empire)
1776–1811: Part of the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (part of the Spanish Empire)
1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru (part of the Spanish Empire)
1524–1544: Part of the Governorate of New Andalusia (part of the Spanish Empire)
11,000 BC – 1524 AD: Inhabited by Native Paraguayans, including the Tupi-Guarani peoples, Mascoian peoples and Mataco-Guaycuru peoples.

 Peru The Americas 28 July 1821 25 Aug 1839 North Peru
South Peru		 1839–Present: Peru Republic of Peru

1836–1839: Divided in North Peru and South Peru, in union with Bolivia in the Peru–Bolivian Confederation
1822–1836: Peru Republic of Peru
1824-1822: Protectorate of Peru, protectorate of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Argentina)
1542–1824: Viceroyalty of Peru (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1542–1824: Governorate of New Castile (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1534–1572: Neo-Inca State, a rump state of the Inca Empire
1438–1542: Inca Empire(The Kingdom of Cuzco gradually conquers several small kingdoms and became an Empire)
1197–1438: Kingdom of Cuzco and other several small Quechua kingdoms
6th–11th Centuries AD: Tiwanaku-Wari Empire
Since 24,000 BC humans has been settled, including Native Peruvians such as Tiwanaku, Moche, Lima, Nasca Chavín and Virú.

 Philippines Asia 4 July 1946 [note 37] 4 July 1946 [note 38]  United States 1986–present: Fifth Philippine Republic
1981–1986: Fourth Philippine Republic

1973–1981: Under the Martial Law
1946–1972: Third Philippine Republic
1942–1943: A puppet state of the Japanese Empire (Second Philippine Republic)
1935–1942, 1945–1946: Commonwealth of the Philippines, unincorporated territory of the United States with Commonwealth status
1899–1899/1901: First Philippine Republic (terminated by USA (as an insurgency))
1898–1935: An unincorporated territory of The United States
1821–1898: Captaincy General of the Philippines, following the independence of Mexico, all control was transferred to Madrid (Part of the Spanish Empire)
1535–1821: Captaincy General of the Philippines, part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain(Part of the Spanish Empire)
Pre-1535: The Philippine Islands had a numerous sinified states, Indianized kingdoms and Muslim states. In Luzon, there were the Ivatan people, the Society of Cordillera, the Kingdoms of Pangasinan and Ma-i, Kota Selurong and the Tondo dynasty. The Confederation of the Madyas and the Rajahnate of Cebu were in Visayas. Lastly, in Mindanao, there were the Sultanate of Maguindanao, Butuan Rajahnate and the Sultanate of Sulu. The Bruneian Empire occupied Palawan_(island) and parts of Mindanao too.

 Poland Europe 11 November 1918 (as a new state, not as a nation) 1945 Germany
 Soviet Union

1989–present: Poland Republic of Poland (third)
1947–1989:  Polish People's Republic
1945–1947: Provisional Government of National Unity
1939–1990:  Government of the Republic of Poland in exile
1939–1945: Occupied by  Nazi Germany and the  Soviet Union during WWII making the  Polish Underground State as an emergency state, and later in 1944 Poland was proposed to make a Government.
1918–1939: Republic of Poland (second)
1917–1918: Kingdom of Poland, a puppet of  German Empire and  Austria-Hungary
1915–1917: Occupied by  German Empire and  Austria-Hungary during World War I
1867–1915: Part of the  Russian Empire as Vistula Land
1832–1867: Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland), in real union with the Russian Empire
1815–1832: Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland), in personal union with the Russian Empire
1807–1815: Duchy of Warsaw, in personal union with the Kingdom of Saxony (Interrupted by the General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland (1812–1813))
1795–1807: Divided between  Austrian Empire,  Prussia, and  Russian Empire
1569–1795: Crown of the Kingdom of Poland, federated state of the  Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (first republic)
1385–1569: Kingdom of Poland, in personal union with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1025–1385: Kingdom of Poland
9th century – 1025: Civitas Schinesghe (era when Poland was unified ca 966 by Mieszko I).

Since 498,000 BC humans have been settled in Poland starting with Homo species, and later settled by Lusatian culture, Celts, Germanics, and others.

 Portugal Europe 25 July 1139 30 Aug 1808  France 1975–present: Portugal Portuguese Republic (Third)

1974–1975: Portugal Junta de Salvação Nacional
1933–1974: Portugal Second Portuguese Republic
1926–1933: Portugal Ditadura Nacional
1910–1926: Portugal First Portuguese Republic
1834–1910: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
1815-1822/1825: United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
1808: Convention of Cintra ended French occupation of Lisbon
1777–1834: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (Napoleonic era)
1640–1777: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves
1580–1640: Iberian Union (Portuguese Empire in a personal union with the Spanish Empire under the king Philip II).
1415–1580: Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves (Portugal became into an empire until 2002).
1139–1415: Kingdom of Portugal (Independent after the Battle of Ourique, Although it was not until 4 years later in 1143, when independence was recognized).
910–1139: Part of the Kingdom of León as the County of Portugal
756–929: Emirate of Córdoba
c.721–750: Umayyad Caliphate
418–c.721: Visigothic Kingdom
409–585: Kingdom of the Suebi
385–418 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Hispania
218 BC – 385 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Lusitania and Gallaecia
7th century – 218 BC: Inhabited by Iberians, Cynetes, Lusitanians, Celtici, and Gallaeci
Since 398,000 BC humans have been settled in Portugal, starting with Homo heidelbergensis.[99]

 Qatar Asia 3 Sep 1971 3 Sep 1971  United Kingdom Ottoman Empire
Abbasid Caliphate
Umayyad Caliphate
Rashidun Caliphate
Various nomadic Arab tribesmen before that.
 Romania Europe 13 July 1878 13 July 1878 United Principalities
 Soviet Union		 1944–1958.
Ottoman Empire
Wallachia
 Russia Asia/Europe 1471 (Grand Duchy of Moscow) 26 Dec 1991 (de facto)
12 Dec 1993 (de jure)[note 39]		  Soviet Union 1993–present:  Russian Federation (a federal state, currently have 85 federal subjects. Two federal subjects are not internationally recognized as part of Russia.)

1991–1993: Russia Russian Federation (a federal state, originally comprising 89 federal subjects)(with the 1978 constitution)
1922–1991:  Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Federated state of the  Soviet Union (The RSFSR was itself a federal state, comprising 77 federal subjects)
1918–1922:  Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (a federal state)
19 January 1918: Russia Russian Democratic Federative Republic (a federal state)
1917–1918:  Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (a federal state)
14 Sep – 7 Nov 1917:  Russian Republic (a federal state)
1721–1917:  Russian Empire (a unitary state)
1547–1721: Tsardom of Russia
1480–1547: Grand Duchy of Moscow, sovereign and independent state
1283–1480: Grand Duchy of Moscow (From 1283 to 1294 it was a part of the Mongol Empire. From 1294 to 1480 it was part of the Golden Horde)
1157–1331: Grand Duchy of Vladimir (From 1238 to 1294 it was a part of the Mongol Empire thanks to the Great stand on the Ugra river. From 1294 to 1331 it was part of the Golden Horde)
1136–1478: Novgorod Republic(Until 1238 it was a part of the Kievan Rus')
c.862–1240: Kievan Rus', a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples, was founded by the Rurik dynasty in the city of Novgorod. Later in 882 the capital city was moved to Kiev (in modern-day Ukraine)
Since 38,000 BC humans have been settled, including Rus' people, an East Slavic people. There is also the presence of Turkic, Mongolic, Finnic, Northeast and Northwest Caucasian peoples.

