Voiced velar nasal
ŋ
IPA Number119
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Entity (decimal)ŋ
Unicode (hex)U+014B
X-SAMPAN
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The voiced velar nasal, also known as agma, from the Greek word for 'fragment', is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing as well as n before velar consonants as in English and ink. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ŋ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is N. The IPA symbol ⟨ŋ⟩ is similar to ⟨ɳ⟩, the symbol for the retroflex nasal, which has a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the right stem, and to ⟨ɲ⟩, the symbol for the palatal nasal, which has a leftward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of the left stem. Both the IPA symbol and the sound are commonly called 'eng' or 'engma'.

As a phoneme, the velar nasal does not occur in many of the indigenous languages of the Americas, languages of the Middle East, Romance languages, or languages of the Caucasus, but it is extremely common in Australian Aboriginal languages and is also common in many languages of Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia, Southeast Asia and Polynesia. While almost all languages have /m/ and /n/, /ŋ/ is rarer.[1] Half of the 469 languages surveyed in Anderson (2008) had a velar nasal phoneme; as a further curiosity, many of them limit its occurrence to the syllable coda. In many languages that do not have the velar nasal as a phoneme, it occurs as an allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. This kind of assimilation can even be found in languages with phonemic voiced velar nasals, such as English. An example of this is the word income; its underlying representation, /ˈɪnˌkʌm/, can be realized as either [ˈɪnˌkʌm] or [ˈɪŋˌkʌm].

An example of a language that lacks a phonemic or allophonic velar nasal is Russian, in which /n/ is pronounced as laminal denti-alveolar [n̪] even before velar consonants.[2]

Some languages have the pre-velar nasal,[3] which is articulated slightly more front compared with the place of articulation of the prototypical velar nasal, though not as front as the prototypical palatal nasal - see that article for more information.

Conversely, some languages have the post-velar nasal,[4] which is articulated slightly behind the place of articulation of a prototypical velar nasal, though not as back as the prototypical uvular nasal.

Features

Features of the voiced velar nasal:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Because the consonant is also nasal, the blocked airflow is redirected through the nose.
  • Its place of articulation is velar, which means it is articulated with the back of the tongue (the dorsum) at the soft palate.
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is a nasal consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the nose, either exclusively (nasal stops) or in addition to through the mouth.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

