This is a list of wars involving the Socialist Republic of Vietnam and its predecessor states.
Ancient era
Hồng Bàng dynasty (2879 BC–258 BC)
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Âu Việt–Lạc Việt War (258 BC) |
Văn Lang (Lạc Việt) |
Âu Việt | Victory for Âu Việt |
Âu Lạc (258 BC–207 BC)
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Qin campaign against the Baiyue (221 BC–214 BC) |
Baiyue tribes: | Qin dynasty | Defeat
|
| Âu Lạc–Nanyue War (179 BC) |
Âu Lạc | Nanyue under Triệu Đà | Defeat |
Triệu dynasty (207 BC–111 BC)
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Han–Nanyue War (111 BC) |
Nanyue | Western Han | Defeat
|
Chinese Domination era
First and Second Chinese domination (111 BC–544 AD)
| Conflict | Event | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trưng sisters' rebellion (40 AD–43 AD) |
Uprising (40 AD) |
Trưng sisters in Lingnan | Eastern Han | Rebel victory
|
| Han counterattack (43 AD) |
Trưng sisters in Lingnan | Eastern Han | Defeat
| |
| Chu Đạt's rebellion (157) |
Chu Đạt in Jiuzhen | Eastern Han | Rebel defeat | |
| Wuhu rebellion (178–181) |
Liang Long in Hepu and Jiaozhi | Eastern Han | Rebel defeat | |
| Independence of Lâm Ấp (192) |
Khu Liên in Xianglin (Huế) | Eastern Han | Rebel victory | |
| Lady Triệu's rebellion (248) |
Lady Triệu in Jiuzhen | Eastern Wu | Rebel defeat | |
| Jin–Wu War (263–280) |
Local rebels in Jiaozhi Jin dynasty |
Eastern Wu | Victory for Jin
| |
| Jin–Lâm Ấp conflicts (351–415) |
Jin dynasty | Lâm Ấp | Victory for Jin | |
| Liu Song–Lâm Ấp War (445–446) |
Liu Song | Lâm Ấp | Victory for Liu Song
| |
| Lý Trường Nhân's rebellion (468) |
Lý Trường Nhân in Jiaozhou | Liu Song | Rebel victory | |
| Lý Bí's rebellion (541–544) |
Lý Bí in Jiaozhi | Liang dynasty | Rebel victory
| |
Early Lý dynasty (544–602)
| Conflict | Early Lý dynasty and allies |
Opponents | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Liang–Vạn Xuân War (545-550) |
Vạn Xuân | Liang dynasty | Victory for Vạn Xuân |
| First Vạn Xuân–Dã Năng War (557) |
Emperor Triệu Quang Phục of the State of Vạn Xuân | King Lý Phật Tử of the State of Dã Năng | Victory for the State of Vạn Xuân
|
| Second Vạn Xuân–Dã Năng War (571) |
Emperor Triệu Quang Phục of the State of Vạn Xuân | King Lý Phật Tử of the State of Dã Năng | Victory for the State of Dã Năng
|
| Sui–Vạn Xuân War (602) |
Vạn Xuân | Sui dynasty | Defeat
|
Third Chinese domination (602–905)
| Conflict | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sui–Lâm Ấp War (605) |
Sui dynasty | Lâm Ấp | Victory for Sui |
| Lý Tự Tiên's rebellion (679) |
Lý Tự Tiên and Đinh Kiến in Annan | Tang dynasty | Victory for Tang |
| Mai Thúc Loan's rebellion (722–723) |
Mai Thúc Loan in Annan | Tang dynasty | Victory for Tang |
| Javanese raids in modern-day Vietnamese coast (767, 774 & 787) |
Tang dynasty Champa |
Javanese raiders | Victory for Tang |
| Phùng Hưng's rebellion (791) |
Phùng Hưng in Annan | Tang dynasty | Rebel defeat |
| Hoàn Vương–Tang conflicts (803–809) |
Tang dynasty | Hoàn Vương | Victory for Tang |
| Dương Thanh's rebellion (819–831) |
Dương Thanh in Annan | Tang dynasty | Rebel defeat |
| Tang–Nanzhao war (846–866) |
Nanzhao Local rebels in Northern Vietnam |
Tang dynasty | Victory for Tang |
| Khúc Thừa Dụ's rebellion (905) |
Khúc Thừa Dụ in Tĩnh Hải quân | Tang dynasty | Rebel victory
|
Monarchical era