 Rwanda Africa 1 July 1962 1 July 1962  Belgium Became German East Africa (1885–1918), Rwanda-Urundi (1916–1962), became independent on 1 July 1962
 Saint Kitts and Nevis The Americas 19 Sep 1983 19 Sep 1983  United Kingdom
 Saint Lucia The Americas 22 Feb 1979 22 Feb 1979  United Kingdom
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines The Americas 27 Oct 1979 27 Oct 1979  United Kingdom
 Samoa Australia 1 Jan 1962 1 Jan 1962  New Zealand German colony 1900 to 1914; occupied by New Zealand 1914; Trust Territory first of the League of Nations, then of the United Nations and administered by New Zealand, 1920 to 1962.
 San Marino Europe 1243 21 Sep 1944 World War II Allies 1944: Brief occupation by Germany, then Allies during Battle of San Marino

1739: Brief occupation by the Papal States
1503: Brief occupation by Rimini
1243: The people of San Marino established the positions of Captains Regent (Capitani Reggenti) as a joint heads of state
Before 1243: Part of the Roman Empire

 São Tomé and Príncipe Africa 12 July 1975 12 July 1975  Portugal
 Saudi Arabia Asia 13 Jan 1902 (Emirate of Riyadh)[note 40] 23 Sep 1932 Emirate of Jabal Shammar 1932–present: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

1926–1932: Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, a dual monarchy that was the precursor to the modern day Saudi Arabia
1916–1925: Kingdom of Hejaz (Not recognized by the Ottoman Empire, last Ottoman troops evicted from Medina by Kingdom of Hejaz in 1919)
1921–1926: Sultanate of Nejd (Third Saudi State)
1916–1923: Sheikdom of Upper Asir
1913–1921: Emirate of Nejd and Hasa (Third Saudi State)
1909–1930: Idrisid Emirate of Asir
1902–1913: Emirate of Riyadh (Third Saudi State)
1836–1921: Emirate of Jabal Shammar
1824–1891: Emirate of Nejd (Second Saudi State)
1818–1824: Diriyah became part of the Egypt Eyalet, part of the Ottoman Empire
1814–1916: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Ottoman Empire
1744–1818: Emirate of Diriyah (First Saudi State), unified all Arabian Peninsula (except Yemen and Oman)
1670–1790: Eastern Arabia, ruled by the Khalidi Emirate
1633–1934: Principality of Najran
1551–1670: Eastern Arabia, part of the Ottoman Empire
1521–1551: Al-Muntafiq, an Arab tribal confederation, successfully occupied al-Ahsa and al-Qatif (eastern Saudi Arabia today)
1517–1804: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Ottoman Empire
1260–1517: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt
1400–c.1521: Jabrids (Bahrain) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia.
1253–c.1400: Usfurids (Bahrain) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia.
1076–1253: Uyunid Emirate (Bahrain) rules coastal areas in Eastern Arabia
1171–1260: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Ayyubid Sultanate
968–1171: Sharifate of Mecca, part of the Fatimid Caliphate
c. 968:The Sharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Mecca is established. Most of the remainder of what became Saudi Arabia (except the Eastern coast) reverted to traditional tribal rule.
945–968: Western Arabia was part of the Buyid Empire
899–1076: Qarmatians established a religious-utopian republic in Eastern Arabia
750–945: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
656–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate (capital city transferred to Kufa, located in modern Iraq)
632–656: Rashidun Caliphate, with the capital city in Mecca
622–632: Muhammad, Prophet of Islam, united all the tribes of Arabia under the banner of Islam and created a single Arab Muslim religious polity in the Arabian Peninsula.
Shortly before the advent of Islam, apart from urban trading settlements (such as Mecca and Medina), much of what was to become Saudi Arabia was populated by nomadic pastoral tribal societies. The east coast was a territory of the Sassanid Empire
By the late Bronze Age, a historically recorded people and land (Midian and the Midianites) in the north-western portion of Saudi Arabia are well-documented in the Bible.[100]
Early settled civilizations in the Antiquity: the Dilmun civilization on the east of the Arabian Peninsula, Thamud north of the Hejaz, and Kingdom of Kinda and Al-Magar civilization in the central of Arabian Peninsula.
There is evidence that modern human (Homo sapiens) habitation in the Arabian Peninsula dates back to about 63,000 years ago
Stone tools from the Middle Paleolithic age along with fossils of other animals discovered at Ti's al Ghadah, in northwestern Saudi Arabia, might imply that hominids migrated through a "Green Arabia" between 300,000 and 500,000 years ago

 Senegal Africa 20 Aug 1960 20 Aug 1960  Mali Federation Independent first as Mali Federation with capital in Dakar. Previously part of Ghana, Mali and Songhai Empires.
 Serbia Europe 13 July 1878 (as a new state, not as a nation.) [note 41] 3 June 2006  Yugoslavia
Serbia and Montenegro		 2006–present:  Republic of Serbia (successor state of Serbia and Montenegro)

2003–2006: Republic of Serbia, federated state of the Serbia and Montenegro (successor state of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia)
1992–2003: Republic of Serbia, federated state of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (New state)
1946–1992: Socialist Republic of Serbia, federated state of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1944–1945: Part of the Democratic Federal Yugoslavia
1941–1944: Occupied by Nazi Germany and the Axis Powers, Yugoslav government-in-exile, and member of the allies during WWII.
1929–1941: Part of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
1918–1929: Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
1918: Kingdom of Serbia
1915–1918: Occupied by the Central Powers (Austro-Hungarian and Bulgarian occupation)
1882–1915: Kingdom of Serbia
1815–1882: Principality of Serbia
1804–1813: Revolutionary Serbia (as independent movement inside the Ottoman Empire)
1459–1817: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1402–1459: Serbian Despotate
1371–1402: Moravian Serbia
1346–1371: Serbian Empire
1217–1346: Kingdom of Serbia
11th century–1217: Grand Principality of Serbia
8th century–10th century: Principality of Serbia
Since 5700 BC humans have been settled passing the Vinča.

 Seychelles Africa 29 June 1976 29 June 1976  United Kingdom Perhaps sovereign 1790–1794
 Sierra Leone Africa 27 Apr 1961 27 Apr 1961  United Kingdom
 Singapore Asia 9 Aug 1965 9 Aug 1965  Malaysia British colony 1824–1963; occupied by Japan 1942–1945; declared independence, then merged with Malaysia[6][12] from 1963 until 1965.[9][11]
 Slovakia Europe 1 Jan 1993 1 Jan 1993  Czechoslovakia 1945–1993: Part of the Czechoslovakia (interrupted by Warsaw Pact armies in 1968)

1945: Occupied by WWII Allies in 1945
1939–1945: Occupied by Germany
1918–1919: Part of the Czechoslovakia
1867–1918: Part of Austria-Hungary
1806–1867: Part of the Austrian Empire

 Slovenia Europe 25 June 1991 25 June 1991  Yugoslavia 1991–present: Republic of Slovenia
1945–1991: Part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia
1918–1945: Part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes
1918–1918: Part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs
1806–1918: Duchy of Carinthia (as part of the Austria-Hungary Empire)
976–1806: Duchy of Carinthia (as part of the Holy Roman Empire)
889–976: March of Carinthia (as part of the Carolingian Empire)
 Solomon Islands Australia 7 July 1978 7 July 1978  United Kingdom
 Somalia Africa 1 July 1960 1 July 1960  United Kingdom
 Italy		 1 July 1960: Union of Trust Territory of Somalia (former Italian Somaliland) and State of Somaliland (former British Somaliland)
19th century: Part of Sultanate of Hobyo
18th century: Part of Majeerteen Sultanate
15th century: Part of Adal Sultanate
13th century: Part of Ajuran Sultanate
13th century: Part of Warsangali Sultanate
13th century: Part of Ifat Sultanate
10th century: Part of Sultanate of Mogadishu
200 BC: Somali city-states
 South Africa Africa 11 Dec 1931[note 42] 11 Dec 1931 United Kingdom United Kingdom 1961–present: Republic of South Africa (Democratization in 1994)

1931–1961: Union of South Africa, monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom
1910–1931: Union of South Africa, a Dominion within the British Empire
1839–1902: Several Boer Republics: Natalia Republic (1839–1843), Orange Free State (1854–1902), South African Republic (1852–1877; 1881–1902), State of Goshen (1882–1883), Republic of Stellaland (later United States of Stellaland; 1882–1885)
1816–1897: Zulu Kingdom
1806–1910: Part of the British Empire
c.1780–1817: Mthethwa Paramountcy
1652–1806: Dutch Cape Colony, part of the Dutch Empire(Conquered by the British, becoming the British Cape Colony)
1430–1760: Kingdom of Mutapa
c.1075–c.1220: Kingdom of Mapungubwe
c.300 AD–c.500 AD: Various Bantu peoples migrated and settled in the territory of the future South Africa (Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, Sotho, etc.). In addition to these Bantu peoples, there were still the Khoikhoi, who already inhabited the region before the Bantu expansion
Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan-speaking peoples inhabited Southern Africa.
What is now South Africa has been inhabited by humans since the Paleolithic period.

