MIR21
Identifiers
AliasesMIR21, MIRN21, hsa-mir-21, miR-21, miRNA21, microRNA 21, MIRN21 microRNA, human
External IDsOMIM: 611020 GeneCards: MIR21
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

406991

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Ensembl

ENSG00000284190

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UniProt

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RefSeq (mRNA)

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RefSeq (protein)

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Location (UCSC)Chr 17: 59.84 – 59.84 Mbn/a
PubMed search[2]n/a
Wikidata
View/Edit Human

microRNA 21 also known as hsa-mir-21 or miRNA21 is a mammalian microRNA that is encoded by the MIR21 gene.[3]

MIRN21 was one of the first mammalian microRNAs identified. The mature miR-21 sequence is strongly conserved throughout evolution. The human microRNA-21 gene is located on plus strand of chromosome 17q23.2 (55273409–55273480) within a coding gene TMEM49 (also called vacuole membrane protein). Despite being located in intronic regions of a coding gene in the direction of transcription, it has its own promoter regions and forms a ~3433-nt long primary transcript of miR-21 (known as pri-miR-21) which is independently transcribed. The stem–loop precursor of miR-21(pre-miR-21) resides between nucleotides 2445 and 2516 of pri-miR-21.

Mature miR-21

Pri-miR-21 is cut by the endonuclease Drosha in the nucleus to produce pre-miR-21, which is exported into the cytosol. This pre-miR-21 is then cut into a short RNA duplex by Dicer in the cytosol. Although abundance of both strands is equal by transcription, only one strand (miR-21) is selected for processing as mature microRNA based on the thermodynamic stability of each end of the duplex, while the other strand (designated with an asterisk; miR-21*) is generally degraded. Mature microRNA is then loaded into microRNA ribonucleoprotein complex RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) and guided to target mRNAs with near perfect complementarily at 3'UTR.

Targets

A number of targets for microRNA-21 have been experimentally validated and most of them are tumor suppressors, Notable targets include:

Clinical significance

Cancer

miR-21 is one of the most frequently upregulated miRNAs in solid tumours, and its high levels were first described in B cell lymphomas. Overall, miR-21 is considered to be a typical 'onco-miR', which acts by inhibiting the expression of phosphatases, which limit the activity of signalling pathways such as AKT and MAPK. As most of the targets of miR-21 are tumor suppressors, miR-21 is associated with a wide variety of cancers including that of breast,[20] ovaries,[21] cervix,[22] colon,[12] lung,[23] liver,[13] brain,[24] esophagus,[25] prostate,[23] pancreas,[23] and thyroid.[26] A 2014 meta-analysis of 36 studies evaluated circulating miR-21 as a biomarker of various carcinomas, finding it has potential as a tool for early diagnosis.[27] miR-21 expression was associated with survival in 53 triple negative breast cancer patients.[28] miR-21 can also be detected in human faeces from colorectal cancer patients.[29] Additionally, it has been demonstrated as an independent prognostic factor in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms.[30]

Cardiac disease

miR-21 has been shown to play important role in development of heart disease. It is one of the microRNAs whose expression is increased in failing murine and human hearts.[18][31] Further, inhibition of microRNAs in mice using chemically modified and cholesterol-conjugated miRNA inhibitors (antagomirs) was shown to inhibit interstitial fibrosis and improve cardiac function in a pressure- overload cardiac disease mice model.[18] Surprisingly, miR-21 global knock-out mice did not show any overt phenotype when compared with wild type mice with respect to cardiac stress response. Similarly, short (8-nt) oligonucleotides designed to inhibit miR-21 could not inhibit cardiac hypertrophy or fibrosis.[32] In another study with a mouse model of acute myocardial infarction, miR-21 expression was found to be significantly lower in infarcted areas and overexpression of miR-21 in those mice via adenovirus-mediated gene transfer decreased myocardial infarct size.[33] miR-21 has been hypothesized to be an intermediary in the effects of air pollution that lead to endothelial dysfunction and eventually to cardiac disease. Expression of miR-21 is negatively associated with exposure to PM10 air pollution and may mediate its effect on small blood vessels.[34]