Autonomous period under Khúc clan and Dương Đình Nghệ (905–938)
| Conflict | Event | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tĩnh Hải quân–Southern Han War (930) | Tĩnh Hải quân | Southern Han | Defeat
| |
| Southern Han–Annan War (931–938) |
Dương Đình Nghệ campaign (931) |
Dương Đình Nghệ in Annan |
Southern Han | Victory
|
| Battle of Bạch Đằng (938) |
Ngô Quyền in Annan | Southern Han | Victory
| |
Ngô dynasty (939–965)
| Conflict | Event | Combatant 1 | Combatant 2 | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dương Tam Kha's coup d'état (944) |
Ngô Xương Ngập | Dương Tam Kha | Victory for Dương Tam Kha
| |
| Countercoup against Dương Tam Kha (950) |
Dương Tam Kha | Ngô Xương Văn | Victory for Ngô Xương Văn
| |
| Anarchy of the 12 Warlords (965–968) |
Lã Xử Bình's coup d'état (965) |
Ngô Xương Xí | Lã Xử Bình | Victory for Lã Xử Bình
|
| Đinh Bộ Lĩnh's Unification War (967–968) |
Đinh Bộ Lĩnh and allies |
Opposing factions in the 12 Warlords | Victory for Đinh Bộ Lĩnh (Đinh Tiên Hoàng)
| |
Đinh dynasty (968–980)
| Conflict | Đinh dynasty and allies | Opponents | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Countercoup against Lê Hoàn (979) |
Lê Hoàn
Supported by: |
Đinh Điền (vi), Nguyễn Bặc, Phạm Hạp Ngô Nhật Khánh |
Victory for Lê Hoàn
|
Early Lê dynasty (980–1009)
| Conflict | Early Lê dynasty and allies |
Opponents | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|
| Song–Đại Cồ Việt War (981) |
Đại Cồ Việt | Song dynasty | Victory
|
| First Champa–Đại Cồ Việt War (982) |
Đại Cồ Việt | Champa | Victory |
| Wars of the Early Lê dynasty succession (1005) |
Lê Long Việt | Lê Long Tích (vi) | Victory for Lê Long Việt
|
| Lê Ngọa Triều | Lê Long Cân (vi), Lê Long Kính (vi), Lê Long Đinh (vi) | Victory for Lê Ngọa Triều
|
Later Lý dynasty (1009–1225)
| Conflict | Event | Later Lý dynasty and allies |
Opponents | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dali–Đại Cồ Việt War (1014) |
Đại Cồ Việt | Dali Kingdom | Victory | |
| War of the Later Lý dynasty succession (1028) |
Khai Thiên Vương | Đông Chinh Vương (Lý Thái Tổ's son) Vũ Đức Vương Dực Thánh Vương (Lý Thái Tổ's brother) |
Victory for Khai Thiên Vương
| |
| Nong Quanfu's rebellion (1038–1041) |
Đại Cồ Việt | Nong Quanfu's Kingdom of Longevity | Victory | |
| Second Champa–Đại Cồ Việt War (1044) |
Đại Cồ Việt | Champa | Victory | |
| Nong Zhigao's rebellion (1048–1055) |
Đại Cồ Việt | Nong Zhigao's Dali | Victory | |
| First Champa–Đại Việt War (1069) |
Đại Việt | Champa | Victory
| |
| Đại Việt–Song War (1075–1077) |
Viet invasion (1075) | Đại Việt | Song dynasty | Indecisive
|
| Song counterattack (1077) | Đại Việt | Song dynasty | Victory
| |
| Đại Việt–Khmer War (1123–1150)[1] |
Khmer campaign (1123–1124) | Đại Việt | Khmer Empire | Victory |
| Khmer–Champa joint invasion (1132) | Đại Việt | Khmer Empire Champa |
Victory
| |
| Viet campaign (1136) | Đại Việt | Khmer Empire Champa |
Indecisive
| |
| Further Suryavarman II's expeditions (1136–1150) | Đại Việt | Khmer Empire | Victory | |
| Quách Bốc's rebellion (1209) |
Đại Việt | Quách Bốc | Victory
| |
| Nguyễn Nộn's rebellion (1213–1219) |
Đại Việt | Nguyễn Nộn (vi) | ||
Trần dynasty (1225–1400)
| Conflict | Event | Trần dynasty and allies | Opponents | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Second Champa–Đại Việt War (1252) |
Đại Việt | Champa | Victory | |