 South Sudan Africa 9 July 2011 9 July 2011  Sudan
 Spain Europe 542 (Visigothic Spain of Toledo) [note 43][102] 1813  France 1975–present: Spain Kingdom of Spain (restored thrice with democracy)

1939–1977: Spanish Republic (government in exile)
1947: Referendum of re-establishing the Spanish Kingdom
1936–1975:  Francoist Spain
1931–1939: Second Spanish Republic
1874–1931: Spain Kingdom of Spain (restored again)
1873–1874: First Spanish Republic
1810–1873: Spain Kingdom of Spain (restored)
1803–1813: Kingdom of Napoleonic Spain, a French occupation.
1700–1810: Spain Kingdom of Spain
1640–1700: Spain Monarchy of Spain
1580–1640: Iberian Union (Spanish Empire integrated with the Portuguese Empire under the Philip II).
1516–1580: Spain Monarchy of Spain (after the Reconquista, two Catholic monarchies (Castile and Aragon) and among other territories such as Navarre were merged by Charles I of Spain).
13th century – 1516: Spain has been divided between two monarchies: the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon (In 1492, Spain became into an empire until 1975).
10th–13th century: Spain has been divided between the Christian Kingdoms (Castile, León, and Naverre) and Muslim Caliphates.
756–10th century AD: Emirate of Córdoba
c.721–750 AD: Umayyad Caliphate
542–c.721 AD: Visigothic Kingdom of Toledo
418–542 AD: Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse
385–418 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Hispania
218 BC – 385 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Hispania
7th century-218 BC: Inhabited by Iberians
First hominid settlement from the 1.5 million BC.[103]
Note: Each country maintained its own legal system and institutions.

 Sri Lanka Asia 4 Feb 1948 4 Feb 1948  United Kingdom It was not until the reign of Dutthagamani (161–137 BC) that the whole country was unified under his kingdom.
 Sudan Africa 1 Jan 1956 [note 44] 1 Jan 1956  United Kingdom
Egypt		 After King Kashta ("the Kushite") invaded Egypt in the eighth century BC, the Kushite kings ruled as pharaohs of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt for a century before being defeated and driven out by the Assyrians. Later ruled by the Ottoman Empire, Egypt, and then as Anglo-Egyptian Sudan 1899–1956.
 Suriname The Americas 25 Nov 1975 25 Nov 1975 Netherlands Kingdom of the Netherlands
 Sweden Europe 970c. 970 none No exact date for consolidation of Sweden. The beginning of the reign of the first Swedish king proven to have existed historically dates from circa 970 AD. The Kalmar Union (1397–1523) was a personal union of Scandinavian states (Denmark, Sweden and Norway). In states in personal unions their sovereignties and international identity remain intact, just sharing the same head of state.)
  Switzerland Europe 24 Oct 1648 1815  Austria 1848–present: Switzerland Swiss Confederation (second)

1814–1848: Swiss Confederation (in Restoration and Regeneration) with the Congress of Vienna of 1815.
1803–1814: Napoleonic Swiss Confederation, a French puppet (Occipied by the Austrian Empire in 1813)
1798–1803:  Helvetic Republic, a French occupation
1291–1798: Old Swiss Confederacy: Swiss Confederation
911–1291: Part of the Kingdom of Germany and the  Holy Roman Empire (from 962) as the Duchy of Swabia
843–911: Part of East Francia as Alamannia
496–539: Part of the Ostrogothic Kingdom as Alamannia
496, 539–843: Part of the Frankish Empire as Alamannia
411–534: Kingdom of the Burgundians
395–411 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Germania Superior
200 BC – 395 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Germania Superior
6000–200 BC: Inhabited by Germanic, Urnfield, and Celts.
Since 298,000 BC humans have been settled by Homo erectus has been found in Pratteln.[104]

 Syria Asia April 17, 1946 28 Sep 1961[note 45]  United Arab Republic 1961–present:  Syrian Arab Republic

1958–1961: United Arab Republic (in union with  Egypt)
1950–1958: Second Syrian Republic, independente state
1946–1950: independent First Syrian Republic
1923–1946: Part of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon. The administration of the region under the French was carried out through a number of different governments and territories, including the Syrian Federation (1922–25), the State of Syria (1925–30) and the Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946), as well as smaller states: the State of Greater Lebanon, the Alawite State and Jabal Druze State.
1919–1920: Arab Kingdom of Syria
1917–1919: Occupied by France and the United Kingdom
1516–1917: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1516–1917: Part of the Ottoman Empire
1510–1516: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Safavid Empire in the East
1405–1510: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Aq Qoyunlu in the East
1395–1405: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Timurid Empire in the East
1340–1395: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Artuqid Beylik in the East
1268–1340: Part of the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West and of the Ilkhanate in the East
1264–1268: Principality of Antioch, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt in the West. The Ilkhanate in the East
1250–1264: Principality of Antioch and the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt
1183–1250: Principality of Antioch and the Ayyubid Sultanate
1160–1183: Principality of Antioch and the Emirates of Mosul and Aleppo, ruled by the Zengid dynasty
1129–1160: Crusader states (Antioch and, until 1144, Edessa) and the Zengid Emirate
1121–1129: Crusader states (Antioch and Edessa) and the Artuqid Beylik in the East. In the West the Seljuk Empire
1098: Crusader states established in Syria: Principality of Antioch (1098–1268) and County of Edessa (1098–1144)
1082–1121: Part of the Seljuk Empire
1024–1082: Divided in many states, ruled by differente dynasties like the Mirdasids, the Numayrids, the Marwanids, the Uqaylids
1002–1024: Western regions are Part of the Fatimid Caliphate. Eastern regions are divided in many states, ruled by differente dynasties like the Numayrids, the Marwanids, the Uqaylids
990–1002: Divided in many states, ruled by differente dynasties like the Hamdanids, the Numayrids, the Marwanids, the Uqaylids
945–990: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate and the Hamdanid Emirates of Aleppo and Al-Jazira
905–945: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate and Hamdanid Emirate
890–905: Part of the Tulunid Emirate and Hamdanid Emirate
868–890: Part of the Tulunid Emirate and of the Abbasid Caliphate
750–868: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate
744–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate
661–744: Center of the Umayyad Caliphate
637–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate
627–637: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire
613–627: Part of the Sassanid Empire
395–613: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire
273–395: Part of the Roman Empire
270–273: Palmyrene Empire
123–270: Part of the Roman Empire
39 BC – 123 CE: Part of the Roman Empire and of the Parthian Empire
69 BC–39 BC: Part of the Roman Empire, of the Kingdom of Emessa and of the Kingdom of Palmyra
85 BC–70 BC: Part of the Kingdom of Armenia
127 BC–85 BC: Seleucid Empire and Kingdom of Osroene
240 BC–127 BC: Center of the Seleucid Empire
301 BC–240 BC: Part of the Seleucid Empire
305 BC–301 BC: Part of the kingdom of Antigonus I Monophthalmus
323 BC–305 BC: Part of the Satrap of Laomedon of Mytilene
331 BC–323 BC: Part of the Empire of Alexander the Great
539 BC–331 BC: Part of the Achaemenid Empire
605 BC–539 BC: Part of the New Babylonian Empire
608 BC–605 BC: Part of the New Babylonian Empire and New Kingdom of Egypt
616 BC–608 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire and New Kingdom of Egypt
717 BC–616 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire
738 BC–717 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire and Kingdom of Urartu
824 BC–738 BC: Divided in many Syro-Hittite states in the west, while eastern regions are part of the Kingdom of Urartu and the New Assyrian Empire
840 BC–824 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire
c.870 BC–840 BC: Part of the New Assyrian Empire, excepts some Aramean states like Aram and Hamath
c.892 BC–c.870 BC: Divided into many Syro-Hittite states in the west, while eastern regions are part of the New Assyrian Empire
c.1076 BC–c.892 BC: Divided into many Syro-Hittite states, where Aramaeans came to rule from about 1000 BC
c.1200 BC–c.1076 BC: Divided into many Syro-Hittite states in the west, while eastern regions are part of the Middle Assyrian Empire
c.1274 BC–c.1200 BC: Part of the Hittite Empire and the Middle Assyrian Empire
c.1300 BC–c.1274 BC : Part of the Hittite Empire, the New Kingdom of Egypt and the Middle Assyrian Empire
c.1365 BC–c.1300 BC: Part of the Hittite Empire and the New Kingdom of Egypt
c.1448 BC–1365: Part of the Kingdom of Mitanni and the New Kingdom of Egypt
c.1502 BC–c.1448 BC: Part of the Kingdom of Mitanni
c.1517 BC–c.1502 BC: Part of the Kingdom of Mitanni and the Babylonian Empire
c.1750 BC–c.1517 BC: Small Amorrite kingdoms and the Babylonian Empire
c.1760 BC–1750 BC: Part of the Babylonian Empire
c.1776 BC – c.1760 BC: Amorite kingdoms and Mariote Kingdom, independent states
c.1788 BC–c.1776 BC: Small Amorites kingdoms and the Old Assyrian Empire
c.1898 BC–c.1788 BC: Amorite kingdoms (Amurru kingdom, Kingdom of Qatna, Ebla's Third Dynasty, Yamhad) and Mariote Kingdom, independent states
c. 2000 BC–c. 1898 BC: Kingdom of Qatna and Mariote Kingdom, independent states (Mari conquered Ebla)
c.2028 BC–c.2000 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, independent states
c.2100 BC–c.2028 BC: Eblaite Kingdom, independente state. Mariote Kingdom, part of the Neo-Sumerian Empire
c.2212 BC–c.2100 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, independent states
c.2230 BC–c.2218 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, part of the Akkadian Empire
c. 2266 BC–c. 2230 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, independent states
c.2290 BC–c.2266 BC: Eblaite Kingdom and Mariote Kingdom, part of the Akkadian Empire
c.2900 BC–c. 2290 BC: Mariote Kingdom
c. 3000 BC–2290 BC: Eblaite Kingdom
Archaeologists have demonstrated that civilization in Syria was one of the most ancient on earth. Syria is part of the Fertile Crescent, and since approximately 10,000 BCE it was one of the centers of Neolithic culture (PPNA) where agriculture and cattle breeding appeared for the first time in the world.
The oldest remains found in Syria date from the Palaeolithic era (c. 800,000 BCE).