References

  1. 1 2 3 GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000284190 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. ↑ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  3. ↑ Lagos-Quintana M, Rauhut R, Lendeckel W, Tuschl T (October 2001). "Identification of novel genes coding for small expressed RNAs". Science. 294 (5543): 853–8. Bibcode:2001Sci...294..853L. doi:10.1126/science.1064921. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-F65F-2. PMID 11679670. S2CID 18101169.
  4. ↑ Liu M, Wu H, Liu T, Li Y, Wang F, Wan H, et al. (July 2009). "Regulation of the cell cycle gene, BTG2, by miR-21 in human laryngeal carcinoma". Cell Research. 19 (7): 828–37. doi:10.1038/cr.2009.72. PMID 19546886.
  5. ↑ Wickramasinghe NS, Manavalan TT, Dougherty SM, Riggs KA, Li Y, Klinge CM (May 2009). "Estradiol downregulates miR-21 expression and increases miR-21 target gene expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells". Nucleic Acids Research. 37 (8): 2584–95. doi:10.1093/nar/gkp117. PMC 2677875. PMID 19264808.
  6. ↑ Zheng J, Xue H, Wang T, Jiang Y, Liu B, Li J, et al. (March 2011). "miR-21 downregulates the tumor suppressor P12 CDK2AP1 and stimulates cell proliferation and invasion". Journal of Cellular Biochemistry. 112 (3): 872–80. doi:10.1002/jcb.22995. PMID 21328460. S2CID 5201999.
  7. 1 2 3 Papagiannakopoulos T, Shapiro A, Kosik KS (October 2008). "MicroRNA-21 targets a network of key tumor-suppressive pathways in glioblastoma cells". Cancer Research. 68 (19): 8164–72. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-08-1305. PMID 18829576.
  8. ↑ Lu TX, Munitz A, Rothenberg ME (April 2009). "MicroRNA-21 is up-regulated in allergic airway inflammation and regulates IL-12p35 expression". Journal of Immunology. 182 (8): 4994–5002. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0803560. PMC 4280862. PMID 19342679.
  9. ↑ Hashimi ST, Fulcher JA, Chang MH, Gov L, Wang S, Lee B (July 2009). "MicroRNA profiling identifies miR-34a and miR-21 and their target genes JAG1 and WNT1 in the coordinate regulation of dendritic cell differentiation". Blood. 114 (2): 404–14. doi:10.1182/blood-2008-09-179150. PMC 2927176. PMID 19398721.
  10. ↑ Yelamanchili SV, Chaudhuri AD, Chen LN, Xiong H, Fox HS (September 2010). "MicroRNA-21 dysregulates the expression of MEF2C in neurons in monkey and human SIV/HIV neurological disease". Cell Death & Disease. 1 (9): e77. doi:10.1038/cddis.2010.56. PMC 3002786. PMID 21170291.
  11. ↑ Valeri N, Gasparini P, Braconi C, Paone A, Lovat F, Fabbri M, et al. (December 2010). "MicroRNA-21 induces resistance to 5-fluorouracil by down-regulating human DNA MutS homolog 2 (hMSH2)". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (49): 21098–103. Bibcode:2010PNAS..10721098V. doi:10.1073/pnas.1015541107. PMC 3000294. PMID 21078976.
  12. 1 2 Asangani IA, Rasheed SA, Nikolova DA, Leupold JH, Colburn NH, Post S, Allgayer H (April 2008). "MicroRNA-21 (miR-21) post-transcriptionally downregulates tumor suppressor Pdcd4 and stimulates invasion, intravasation and metastasis in colorectal cancer". Oncogene. 27 (15): 2128–36. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210856. PMID 17968323.
  13. 1 2 Meng F, Henson R, Wehbe-Janek H, Ghoshal K, Jacob ST, Patel T (August 2007). "MicroRNA-21 regulates expression of the PTEN tumor suppressor gene in human hepatocellular cancer". Gastroenterology. 133 (2): 647–58. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.05.022. PMC 4285346. PMID 17681183.
  14. ↑ Gabriely G, Wurdinger T, Kesari S, Esau CC, Burchard J, Linsley PS, Krichevsky AM (September 2008). "MicroRNA 21 promotes glioma invasion by targeting matrix metalloproteinase regulators". Molecular and Cellular Biology. 28 (17): 5369–80. doi:10.1128/MCB.00479-08. PMC 2519720. PMID 18591254.
  15. ↑ Sabatel C, Malvaux L, Bovy N, Deroanne C, Lambert V, Gonzalez ML, et al. (February 2011). "MicroRNA-21 exhibits antiangiogenic function by targeting RhoB expression in endothelial cells". PLOS ONE. 6 (2): e16979. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...616979S. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016979. PMC 3037403. PMID 21347332.
  16. ↑ Schramedei K, Mörbt N, Pfeifer G, Läuter J, Rosolowski M, Tomm JM, et al. (June 2011). "MicroRNA-21 targets tumor suppressor genes ANP32A and SMARCA4". Oncogene. 30 (26): 2975–85. doi:10.1038/onc.2011.15. PMC 3134876. PMID 21317927.
  17. ↑ Kim YJ, Hwang SJ, Bae YC, Jung JS (December 2009). "MiR-21 regulates adipogenic differentiation through the modulation of TGF-beta signaling in mesenchymal stem cells derived from human adipose tissue". Stem Cells. 27 (12): 3093–102. doi:10.1002/stem.235. PMID 19816956. S2CID 32454261.
  18. 1 2 3 Thum T, Gross C, Fiedler J, Fischer T, Kissler S, Bussen M, et al. (December 2008). "MicroRNA-21 contributes to myocardial disease by stimulating MAP kinase signalling in fibroblasts". Nature. 456 (7224): 980–4. Bibcode:2008Natur.456..980T. doi:10.1038/nature07511. PMID 19043405. S2CID 4333547.