| Đại Việt–Mongol War (1257–1258) or First Đại Việt–Mongol War |
Đại Việt | Mongol Empire | Defeat
| |
| First Đại Việt–Yuan War (1285) or Second Đại Việt–Mongol War |
Yuan advance (January – May) |
Đại Việt | Yuan dynasty | Defeat
|
| Đại Việt counteroffensive (May – June) |
Đại Việt Champa |
Yuan dynasty | Victory
| |
| Second Đại Việt–Yuan War (1287–1288) or Third Đại Việt–Mongol War |
Yuan advance (1287 – January 1288) |
Đại Việt | Yuan dynasty | Defeat
|
| Battle of Bạch Đằng River (1288) |
Đại Việt | Yuan dynasty | Victory
| |
| Đại Việt–Muang Sua War (1294–1301) |
Đại Việt | Muang Sua | Victory
| |
| Third Champa–Đại Việt War (1311) |
Đại Việt | Champa | Victory | |
| Fourth Champa–Đại Việt War (1318) |
Đại Việt | Champa | Victory | |
| Champa–Đại Việt War (1367–1396) |
Battle of Chiêm Động (1367) |
Đại Việt | Champa | Defeat
|
| Coup against Dương Nhật Lễ (1369–1370) |
Dương Nhật Lễ | Trần Phủ | Rulership change
| |
| Sack of Thăng Long (1371) |
Đại Việt | Champa | Defeat
| |
| Battle of Vijaya (1377) |
Đại Việt | Champa | Defeat
| |
| Trần Khát Chân's last stand (1390) |
Đại Việt | Champa | Victory
| |
| Hồ Quý Ly's coup d'état (1399–1400) |
Trần Thuận Tông and Trần Thiếu Đế | Hồ Quý Ly | Rulership change
| |
Hồ dynasty (1400–1407)
| Conflict | Event | Hồ dynasty and allies | Opponents | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Champa–Đại Ngu War (1400–1407) |
First Đại Ngu campaign (1400) |
Đại Ngu | Champa | Defeat |
| Second Đại Ngu campaign (1402) |
Đại Ngu | Champa | Victory
| |
| Third Đại Ngu campaign (1403) |
Đại Ngu | Champa | Defeat
| |
| Champan campaign (1407) |
Đại Ngu | Champa Ming dynasty |
Defeat[9][10]
| |
| Đại Ngu–Ming War (1406–1407) |
Đại Ngu | Ming dynasty | Defeat
| |
Fourth Chinese Domination (1407–1428)
| Conflict | Event | Vietnamese people | Opponents | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Later Trần rebellion (1407–1413) |
Later Trần rebels in Jiaozhi | Ming dynasty | Rebel defeat | |
| Lam Sơn uprising (1418–1428) |
Early phases (1418–1422) |
Lê Lợi in Jiaozhi | Ming dynasty | Rebel defeat |
| Capture of Nghệ An (1424–1425) |
Lê Lợi in Jiaozhi | Ming dynasty | Rebel victory | |
| Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động (1426) |
Lê Lợi in Jiaozhi | Ming dynasty | Rebel victory | |
| Siege of Đông Quan (1427) |
Lê Lợi in Jiaozhi | Ming dynasty | Rebel victory | |
| Battle of Chi Lăng (1427) |
Lê Lợi in Jiaozhi | Ming dynasty | Rebel victory | |
| Siege of Xương Giang (1427) |
Lê Lợi in Jiaozhi | Ming dynasty | Rebel victory
| |
Later Lê dynasty (1428–1789)
Early period (1428–1527)
| Conflict | Event | Later Lê dynasty and allies |
Opponents | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Đại Việt–Ngưu Hống war (1431–1432) |
Đại Việt | Ngưu Hống | Victory | |
| Sixth Champa–Đại Việt War (1446) |
Đại Việt | Champa | Victory
| |
| Later Lê dynasty succession crisis (1459–1460) |
Lê Nghi Dân's coup d'état (1459) |
Lê Nhân Tông | Lê Nghi Dân | Victory for Lê Nghi Dân
|
| Countercoup against Lê Nghi Dân (1460) |
Lê Nghi Dân | Lê Lăng and Nguyễn Xí | Victory for Lê Lăng and Nguyễn Xí
| |
| Seventh Champa–Đại Việt War (1471) |
Đại Việt | Champa | Victory | |
| Đại Việt–Lan Xang War (1479–1484)[11] or White Elephant War |
Đại Việt | Lan Xang Lanna Muang Phuan Ayutthaya Ava |
Defeat (see analysis)
| |
| Lê Oanh's coup d'état (1509) |
Lê Uy Mục | Lê Oanh | Victory for Lê Oanh