 Tajikistan Asia 9 Sep 1991 9 Sep 1991  Soviet Union
 Tanzania Africa 9 Dec 1961 9 Dec 1961  United Kingdom Independent in 1961 as Tanganyika, added Zanzibar in 1963.
 Thailand Asia 4 Mar 1351 (Ayutthaya Kingdom) 1945  Japan The Ayutthaya Kingdom is considered to be the precursor of modern Thailand. Briefly occupied by Burma in 1767. Occupied by Japan 1941–1945.
 Timor-Leste Asia 28 Nov 1975 20 May 2002 United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor 2002–present: East Timor Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste

1999–2002: Administered by the United Nations in Transition.
1975–1999: Part of  Indonesia as Timor Timur
1702–1975: Part of the  Portuguese Empire
Since 40,000 BC humans have been settled by Native Timorese with tribes, kingdoms and confederations.

 Togo Africa 27 Apr 1960 27 Apr 1960  France
 Tonga Australia 4 June 1970 4 June 1970  United Kingdom United 1845 by George Tupou I. British protectorate 1900–1970.
 Trinidad and Tobago The Americas 31 Aug 1962 31 Aug 1962  United Kingdom
 Tunisia Africa 20 Mar 1956 20 Mar 1956  France Occupations by Rome, Ottoman Empire and France
 Turkey Asia/Europe 1299[note 46] 1923  Greece
Italy
 United Kingdom
 France
Armenia Armenia
 1923–present: Republic of Turkey

1920–1923:  Ottoman Empire, occupied by Greece, Italy, France, United Kingdom and Armenia (Treaty of Sèvres) (Republican Turks, led by General Mustafa Kemal Atatürk initiate the Turkish War of Independence to expel foreign occupation troops and at the same time wage a civil war against Turkish monarchists, seen as collaborationists by the republicans).
1299–1920:  Ottoman Empire (The Sultanate of Rum became divided in several Turkic principalities, called beyliks, the Ottoman beylik conquered and unified all beyliks in Anatolia. Also conquered Constantinople. From 1453, one of the titles used by the Ottoman Sultans was "Caesar of Rome" (Turkish: Kayser-i Rum), part of their titles until the Ottoman Empire ended in 1923. However, this title was never recognized by Europeans.)
1261–1453: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantine Empire) (Unlike many kingdoms and empires, the Eastern Roman Empire [and the Roman Empire before it] technically wasn't a hereditary monarchy; there were no formal succession laws in place to specify who was to succeed as emperor. As such, there cannot be a legitimate pretender to the Byzantine throne as the possibility of a true "rightful emperor" died with the empire and its institutions in 1453.)
1204–1261: Divided in Latin Empire, Empire of Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond Empire of Trebizond and the Sultanate of Rum.(The Empire of Nicaea is considered the legitimate continuation of the Byzantine Empire because it managed to retake Constantinople.)
1077–1308: Sultanate of Rum, part of the Seljuk Empire
395–1204: Part of the Eastern Roman Empire ( Byzantine Empire)
168 BC – 395 AD: Part of the Roman Republic (later the Roman Empire)
131 BC–64 BC: Western regions are part of the Roman Republic. Eastern regions divided in many kingdoms.
301 BC–131 BC: Divided in many kingdoms, like the Kingdom of Cappadocia, Galatia, Kingdom of Pontus, Kingdom of Pergamon and the Seleucid Empire
306 BC–301 BC: Antigonid dynasty
334–306 BC: Macedonian Empire
550–334 BC: Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire
609 BCE–550 BCE: Lydia conquers all the west of Anatolia. The eastern regions falls under the rule of the Median Empire
707 BCE–609 BCE: Divided in many states, like Lydia, Lycia, Phrygia, Lycaonia, Mushki, etc. Eastern regions falls under the rule of the Assyrians.
1178 BCE–707 BCE: Divided in many states, like Lydia, Lycia, Phrygia, Lycaonia, Tabal, Mushki, etc. Around 900 BCE the Greeks began to establish colonies on the coast.
1325 BCE–1178 BCE: Hittite Empire
1400 BCE–1325 BCE: Hittite Empire and Arzawa (a "kingdom" or a federation of local powers, Troy was one of the members)
c. 1600 BCE–1400 BCE: Hittite Empire and many small states in the west. Assuwa, a confederation (or league) of 22 ancient Anatolian states, was formed some time before 1400 BC, when it was defeated by the Hittite Empire. Troy was one of the members of the confederation
c.2000 BCE–1600 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian, Hittite, Hurrian, Luwian and Anatolian tribes
. The small state of Pala was established
c.2550 BCE–2000 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian, Hurrian and Anatolian tribes
c.3500 BCE–2550 BCE: The territory that today is Turkey was inhabited by Hattian and Hurrian tribes
From 10,000 BC humans has been settled making first states as Indo-Europeans, including Phrygia and Thrace.