  19. ↑ Sayed D, Rane S, Lypowy J, He M, Chen IY, Vashistha H, et al. (August 2008). "MicroRNA-21 targets Sprouty2 and promotes cellular outgrowths". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 19 (8): 3272–82. doi:10.1091/mbc.E08-02-0159. PMC 2488276. PMID 18508928.
  20. ↑ Iorio MV, Ferracin M, Liu CG, Veronese A, Spizzo R, Sabbioni S, et al. (August 2005). "MicroRNA gene expression deregulation in human breast cancer". Cancer Research. 65 (16): 7065–70. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-1783. PMID 16103053.
  21. ↑ Iorio MV, Visone R, Di Leva G, Donati V, Petrocca F, Casalini P, et al. (September 2007). "MicroRNA signatures in human ovarian cancer". Cancer Research. 67 (18): 8699–707. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1936. PMID 17875710.
  22. ↑ Lui WO, Pourmand N, Patterson BK, Fire A (July 2007). "Patterns of known and novel small RNAs in human cervical cancer". Cancer Research. 67 (13): 6031–43. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0561. PMID 17616659.
  23. 1 2 3 Volinia S, Calin GA, Liu CG, Ambs S, Cimmino A, Petrocca F, et al. (February 2006). "A microRNA expression signature of human solid tumors defines cancer gene targets". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (7): 2257–61. Bibcode:2006PNAS..103.2257V. doi:10.1073/pnas.0510565103. PMC 1413718. PMID 16461460.
  24. ↑ Chan JA, Krichevsky AM, Kosik KS (July 2005). "MicroRNA-21 is an antiapoptotic factor in human glioblastoma cells". Cancer Research. 65 (14): 6029–33. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0137. PMID 16024602.
  25. ↑ Hu Y, Correa AM, Hoque A, Guan B, Ye F, Huang J, et al. (January 2011). "Prognostic significance of differentially expressed miRNAs in esophageal cancer". International Journal of Cancer. 128 (1): 132–43. doi:10.1002/ijc.25330. PMC 2937084. PMID 20309880.
  26. ↑ Tetzlaff MT, Liu A, Xu X, Master SR, Baldwin DA, Tobias JW, et al. (2007). "Differential expression of miRNAs in papillary thyroid carcinoma compared to multinodular goiter using formalin fixed paraffin embedded tissues". Endocrine Pathology. 18 (3): 163–73. doi:10.1007/s12022-007-0023-7. PMID 18058265. S2CID 40279671.
  27. ↑ Wu K, Li L, Li S (March 2015). "Circulating microRNA-21 as a biomarker for the detection of various carcinomas: an updated meta-analysis based on 36 studies". Tumour Biology. 36 (3): 1973–81. doi:10.1007/s13277-014-2803-2. PMID 25527152. S2CID 26060312.
  28. ↑ Lánczky A, Nagy Á, Bottai G, Munkácsy G, Szabó A, Santarpia L, Győrffy B (December 2016). "miRpower: a web-tool to validate survival-associated miRNAs utilizing expression data from 2178 breast cancer patients". Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 160 (3): 439–446. doi:10.1007/s10549-016-4013-7. PMID 27744485. S2CID 11165696.
  29. ↑ Yau TO, Tang CM, Harriss EK, Dickins B, Polytarchou C (July 2019). "Faecal microRNAs as a non-invasive tool in the diagnosis of colonic adenomas and colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 9491. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.9491Y. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45570-9. PMC 6603164. PMID 31263200.
  30. ↑ Grolmusz VK, Kövesdi A, Borka K, Igaz P, Patocs A (July 2018). "Prognostic relevance of proliferation-related miRNAs in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms". European Journal of Endocrinology. 179 (4): EJE–18–0305. doi:10.1530/EJE-18-0305. PMID 30006373.
  31. ↑ Roy S, Khanna S, Hussain SR, Biswas S, Azad A, Rink C, et al. (April 2009). "MicroRNA expression in response to murine myocardial infarction: miR-21 regulates fibroblast metalloprotease-2 via phosphatase and tensin homologue". Cardiovascular Research. 82 (1): 21–9. doi:10.1093/cvr/cvp015. PMC 2652741. PMID 19147652.
  32. ↑ Patrick DM, Montgomery RL, Qi X, Obad S, Kauppinen S, Hill JA, et al. (November 2010). "Stress-dependent cardiac remodeling occurs in the absence of microRNA-21 in mice". The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 120 (11): 3912–6. doi:10.1172/JCI43604. PMC 2964990. PMID 20978354.
  33. ↑ Dong S, Cheng Y, Yang J, Li J, Liu X, Wang X, et al. (October 2009). "MicroRNA expression signature and the role of microRNA-21 in the early phase of acute myocardial infarction". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (43): 29514–25. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.027896. PMC 2785585. PMID 19706597.
  34. ↑ Louwies T, Vuegen C, Panis LI, Cox B, Vrijens K, Nawrot TS, De Boever P (May 2016). "miRNA expression profiles and retinal blood vessel calibers are associated with short-term particulate matter air pollution exposure". Environmental Research. 147: 24–31. Bibcode:2016ER....147...24L. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2016.01.027. PMID 26836502.

Further reading

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