| |
| Trần Tuân's rebellion (1511–1512) |
Đại Việt | Trần Tuân (vi) | Victory | |
| Crisis of the late Later Lê dynasty – Early period (1516–1526) |
Trịnh Duy Sản's coup d'état (1516) |
Lê Tương Dực | Trịnh Duy Sản (vi), Trịnh Duy Đại | Victory
|
| Trần Cảo's rebellion (1516–1521) |
Đại Việt | Trần Cảo | Victory
| |
| Trịnh Tuy's coup d'état (1518–1522) |
Lê Chiêu Tông | Trịnh Tuy | Victory
| |
| Mạc Đăng Dung's coup d'état (1522–1526) |
Lê Chiêu Tông, Trịnh Tuy | Mạc Đăng Dung | Defeat
| |
Restored Lê period (1533–1789)
During this period, there existed 3 dynasties and 3 lordships: Mạc dynasty (1527–1677), Restored Lê (1533–1789), and Tây Sơn dynasty (1778–1802); Trịnh lords (1545–1787), Nguyễn lords (1558–1802), and Bầu lords (1527–1689); each with varying degrees of power and control over the country. This period is considered to be one of the most complicated periods in the history of Vietnam.
| Conflict | Event | Aggressor | Defender | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lê–Mạc War (1533–1677) |
Later Lê dynasty's return to Vietnam (1533–1543) |
Nguyễn Kim, Lê Trang Tông | Mạc dynasty | Victory for Nguyễn Kim
|
| Battle of Yên Mô (1545) |
Nguyễn Kim, Lê Trang Tông | Mạc dynasty | Victory for Mạc
| |
| Battle of Thăng Long (1551) |
Southern dynasty
|
Mạc dynasty | Stalemate
| |
| Battle of Thuận Hóa (1554) |
Southern dynasty
|
Mạc dynasty | Victory for Lê
| |
| Prince Mạc Kính Điển's Southern campaigns (1555–1579) |
Northern dynasty
|
Southern dynasty
|
Stalemate
| |
| Lê Northern campaigns (1584–1592) |
Southern dynasty
|
Northern dynasty | Victory for Later Lê dynasty
| |
| Later campaigns (1592–1677) |
Đại Việt | Mạc dynasty Bầu lords Supported by:
|
Victory
| |
| First Đại Việt–Panduranga War (1611) |
Đàng Trong | Panduranga | Victory for Nguyễn | |
| First Trịnh–Nguyễn War (1627–1672) |
Early phases (1627–1648) |
Đàng Ngoài
|
Đàng Trong
|
Stalemate |
| Battle of Nghệ An (1655–1660) |
Đàng Trong | Đàng Ngoài | Victory for Trịnh | |
| Later campaigns (1661–1672) |
Đàng Ngoài | Đàng Trong | Victory for Nguyễn
| |
| Second Đại Việt–Panduranga War (1653) |
Đàng Trong | Panduranga | Victory | |
| First Cambodia–Đại Việt War (1658) |
Đàng Trong | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Cambodia
|
Victory
| |
| Second Cambodia–Đại Việt War (1674) |
Đàng Trong | Cambodia
|
Victory
| |
| Third Đại Việt–Panduranga War (1693–1697) |
Đàng Trong | Panduranga | Defeat
| |
| Third Cambodia–Đại Việt War (1699) |
Đàng Trong | Cambodia
|
Victory | |
| Fourth Cambodia–Đại Việt War (1708) |
Đàng Trong | Cambodia
|
Victory
| |
| First Đại Việt–Siam War (1714) |
Đàng Trong | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Ayutthaya Siam
|
Defeat
| |
| Hoàng Công Chất's rebellion (1739–1769) |
Hoàng Công Chất (vi) | Đàng Ngoài
|
Victory | |
| Lê Duy Mật's rebellion (1740–1770) |
Lê Duy Mật | Đàng Ngoài
|
Victory | |
| Nguyễn Hữu Cầu's rebellion (1743–1751) |
Nguyễn Hữu Cầu | Đàng Ngoài | Victory | |
| Nguyễn Danh Phương's rebellion (1744–1751) |
Nguyễn Danh Phương | Đàng Ngoài | Victory | |
| Đại Việt–Luang Phrabang War (1749)[15] |
Đàng Ngoài | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Luang Phrabang
|
Defeat | |
| Fifth Cambodia–Đại Việt War (1753–1756) |
Đàng Trong | Cambodia
|
Victory | |
| Second Đại Việt–Siam War (1771–1773)[16][17] |
Đàng Trong | Thonburi Siam Ang Non II |
Defeat
| |