 Turkmenistan Asia 27 Oct 1991 27 Oct 1991  Soviet Union
 Tuvalu Australia 1 Oct 1978 1 Oct 1978  United Kingdom 1978–present: Tuvalu

1976–1978: Part of the United Kingdom British Empire as the Colony of Tuvalu

1892–1976: Part of the United Kingdom British Empire as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony

 Uganda Africa 9 Oct 1962 9 Oct 1962  United Kingdom 1963–present: Republic of Uganda

1962–1963: Uganda Uganda

1894–1962: Part of the United Kingdom British Empire as the Protectorate of Uganda

1888–1894: Part of the United Kingdom British Empire

 Ukraine Europe 24 August 1991[note 47] 24 Aug 1991  Soviet Union 1991–present:  Ukraine

1944–1991: Part of the  Soviet Union as  Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1941–1944: Part of Germany as Reichskommissariat Ukraine
1922–1944: Part of the  Soviet Union as  Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1919–1922: Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
1917–1919:  Ukrainian People's Republic
April–December 1918: Ukrainian State
1917 – April 1918:  Ukrainian People's Republic
1796–1917:Russian Empire Part of the Russian Empire as Kiev Governorate
1775–1796: Russian Empire Russian Empire as the Russian Empire Kiev Viceroyalty
1764–1775: Zaporozhian Sich, a semi-autonomous polity and proto-state of Cossacks within the Russian Empire
1708–1764: Russian Empire Part of Russian Empire as Kiev Governorate
1649–1764: Cossack Hetmanate (the word hetman was the title of the general of the Zaporizhian Army. Zaporizhia is a historical and geographic region in Southern Ukraine).(From 1654 until 1764 it was a protectorate of the Tsardom of Russia and later the Russian Empire)
1569–1795: Part of the  Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as the Kiev Voivodeship
1471–1569: Kiev Voivodeship, part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1441–1783: Crimean Khanate
1253–1349/1392: Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia
1199–1253: Principality of Galicia–Volhynia
1132–1471: Principality of Kiev (state of the Kievan Rus' from 1132 to 1240, the capital city of the Kievan Rus' was the city of Kiev [capital city of modern Ukraine]. Part of the Mongol Empire from 1240 to 1261. Part of the Golden Horde from 1261 to 1362. Part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania from 1362 to 1471)
c.879–1199: The Kievan Rus', a loose federation of East Slavic and Finnic peoples, founded by the Rurik dynasty, in 882 the city of Kiev (capital city of modern Ukraine) became the capital city of this federation
c.600 AD: The territory of modern Ukraine was the core of the state of the Bulgars (often referred to as Old Great Bulgaria). At the end of the 7th century, most Bulgar tribes migrated in several directions and the remains of their state were absorbed by the Khazar Khaganate (650–969)
c.400 AD: the Antes Union was located in the territory of what is now Ukraine. The Antes were the ancestors of Ukrainians and other Slavic peoples.
Before 400 AD: There were several tribes and kingdoms in the territory of modern Ukraine. During the Iron Age, the land was inhabited by Cimmerians, Scythians, and Sarmatians. Beginning in the sixth century BC, colonies founded by Greeks was established in the shores of the Black Sea. These colonies became the Bosporan Kingdom (435 BC – 370 AD)
Modern human settlement in Ukraine and its vicinity dates back to 32,000 BC, with evidence of the Gravettian culture in the Crimean Mountains.

 United Arab Emirates Asia 2 Dec 1971 2 Dec 1971  United Kingdom 1971–present: United Arab Emirates

1820–1971: Part of the United Kingdom British Empire as the Trucial States Trucial States of the Coast of Oman

1258–1820: Bani Yas

750–1258: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate

661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate

632–661: Part of the Rashidun Caliphate

629–632: Part of the Caliphate of Muhammad

224–629: Part of the Sasanian Empire Sasanian Empire

 United Kingdom Europe 498 (Dál Riata) [note 48] 1266  Kingdom of England
 Kingdom of Scotland
 Kingdom of Ireland		 1922–present: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland [the later one is variously described as a country, province or region] are the constituent countries of the Kingdom)

1801–1922: United Kingdom United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
1707–1801: Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain

Retrospective of the three constituent countries in the island of Great Britain (For Northern Ireland see  Ireland. Northern Ireland was created in 1921, when the island of Ireland was partitioned between Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland by the Government of Ireland Act 1920. Unlike Southern Ireland, which would become the Irish Free State in 1922 [a monarchy in personal union with the United Kingdom, later became a republic in 1949], the majority of Northern Ireland's population were unionists, who wanted to remain within the United Kingdom in political union.)..
The United Kingdom has sovereignty over seventeen territories which do not form part of the United Kingdom itself: fourteen British Overseas Territories and three Crown Dependencies.

 England:
1659–1707:  Kingdom of England, in personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland
1653–1659: The Protectorate Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
1649–1653: Commonwealth of England Commonwealth of England
1603–1649:  Kingdom of England, in personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland
927–1603:  Kingdom of England (with the union of eight kingdoms).
410–927: Divided in several small kingdoms. Gradually eight of these kingdoms conquered the others small kingdoms in the future territory of England: Mercia, Dumnonia, Kent, Northumbria, East Anglia, Wessex, Sussex, and Essex.
385–410 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Britannia
43–385 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Britannia
From 898,000 BC humans has been settled stating with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations starting with Happisburgh on the Norfolk coast, with stone tools and footprints probably made by Homo antecessor. These earliest inhabitants were hunter-gatherers. Low sea-levels meant that Britain was attached to the continent for much of this earliest period of history, and varying temperatures over tens of thousands of years meant that it was not always inhabited.[105]

 Scotland:
1659–1707:  Kingdom of Scotland, in personal union with the Kingdom of England
1653–1659: Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
1649–1653: Commonwealth of England
1603–1649:  Kingdom of Scotland, in personal union with the Kingdom of England
1286–1603:  Kingdom of Scotland
9th century – 1286: Kingdom of Alba (There is no precise Gaelic equivalent for the English terminology "Kingdom of Alba", as the Gaelic term Rìoghachd na h-Alba means Kingdom of Scotland'.)
6th century – 9th century: The area that is now Scotland was divided into three areas: Pictland, a patchwork of small lordships in central Scotland; the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, which had conquered southeastern Scotland; and Dál Riata, founded by settlers from Ireland, bringing Gaelic language and culture with them.
From 12,000 BC humans has been settled stating with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations,[106][107] including Caledonians, Caereni, Carnonacae, Cat, Cornovii, Creones, Damnonii, Decantae, Lugi, Maeatae, Novantae, Picts, Selgovae, Scoti, Smertae, Taexali, Vacomagi, and Venicones.

 Wales:
1659–1707: Part of the  Kingdom of England
1653–1659: Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland
1649–1653: Part of the Commonwealth of England
1542–1649: Part of the  Kingdom of England
1226–1542: Principality of Wales, in personal union with the Kingdom of England
5th century-1216: Divided in various states, including the Kingdom of Gwynedd
385–410 AD: Part of the Western Roman Empire as Britannia
43–385 AD: Part of the Roman Empire as Britannia
From about 228,000 BC humans has been settled stating with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.[108][109]

Note: The British Empire was founded by the order of Elizabeth I who granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration in 1578.[110] On 1 of May 1707, the kingdoms are united from England (10th century – 1707) and Scotland (9th century – 1707), forming as the  Kingdom of Great Britain. On 1 January 1801, Ireland was united with two kingdoms as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, until Ireland become independent on 6 December 1922 leaving with 26 out of 32 of the Irish counties. From this day, the British sovereignty was established as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.

 United States The Americas 4 July 1776 19 Oct 1781 Great Britain 1776–present:  United States of America (a federal state, originally the federation had 13 federated states [ States of the United States ], currently have 50 federated states and 1 federal district, with the last state to be admitted in the Union being Hawaii, admitted in 1959; The U.S. also currently administers three territories in the Caribbean Sea and eleven in the Pacific Ocean.)