| Tây Sơn uprising (1771–1777) |
First Tây Sơn campaigns (1771–1774) |
 Tây Sơn |
Đàng Trong | Rebel victory
|
| Second Trịnh-Nguyễn War (1774–1775) |
Đàng Ngoài | Đàng Trong | Victory for Trịnh
| |
| Gia Định campaigns (1776–1777) |
Tây Sơn |
Đàng Trong | Rebel victory
| |
Tây Sơn dynasty (1778–1802)
| Conflict | Event | Tây Sơn dynasty and allies |
Opponents | Brief description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Third Đại Việt-Siam War (1785) |
Đàng Trong | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Rattanakosin Siam Nguyễn Ánh |
Victory
| |
| Tây Sơn–Trịnh War (1786)[18] |
Đàng Trong | Đàng Ngoài | Victory for Tây Sơn
| |
| Nguyễn Huệ–Nguyễn Nhạc conflict (1786) |
Nguyễn Nhạc in Quy Nhơn |
Nguyễn Huệ in Phú Xuân |
Indecisive
| |
| Đại Việt–Qing War (1788–1789) |
Đại Việt |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Qing dynasty
|
Victory
| |
| Lê Duy Chỉ's rebellion (1791) |
Đại Việt Supported by: Cambodia |
Lê Duy Chỉ (Lê Chiêu Thống's brother).svg.png.webp){kind=small} VientianeSupported by: Rattanakosin Siam |
Victory
| |
| Tây Sơn–Nguyễn War (1792–1802)[18] |
Battle of Quy Nhơn (1799–1801) |
Đại Việt |
Nguyễn Ánh Supported by:  France Rattanakosin Siam Cambodia |
Victory for Nguyễn Ánh
|
| Battle of Huế (1801) |
Đại Việt |
Nguyễn Ánh Supported by: France Rattanakosin Siam Cambodia |
Victory for Nguyễn Ánh
| |
| Battle of Thăng Long (1802) |
Đại Việt |
Nguyễn Ánh Supported by: France Rattanakosin Siam Cambodia |
Victory for Nguyễn Ánh
| |
Nguyễn dynasty – Independent period (1802–1887)
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Colonial era
French Indochina (1887–1945)
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Republican era
North Vietnam (1945–1976)
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State of Vietnam (1949–1955)
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South Vietnam (1955–1975)
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Vietnam
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Notes
- ↑ Official start date at 19 December 1946, when France captured Hanoi. However, the conflict started already in September 1945, when British troops took Saigon during Operation Masterdom. The Haiphong conflict, lasting from 3 March 1946 until 1947, also lead to tensions between France and China.
- ↑ Start date remains disputed, but North Vietnam did not intervene before 1959. Includes the Laotian Civil War, the North Vietnamese invasion of Laos and the Cambodian Civil War. First battle between the South Vietnamese army and FNL occurred at 26 September 1959; Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954–1960 The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1, Chapter 5, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Section 3, pp. 314–346; International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College.
- ↑ Official start date at 19 December 1946, when France captured Hanoi. However, the conflict started already in September 1945, when British troops took Saigon during Operation Masterdom. The Haiphong conflict, lasting from 3 March 1946 until 1947, also lead to tensions between France and China.
- ↑ See also: Vietnamese border raids in Thailand.
Citations
- ↑ Kohn, p. 524.
- ↑ Kiernan (2019), pp. 183–184.
- ↑ Whitmore (2011), p. 191.
- ↑ Whitmore (1985), pp. 18–19.
- ↑ Taylor (2013), p. 159.
- ↑ Whitmore (1985), pp. 21–23.