1763–1776: Thirteen British Colonies of America in the Atlantic coast, part of the British Empire; New Spain and Spanish Louisiana in the Southwestern United States, Florida and the Mississippi Basin (Louisiana returned to the French in 1801), part of the Spanish Empire; Russians established in future Alaska the colony of Russian America
1521–1763: In the territory of the future contiguous United States Europeans began to colonize on the Native American territories establishing New Spain in the Southwestern United States and Florida in 1521, part of the Spanish Empire; New France in the Mississippi Basin in 1534, part of the French Empire; Thirteen British Colonies of America in the Atlantic coast in 1607, part of the British Empire; New Netherland in the Atlantic coast in 1614, part of Dutch Republic; New Sweden along the Delaware River in 1638, part of Swedish Empire.
From at least 15,000 BC humans has been settled from Native Americans with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations. Examples are the Mississippian cultures (the largest urban site of these peoples, Cahokia, may have reached a population of over 20,000), Puebloans, the Iroquois Confederacy, Apaches, Navajos, Cherokees, etc.

 Uruguay The Americas 25 Aug 1825 27 Aug 1828  Empire of Brazil 1830–present: Oriental Republic of Uruguay

1828–1830: Uruguay Oriental State of Uruguay 1822–1828: Cisplatina Cisplatine Province, a province of the Empire of Brazil Empire of Brazil (Brazil and Argentina fight a war with each other for control of Uruguay's territory. The war only comes to an end with diplomatic intervention of the United Kingdom, which establishes Uruguay as an independent nation and buffer state between Argentina and Brazil via the 1828 Treaty of Montevideo).
1817–1822: Cisplatina Cisplatine Province, a province of the Portuguese Empire (The Portuguese Empire take advantage of the chaos of the wars of independence in Hispanic America and of the civil war that had started in the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata to invade and conquer the territory of the future Uruguay).
1815–1820: Part of the Liga Federal League of the Free Peoples, an alliance of provinces in civil war against the centralist government of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata
1811–1815: Part of the Liga Federal United Provinces of South America
1776–1811: Part of the Spain Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata, Part of the Spain Spanish Empire
1542–1776: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the  Spanish Empire
1528–1542: Part of the Governorate of New Andalusia, part of the  Spanish Empire
10.000 BCE-1528: Inhabited by Native Uruguayans as the Charrúa peoples.

 Uzbekistan Asia 1 Sep 1991 1 Sep 1991  Soviet Union

1991–present:  Republic of Uzbekistan (independence from Soviet Union declared 1991; constitution adopted 1992)

1924–1991: Part of the Soviet Union as  Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic

1920–1924: Khorezm People's Soviet Republic

1917–1920: Khanate of Khiva

1873–1917: Part of the Russian Empire as Khanate of Khiva

1511–1873: Khanate of Khiva

1370–1511: Part of the Timurid Empire

1226–1370: Part of the Chagatai Khanate

1206–1226: Part of the Mongol Empire

1100–1206: Part of the Khwarazmian Empire

1037–1100: Part of the Seljuk Empire

840–1037: Part of the Kara-Khanid Khanate

819–840: Part of the Samanid Empire

750–819: Part of the Abbasid Caliphate

661–750: Part of the Umayyad Caliphate

440–661: Part of the Hephthalite Empire

125 BCE-440: Nomadic Tribes

256 BCE-125 BCE: Part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom

312 BCE-63 BCE: Part of the Seleucid Empire

330 BCE-312 BCE: Part of the Macedonian Empire

530 BCE-330 BCE: Part of the Achaemenid Empire

 Vanuatu Australia 30 July 1980 30 July 1980  United Kingdom
 France		 1980–present: Republic of Vanuatu

1906–1980: Part of the French Third Republic French and United Kingdom British empires as New Hebrides New Hebrides Condominium

1890–1906: Part of the French Third Republic French and United Kingdom British Empires as Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission

1889–1890: Independent Commune of Franceville

1887–1889: Part of the French Third Republic French and United Kingdom British Empires as Anglo-French Joint Naval Commission

 Vatican City Europe 11 Feb 1929 11 Feb 1929 Italy 1929–present: Vatican City Vatican City State (restored with the Lateran Treaty)

1870–1929: States of the Church (in prison)
754–1870:  State of the Church (Interregna (1798–1799, 1809–1814 and 1849)). When the Exarchate of Ravenna finally fell to the Lombards in 751, the Duchy of Rome was completely cut off from the Byzantine Empire, of which it was theoretically still a part. The Holy See, under Pope Stephen II, attempted diplomatic negotiations with the Lombards, and upon the failure of those negotiations, entreated King Pepin the Short of the Franks to intervene on its behalf. Pepin defeated the Lombards by 756 and granted the lands of the Duchy of Rome as well as the former Lombard possessions to the Papacy in what is referred to as the Donation of Pepin.
556–754: Duchy of Rome, part of the Byzantine Empire
493–556: Part of Ostrogothic Kingdom
476–493: Part of Kingdom of Italy (Odoacer)
395–476: Part of Western Roman Empire
27 BC – 395 AD: Part of Roman Empire
509–27 BC: Part of Roman Republic
753–509 BC: Part of Roman Kingdom
12th century – 100 BC: Between Latins and Etruscans

 Venezuela The Americas 13 Jan 1830 13 Jan 1830 Gran Colombia

1999–Present Venezuela Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (a federal state, comprising twenty-three states, a capital district and the Federal Dependencies which consist in several islands in the Caribbean sea)
1953–1999: Venezuela Republic of Venezuela (a federal state)
1864–1953: Venezuela United States of Venezuela (a federal state)
1830–1864: State of Venezuela (a unitary state)
1826–1830: Divided in Apure, Orinoco, Venezuela, Zulia Department and Maturín, federated states of the Gran Colombia
1824–1826: Divided in Apure, Orinoco, Venezuela and Zulia Department, federated states of the Gran Colombia
1819–1824: Federated state of the Gran Colombia
1817–1819: Republic of Venezuela
1814–1817: Captaincy General of Venezuela, part of the  Spanish Empire
1813–1814: Republic of Venezuela
1812–1813: Captaincy General of Venezuela, part of the  Spanish Empire
1811–1812: American Confederation of Venezuela
1787–1811: Captaincy General of Venezuela (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Venezuela), without vice-royal dependence in judicial affairs, part of the  Spanish Empire
1777–1787: Captaincy General of Venezuela, (known unofficially as the Kingdom of Venezuela), under judicial supervision of the Royal Audience of Santafé de Bogotá (located in Viceroyalty of New Granada), part of the  Spanish Empire
1739–1777: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, part of the  Spanish Empire
1723–1739: Part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, part of the  Spanish Empire
1717–1723: Province of Caracas, part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada, within the  Spanish Empire
1546–1717: Part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, part of the  Spanish Empire
1528–1546: Klein-Venedig, a concession give to a German banking family by the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (that was also King of Spain), in the Province of Caracas, part of the Crown of Castile
Since about 7000 BC humans have been settled by Native Venezuelans with tribes, chiefdoms and confederations.