- ↑ Whitmore (2011), p. 192.
- ↑ Taylor (2013), p. 160.
- ↑ Dupuy, p. 483.
- ↑ Kohn, p. 522.
- ↑ Stuart-Fox, pp. 65-67.
- ↑ Wyatt (1998), p. 103-105.
- ↑ Stuart-Fox (2008), p. 387.
- ↑ Wade (2005).
- ↑ Stuart-Fox, Martin (2008). History Dictionary of Laos (3rd ed.). Scarecrow Press, Inc. p. 389. ISBN 978-0-8108-5624-0.
- ↑ Kohn, p. 447.
- ↑ Dupuy, p. 768.
- 1 2 Kohn, p. 523.
- ↑ Chen
- ↑ Elleman, p. 297.
- 1 2 3 4 "Viện trợ của Trung Quốc đối với cuộc kháng chiến chống Pháp của Việt Nam - Quân đội nhân dân" [China's aid to Vietnam's anti-French resistance war - People's Army.]. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 27 October 2021 – via web.archive.org.
- 1 2 Dao Duc Thuan (November 2012). The Federal Republic of Germany and the first Indochina War (1946-1954) (PDF) (PhD thesis). Justus Liebig University Giessen. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- 1 2 "John Foster Dulles on the fall of Dien Bien Phu - Vidéo Dailymotion". Dailymotion. 17 May 2007. Retrieved 27 October 2021.
- ↑ Hupchick, Dennis P. (2002). The Balkans : from Constantinople to communism. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-312-29913-2. OCLC 54360177.
- ↑ Moise, Edwin E. (1996). Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 3–4. ISBN 978-0-8078-2300-2.
- ↑ "Chapter Three: 1957–1969 Early Relations between Malaysia and Vietnam" (PDF). University of Malaya Student Repository. p. 72. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ↑ Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (Profiles of Malaysia's Foreign Ministers) (PDF). Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia). 2008. p. 31. ISBN 978-983-2220-26-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
The Tunku had been personally responsible for Malaya's partisan support of the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Vietcong and, in reply to a Parliamentary question on 6 February 1962, he had listed all the used weapons and equipment of the Royal Malaya Police given to Saigon. These included a total of 45,707 single-barrel shotguns, 611 armoured cars and smaller numbers of carbines and pistols. Writing in 1975, he revealed that "we had clandestinely been giving 'aid' to Vietnam since early 1958. Published American archival sources now reveal that the actual Malaysian contributions to the war effort in Vietnam included the following: "over 5,000 Vietnamese officers trained in Malaysia; training of 150 U.S. soldiers in handling Tracker Dogs; a rather impressive list of military equipment and weapons given to Viet-Nam after the end of the Malaysian insurgency (for example, 641 armored personnel carriers, 56,000 shotguns); and a creditable amount of civil assistance (transportation equipment, cholera vaccine, and flood relief)". It is undeniable that the Government's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime with arms, equipment and training was regarded by some quarters, especially the Opposition parties, as a form of interfering in the internal affairs of that country and the Tunku's valiant efforts to defend it were not convincing enough, from a purely foreign policy standpoint.
- ↑ Guan, Ang Cheng (29 April 2009). "Singapore and the Vietnam war". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 40 (2): 353–384. doi:10.1017/S0022463409000186. S2CID 161788670. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ↑ McKenna, Peter (2 September 2021). "Reconsidering Canada's role in Vietnam". Winnipeg Free Press. Winnipeg. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ↑ Boyko, John (9 April 2021). "Canada is making the same mistakes in Yemen that it did in Vietnam". The Globe and Mail. Toronto. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ↑ Young, J. W. (2002). "Britain and 'LBJ's War', 1964-68". Cold War History. 2 (3): 63–92. doi:10.1080/713999965. S2CID 153635200. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
- ↑ Varsori, A. (2003). "Britain and US Involvement in the Vietnam War during the Kennedy Administration, 1961-63". Cold War History. 3 (2): 83–112. doi:10.1080/713999980. S2CID 153891042. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
- ↑ Blang, Eugenie M. (May 2004). "A Reappraisal of Germany's Vietnam Policy, 1963-1966: Ludwig Erhard's Response to America's War in Vietnam". German Studies Review. 27 (2): 341–360. doi:10.2307/1433086. JSTOR 1433086. Retrieved 23 April 2022.