 Vietnam Asia 2 Sep 1945 2 July 1976 Vietnam North Vietnam
South VietnamSouth Vietnam		 1945–1954: the second French rule, which was ended by the Geneva Conference of 1954

1940–1945: Japanese occupation

1887–1940: French rule

1802–1945: Nguyễn dynasty, effective independence from 1802 to 1887, afterwards becoming puppet of the French rule

1778–1802: Tây Sơn dynasty

1428–1788: Later Le dynasty

1407–1428: annexed by Ming dynasty in the Fourth Era of Northern Domination

1400–1407: Hồ dynasty

1225–1400: Trần dynasty

1009–1225: Lý dynasty

980–1009: Early Lê dynasty

968–979: Đinh dynasty

938–965: Ngô dynasty

544–602: The region gained a longer period of independence as Vạn Xuân under the Anterior Lý dynasty

2879 BC: Văn Lang confederacy arose under Kinh Dương Vương, who was the founder of the Hồng Bàng dynasty

 Yemen Asia 1 Nov 1918 22 May 1990  North Yemen
 South Yemen		 North Yemen independent from Ottoman Empire 1918; South Yemen from UK in 1967; unified 1990
 Zambia Africa 24 Oct 1964 24 Oct 1964  United Kingdom 1964–present: Republic of Zambia

1963–1964: Part of the United Kingdom British Empire as Northern Rhodesia Colony of Northern Rhodesia

1953–1963: Part of the United Kingdom British Empire as Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

1911–1953: Part of the United Kingdom British Empire as Northern Rhodesia Colony of Northern Rhodesia

1890–1911: Part of the United Kingdom British Empire as Rhodesia

1823–1890: Part of the Kingdom of Mthwakazi

1660–1823: Part of the Rozvi Empire

1430–1660: Part of the Kingdom of Mutapa

 Zimbabwe Africa 11 Nov 1965 18 Apr 1980  United Kingdom 1980–present: Republic of Zimbabwe

1979–1980: Part of the United Kingdom British Empire as Southern Rhodesia Colony of Southern Rhodesia

1979: Zimbabwe Rhodesia Zimbabwe Rhodesia

1970–1979: Rhodesia Republic of Rhodesia

1965–1970: Rhodesia Rhodesia

1963–1965: Part of the United Kingdom British Empire as Southern Rhodesia Colony of Southern Rhodesia

1953–1963: Part of the United Kingdom British Empire as Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

1923–1953: Part of the United Kingdom British Empire as Southern Rhodesia Colony of Southern Rhodesia

1890–1923: Part of the United Kingdom British Empire as Rhodesia

1823–1890: Kingdom of Mthwakazi

1660–1823: Rozvi Empire

1430–1660: Part of the Kingdom of Mutapa

1220–1430: Kingdom of Zimbabwe

1075–1220: Kingdom of Mapungubwe

The British colony of Southern Rhodesia unilaterally declared Independence as Rhodesia 1965; known as Zimbabwe Rhodesia in 1979; unrecognised until 1980.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Listed are the six UN member states with limited recognition: China (Bhutan neither recognizes PRC nor ROC; the ROC was recognized as a sovereign country by just 13 countries and Vatican City/Holy See as of April 2022,[1] Israel (not recognized by 32 members), North and South Korea (no mutual recognition), Armenia (not recognized by Pakistan) and Cyprus (not recognized by Turkey).
  2. ↑ Since the beginning of the Second Libyan Civil War in 2014, various areas of Libya are under the control of competing groups. These include domestic groups such as New General National Congress and local Tuareg groups, and foreign groups such as ISIL.
  3. ↑ With the ongoing Somali Civil War, significant areas remain outside federal control.
  4. ↑ A new constitution was approved in 2013, but most changes will not enter effect for another decade.
  5. ↑ In the Dominican Republic, every constitutional amendment is considered a new constitution. The most recent amendment was the 2010 constitution.
  6. 1 2 Following the Northern Iraq offensive in June 2014, large areas of Iraq are de facto under the control of Iraqi Kurds or the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
  7. ↑ This constitution cut North Korean ties with the Soviet Union. Several new constitutions and amendments have followed (most recently in 2013), creating new titles for the national leader such as Eternal President and Chairman of the National Defence Commission. However, power has remained with the Kim dynasty since 1948.
  8. ↑ See the Declaration of independence article: "... the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis."
  9. ↑ See also Sovereignty of the Philippines § Peace protocol, U.S. military government, Treaty of Paris, and other points in that article for clarification.
  10. 1 2 Due to the ongoing Syrian Civil War, large areas of Syria are de facto under the control of other parties such as the Syrian opposition and the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 According to the Badinter Arbitration Committee, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was dissolved into five states. This is the result when the Serb-dominated Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) was formed on 27 April 1992 as a rump state, consisting only of the former Socialist Republics of Serbia and Montenegro. Its government claimed continuity to the former country, however, the international community refused to recognize it as such. The stance of the international community was that Yugoslavia had dissolved into its separate states. The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was prevented by a UN resolution on 22 September 1992 from continuing to occupy the United Nations seat as successor state to SFRY. This question was important for claims on SFRY's international assets, including embassies in many countries. Only in 1996 had the FRY abandoned its claim to continuity from the SFRY. The FRY was dominated by Slobodan Milošević and his political allies. This was reaffirmed in the Succession Agreement signed in June 2001.
  12. ↑ The Faroe Islands and Greenland were administered by Denmark until 24 March 1948 and 1 May 1979 respectively. They are now autonomous countries with home rule, but remain part of the Kingdom of Denmark.
  13. 1 2 3 The annexation of the Baltic states in 1940 is considered an illegal occupation by the current governments of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and by a number of Western countries, including the United States and the European Union, who assert that the states were independent countries occupied by the Soviet Union. The three corresponding Soviet republics were officially sovereign entities in a federation, according to Article 76 of the Constitution of the Soviet Union. However, the Soviet Union was heavily centralized and was de facto a single federal state and the three states consider the corresponding Soviet republics to have been illegitimate entities.
  14. 1 2 3 The breaking-through of the Channel Tunnel on 31 October 1990 created a new land border between the UK and France.[25] However, the Channel Tunnel runs underwater and did not change the above-ground territory of either nation.
  15. ↑ France swapped a small area of land with Andorra in 2001 to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge.
  16. ↑ Prior to 1999, the Constitution of Ireland claimed that "The national territory consists of the whole island of Ireland", but that its laws were only valid in the counties of the Republic.
  17. ↑ East Timor had been under Indonesian occupation since 1975, but this occupation was not recognized by the wider global community.
  18. ↑ The breaking-through of the Channel Tunnel on 31 October 1990 created a new land border between the UK and France.[25] However, the Channel Tunnel runs underwater and did not change the above-ground territory of either nation.
  19. ↑ France swapped a small area of land with Andorra in 2001 to allow Andorra to construct the Envalira Tunnel access bridge.
  20. ↑ Baikonur is treated as a federal subject of Russia, but its exact status is a topic of dispute between the two countries.[41]
  21. ↑ Full sovereignty. Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931
  22. ↑ Austrians date their national identity back to the establishment of the Duchy of Austria (later the Archduchy of Austria) in the Middle Ages (a state of the Holy Roman Empire that only had full sovereignty after the dissolution of the Empire in the 19th century). Another important states in the identity of the Austrian nation is the Austrian Empire, Cisleithania, Republic of German-Austria, the First Austrian Republic, Federal State of Austria (this later annexed by Nazi Germany). As an independent and sovereign state the current Austrian state dates back to 1945, when the country seceded from Nazi Germany after the end of World War II. However the Moscow Conference of 1943 declared the German annexation of Austria in 1938 null and void
  23. ↑ The medieval Principality of Polotsk became an extinct state after its dissolution. Modern state of Belarus dates from 1991
  24. ↑ Full sovereignty. Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Canada becomes completely sovereign, having consulates and embassies in other countries
  25. ↑ The Kingdom of Chile (Patria Vieja) became an extinct state after its reconquest by Spain. Modern state of Chile dates from 1818
  26. ↑ People's Republic of China consider itself the successor state of the Republic of China, the latter considers itself the successor state of the Qing Empire, and through the mandate of heaven all Chinese imperial states considered themselves successors to previous dynasties, with the Shang dynasty being historically the first non-legendary dynasty of that country.
  27. ↑ The Republic of Spanish Haiti became an extinct state after its reconquest by Haiti. Modern state of Dominican Republic dates from 1844
  28. ↑ Egypt is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to the First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Egyptian state, as an independent sovereign state, dates from 1922
  29. ↑ Zagwe was one of the kingdoms that emerged from the collapse of the Kingdom of Aksum, that became an extinct or abolished state in 960 AD. It is the direct historical predecessor of the Ethiopian Empire, regardless of the Solomonic dynasty of the ancient Kingdom of Aksum having overthrown the Zagwe dynasty in 1270 and assumed their throne. Dynastic lineages are irrelevant to current international law, mainly because of the fact of the majority of the states in the current world scenario are republics.
  30. ↑ Some historians refer to the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire as 800, with the crowning of Frankish king Charlemagne considered as the first Holy Roman Emperor. Others refer to the beginning as the coronation of Otto I in 962.
  31. ↑ Iran is one of the oldest nations in the world, its national identity dating back to the Median Empire and the Achaemenid Empire. But it is important to stress the difference between state and nation. As a state the nation lost its sovereignty and was conquered by other states several times in History. The current Iranian state, as an independent state in a contiguous way, dates from 1501
  32. ↑ Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931. Internationally recognized independence, by nations that aren't members of the Commonwealth of Nations
  33. ↑ Beginning of the reign of the first Japanese emperor proven to have existed historically
  34. ↑ Montenegrins date their national identity to the founding of Prince-Bishopric of Montenegro in 1516. However, the Montenegrin state became an extinct state at the time of the Podgorica Assembly, which led to the annexation and extinction of the Kingdom of Montenegro by the Kingdom of Serbia. The current Montenegrin state emerged in 2006 after separating from Serbia.
  35. ↑ Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931
  36. ↑ The region was conquered by Portuguese forces under the command of Afonso de Albuquerque in 1507, and remained under Portuguese control until they were expelled by the Ya'rubids.
  37. ↑ The First Philippine Republic was an unrecognized state and became an extinct state after being terminated by the United States. Modern state of Philippines dates from 1946. However, Filipinos celebrate their independence date on June 12 (the date of establishment of the First Philippine Republic) in order to avoid celebrating their national date on the same day that their former colonizers (the USA) celebrate their national date (July 4).
  38. ↑ Independence recognized via the Treaty of Manila (1946).
  39. ↑ Russia dates its national identity back to the Kievan Rus, medieval state that was extinguished when it was conquered by the Mongols of the Golden Horde. A new Russian state arose and existed continuously and without loss of sovereignty from 1480 until 1922, when of its own accord it ceased to be a sovereign state and became a subnational unit of the Soviet Union. With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the nation again had a sovereign state, with the current Russian sovereign state dating back to 1991. The Russian Federation is regarded as the successor state to the former Soviet Union, inheriting its seat as a UN member state, after a letter by president Boris Yeltsin was received by the secretary-general Javier Pérez de Cuéllar.
  40. ↑ Saudi Arabia dates its national identity from the establishment of the Emirate of Diriya (First Saudi State), however this state later became extinct, as did the Emirate of Nejd (the Second Saudi State). The current and Third Saudi State came into being in 1903 when it separated from the Emirate of Jabal Shammar. Through wars of conquest it conquered other states and made a real union with Hejaz before adopting the current name Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932
  41. ↑ Serbia consider itself as the successor state of Yugoslavia. The current Serbian state emerged in 1878, after independence de jure from the Ottoman Empire. Other Serbian states existed before this date, but ceased to exist due to the conquest of other states. It is important not to confuse the concept of state with that of the nation, as a nation the Serbian people have existed since the Middle Ages, and just like other ethnic groups (such as the Greeks, Jews, Egyptians, etc.) it went through periods of its history in which it was a Stateless nation
  42. ↑ Adoption of the Statute of Westminster 1931
  43. ↑ During the Visigoth kingdom of Toledo, the names of the Visigoth kingdom (Regnum Gothorum) and Spain (Hispaniae or Spaniae) were used more and more frequently as synonymous terms, beginning to have not only a geographical meaning, but also a political one (especially since the year 624, when Swinthila finally defeated the Byzantines and the Visigoths dominated the entire Iberian Peninsula). Historiographers of the time such as Isidore of Seville, Julian of Toledo, John of Biclaro, as well as from abroad, the Franks Gregory of Tours, Fredegar, or Pope Leo II, referred to the Visigoth kingdom or its kings, as Hispania or kings of Hispania. On the other hand, there was an adoption by the Visigoths of the Hispano-Roman culture, with a progressive intention to merge the Gothic and Hispano-Roman societies into a common one, politically (kingdom administered from the capital of Toledo, and in accordance with Roman ecclesiastical power through the Councils of Toledo), religiously (Reccared I converted from Arianism to Chalcedonian Christianity in 589), common legislation (Code of Leovigild, and later Visigothic Code), militarily (army composed of Hispano-Romans and Visigoths), with a monetary unit (Visigothic royal currency from 580 to 710), and linguistically (Visigoths spoke Latin), taking advantage of the pre-existing cohesion left by the Hispania of the Roman Empire.[101] Spain is a unitary state that emerged from the political union by incorporating union of different states throughout history. Using the modern criteria of the United Nations, which considers the date of admission of other states that emerged from political unions (such as Tanzania, Malaysia and Yemen) as the date of the oldest predecessor state to be admitted, it will soon be seen that the oldest state that merged to form modern Spain is the Kingdom of León, one of the states in personal union that integrated the Crown of Castile, with such state dating its origins directly from the Kingdom of Asturias. Spain was until 1715 a composite monarchy, i.e. several small states in personal union, only passing through a political union in 1715 with the Nueva Planta decrees
  44. ↑ Sudan dates its national identity to the Kingdom of Kerma, Kingdom of Kush and other ancient kingdoms that existed in its territory, i.e Nubia (mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts). However, as an independent sovereign state, the current Sudanese state dates back to 1956.
  45. ↑ By uniting with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic into a political union, the Second Syrian Republic ceased to exist as a sovereign state and became an extinct state, with Syria becoming a subnational unit of the United Arab Republic. The current Syrian state emerged as a new state when it broke up politically in 1961. However, Syrians celebrate April 17 as their independence day, as it was on April 17, 1946 that the nation ceased to be a colony of France.
  46. ↑ The Republic of Turkey is the successor state of the Ottoman Empire. Despite being known in English as the Turkish War of Independence, Turks call it in their language Kurtuluş Savaşı (lit. Liberation War). "War of Independence" in Turkish is "bağımsızlık savaşı". The country's national date is the Republic Day (Cumhuriyet Bayramı), which commemorates the change of government regime from a monarchy to a republic.
  47. ↑ Ukraine dates its national identity back to the Kievan Rus, however this state became an extinct state when it was conquered by the Mongols of the Golden Horde. Another state with historical importance for Ukrainians in their national identity is the medieval Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, which however also became an extinct state. In the 17th century the Ukrainian nation established another Ukrainian state, the Cossack Hetmanate, however this state became extinct upon being conquered by the Russian Empire. Between 1917 and 1919, two new Ukrainian states was established, being unified in 1919 but again lost its sovereignty by becoming a subnational unit of the Soviet Union. The current Ukrainian sovereign state dates from 1991, emerging after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
  48. ↑ The United Kingdom is a unitary state that emerged from the political union by incorporating union of different states throughout history. Northern Ireland has been part of this political union since 1922, when the rest of Ireland separated from the United Kingdom. Ireland had united with Great Britain in 1800 to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The Kingdom of Great Britain itself emerged from the political union between the Kingdom of England (which had already conquered and annexed the Principality of Wales centuries before) and the Kingdom of Scotland. Using the modern criteria of the United Nations, which considers the date of admission of other states that emerged from political unions (such as Tanzania, Malaysia and Yemen) as the date of the oldest predecessor state to be admitted, it will soon be seen that of the constituent countries of the United Kingdom (today subnational units and not sovereign countries) the oldest is Scotland (unified in 843), which dates its origin to the Dál Riata, which conquered the existing small Pictish states in future Scotland to form the Kingdom of Scotland, which existed until 1707 when it merged with England (originated in 927, when the various Anglo-Saxon kings swore their allegiance to Æthelstan of Wessex (r. 924–939), unifying most of modern England under a single king

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