- ↑ Daum, Andreas W.; Gardner, Lloyd C.; Mausbach, Wilfried (14 July 2013). America, the Vietnam War, and the World: Comparative and International Perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 259–278. ISBN 978-0521008761.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "Allies of the Republic of Vietnam". www.psywarrior.com. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
- ↑ "Chapter Three: 1957–1969 Early Relations between Malaysia and Vietnam" (PDF). University of Malaya Student Repository. p. 72. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
- ↑ Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (Profiles of Malaysia's Foreign Ministers) (PDF). Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia). 2008. p. 31. ISBN 978-9832220268.
The Tunku had been personally responsible for Malaya's partisan support of the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Vietcong and, in reply to a Parliamentary question on 6 February 1962, he had listed all the used weapons and equipment of the Royal Malaya Police given to Saigon. These included a total of 45,707 single-barrel shotguns, 611 armoured cars and smaller numbers of carbines and pistols. Writing in 1975, he revealed that "we had clandestinely been giving 'aid' to Vietnam since early 1958. Published American archival sources now reveal that the actual Malaysian contributions to the war effort in Vietnam included the following: "over 5,000 Vietnamese officers trained in Malaysia; training of 150 U.S. soldiers in handling Tracker Dogs; a rather impressive list of military equipment and weapons given to Viet-Nam after the end of the Malaysian insurgency (for example, 641 armored personnel carriers, 56,000 shotguns); and a creditable amount of civil assistance (transportation equipment, cholera vaccine, and flood relief)". It is undeniable that the Government's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime with arms, equipment and training was regarded by some quarters, especially the Opposition parties, as a form of interfering in the internal affairs of that country and the Tunku's valiant efforts to defend it were not convincing enough, from a purely foreign policy standpoint.
- ↑ Moïse 1996, pp. 3–4.
- ↑ "America Wasn't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War". Military History Now. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ↑ Hupchick, Dennis P. (2002). The Balkans : from Constantinople to communism. New York: Palgrave. ISBN 978-0-312-29913-2. OCLC 54360177.
- ↑ "Opinion | Thailand Bears Guilt for Khmer Rouge". The New York Times. 24 March 1993.
- 1 2 Richardson, Michael. "Singaporean Tells of Khmer Rouge Aid". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ↑ "How Thatcher gave Pol Pot a hand". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ↑ "Butcher of Cambodia set to expose Thatcher's role". The Guardian. 9 January 2000. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ↑ Allegations of United States support for the Khmer Rouge
- ↑ "Reagan Vows to Support Sihanouk's Forces". The New York Times. 12 October 1988. Retrieved 8 June 2020.
- ↑ Michael Shafir (1985). Romania: Politics, Economics and Society : Political Stagnation and Simulated Change. Pinter. p. 187. ISBN 9780861874385.
- ↑ Desaix Anderson (2002). An American in Hanoi: America's Reconciliation with Vietnam. Eastbridge. p. 104. ISBN 9781891936036.
- ↑ Gerald Frost (1991). Europe in Turmoil: The Struggle for Pluralism. Praeger. p. 306. ISBN 9780275941291.
- ↑ "Diplomats Recall Cambodia After the Khmer Rouge". The Cambodia Daily. 5 April 2003. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ↑ Weiss, Thomas G.; Evans, Gareth J.; Hubert, Don; Sahnoun, Mohamed (2001). The Responsibility to Protect: Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty. International Development Research Centre (Canada). p. 58. ISBN 978-0-88936-963-4. Retrieved 29 June 2018.
- ↑ "When Moscow helped topple the Khmer Rouge". www.rbth.com. 19 March 2016.
References
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- Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993). The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present (Fourth ed.). New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-270056-1.
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- Moïse, Edwin E. (1996). Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-2300-7.
- Stuart-Fox, Martin (1998). The Lao Kingdom of Lan Xang: Rise and Decline. White Lotus Press. ISBN 974-8434-33-8.
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- Whitmore, John K. (1985). Vietnam, Hồ Quý Ly, and the Ming (1371-1421). Yale Center for International and Area Studies.
- Whitmore, John K. (2011). "The Last Great King of Classical Southeast Asia: Che Bong Nga and Fourteenth Century Champa". In Lockhart, Bruce; Trần, Kỳ Phương (eds.). The Cham of Vietnam: History, Society and Art. Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 168–203. ISBN 978-9-971-69459-3.
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