LanguageWordIPAMeaningNotes
Albanianngaqë[ŋɡacə]'because'
Aleut[5]chaang[tʃɑːŋ]'five'
ArabicHejazi
 مــنــقل/mingal [mɪŋɡal] 'brazier' Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Hejazi Arabic phonology
ArmenianEastern[6]ընկեր/ënker[əŋˈkɛɾ]'friend'Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants
Assameseৰং/ŗông[ɹɔŋ]'color'
Asturian non [nõŋ] 'no' Allophone of /n/ in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause.
BambaraŋonI[ŋoni]'guitar'
Bashkirмең / meñ[mɪ̞ŋ]ⓘ'one thousand'
Basquehanka[haŋka]'leg'
Bengaliরঙ/rông[ɾɔŋ]'color'
Bulgarian[7]тънко/tănko[ˈtɤŋko]'thin'
Cantonese 昂/ngòhng [ŋɔːŋ˩] 'raise' See Cantonese phonology
Catalan[8]sang[ˈsɑ̃ŋ(k)]'blood'See Catalan phonology
Cebuanongano[ˈŋano]'why'
Chamorrongånga'[ŋɑŋaʔ]'duck'
Chukchiӈыроӄ/ṇyroq[ŋəɹoq]'three'
Czechtank[taŋk]'tank'See Czech phonology
Dinkaŋa[ŋa]'who'
Danishsang[sɑŋˀ]'song'See Danish phonology
Dutch[9]angst[ɑŋst]'fear'See Dutch phonology
Eastern Min 疑/ngì [ŋi53] 'suspect'
Englishsing[sɪŋ]ⓘ'sing'Restricted to the syllable coda. See English phonology
Faroeseong[ɔŋk]'meadow'
Fijiangone[ˈŋone]'child'
Filipinongayón[ŋaˈjon]'now'
Finnishkangas[ˈkɑŋːɑs]'cloth'Occurs in native vocabulary only intervocally (as a geminate) and before /k/. See Finnish phonology
French[10]Standardcamping[kɑ̃piŋ(ɡ)]ⓘ'camping'Occurs only in words borrowed from English or Chinese. See French phonology
Southern Francepain[pɛŋ]ⓘ'bread'For many speakers, [ŋ] acts as a substitute for the nasalization of the preceding vowel, which may still be partially nasal. It is one of the most typical traits of varieties of French influenced by an Occitan substrate.
Galicianunha[ˈuŋa]'one' (f.)
Gan 牙/nga [ŋa] 'tooth'
Germanlang[laŋ]'long'See Standard German phonology
Greekάγχος / anchos['aŋxo̞s]'Stress'See Modern Greek phonology
Hakka Sixian 我/ngô [ŋai˨˦] 'I'
HebrewStandardאנגלית/anglit[aŋɡˈlit]'English language'Allophone of /n/ before velar stops. See Modern Hebrew phonology
Sephardiעין/nayin[ŋaˈjin]'Ayin'See Sephardi Hebrew
Hiligaynonbuang[bu'äŋ]'crazy/mentally unstable'
Hindustani Hindi रंग/रङ्ग/raṅg [rəŋg] 'color' See Hindustani phonology
Urdu رن٘گ/raṅg
Fiji Hindustani Rang
Hungarianing[iŋɡ]'shirt'Allophone of /n/. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandicgöng[ˈkœy̯ŋk]'tunnel'See Icelandic phonology
Ilocanongalngal[ŋalŋal]'to chew'
Inuktitutᐴᙳᐆᖅ / puunnguuq[puːŋŋuːq]'dog'
Inuvialuktunqamnguiyuaq[qamŋuijuaq]'snores'
Irisha nglór[ˌə̃ ˈŋl̪ˠoːɾˠ]'their voice'Occurs word-initially as a result of the consonantal mutation eclipsis. See Irish phonology
Italian[11]anche[ˈaŋke]'also'Allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Italian phonology
Itelmenқниң[qniŋ]'one'
JapaneseStandard南極 / nankyoku[naŋkʲokɯ]'the South Pole'See Japanese phonology
Eastern dialects[12]鍵 / kagi[kaŋi]'key'
Javaneseꦱꦺꦔꦏ꧀/Sengak[səŋŋak]stinkAdditional /ŋ/ caused by vowel after /ŋ/ sounding
Jin Yuci 我/ngie [ŋie] 'I'
Kagayanen[13]manang[manaŋ]'older sister'
Kazakhмың / myń[məŋ]'thousand'
Kyrgyzмиң/miñ[miŋ]
Ketаяң/ajaņ[ajaŋ]'to damn'
Khasingap[ŋap]'honey'
Khmer
  • [ŋiəj]
  • [kɑːsaːŋ]
  • 'easy'
  • 'to build'
See Khmer phonology
Korean성에 / seonge[sʌŋe]'window frost'See Korean phonology
Kurdish Northern ceng [dʒɛŋ] 'war' See Kurdish phonology
Central جه‌نگ/ceng
Southern
Lugandaŋaaŋa[ŋɑːŋɑ]'hornbill'
Luxembourgish[14]keng[kʰæŋ]'nobody'See Luxembourgish phonology
Macedonianaнглиски/angliski[ˈaŋɡliski]'English'Occurs occasionally as an allophone of /n/ before /k/ and /ɡ/. See Macedonian phonology
Malay Malaysian and Indonesianbangun[ˈbaŋʊn]'wake up'
Kelantan-Pattani sini [si.niŋ] 'here' See Kelantan-Pattani Malay
Terengganu ayam [a.jaŋ] 'chicken' See Terengganu Malay
Malayalam[5]മാങ്ങ/mān̄n̄a[maːŋŋɐ]'mango'
Mandarin Standard 北京/Běijīng [peɪ˨˩tɕiŋ˥] 'Beijing' Restricted to the syllable coda. See Mandarin phonology
Sichuanese我/ngo3[ŋɔ˨˩]'I'
Marathiरंग/ranga[rəŋə]'colour'See Marathi phonology
Mariеҥ/eng[jeŋ]'human'
Mongolianтэнгэр / teŋger[teŋger]'sky'
Nepaliनङ/nang [nʌŋ] 'nail'See Nepali phonology
Nganasanӈаӈ/ngang[ŋaŋ]'mouth'
Nivkhңамг/ngamg[ŋamɡ]'seven'
North FrisianMooringkåchelng[ˈkɔxəlŋ]'stove'
Northern Min 外/ngui [ŋui] 'outside'
Northern Sámi[15]Eastern Finnmarkmaŋis[mɒːŋiːs]'behind'
Western Finnmarkmáŋga[mɑːŋˑka]'many'[ŋ] has merged with [ɲ] in Western Finnmark, except before velar stops.
Norwegiangang[ɡɑŋ]'hallway'See Norwegian phonology
Odiaଏବଂ/ebang[ebɔŋ]'and'
Okinawannkai[ŋkai]'to'Allophone of [n] before velars, before consonants in an onset cluster, and also word-finally in some dialects.
Ottoman Turkishیڭی/yeŋi'new'
Panjabi Gurmukhi ਰੰਗ/rang [rəŋ] 'color'
Shahmukhi رنگ/rang
Persian[ræːŋ]See Persian phonology
Pipilnemanha[nemaŋa]'later'
Polish[16]bank[bäŋk]'bank'Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/; post-palatal before /kʲ, ɡʲ/.[17][18] See Polish phonology
Portuguesemanga[ˈmɐ̃(ŋ)ɡɐ]'mango'Occurs occasionally in slow, careful speech, as an allophone of /n/ before /ɡ/ and /k/, when the speaker does not delete the /n/ by fusing it with the preceding vowel.
OccitanProvençalvin[viŋ]'wine'
Rapanuihanga[haŋa]'bay'Sometimes written ⟨g⟩ in Rapanui
RomanianȚara Moților Transylvanian[19]câine['kɨŋi]'dog'Corresponds to [n] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Samoangagana[ŋaˈŋana]'language'
Serbo-Croatian[20]станка / stanka[stâːŋka]'pause'Allophone of /n/ before /k, ɡ, x/.[20] See Serbo-Croatian phonology
Sericomcáac[koŋˈkaak]'Seri people'
Shonan'anga[ŋaŋɡa]'traditional healer'
Slovenetank[ˈt̪âːŋk]'tank'
Southern Min Hokkien 黃/n̂g [ŋ̍˨˦] 'yellow'
Teochew 黃/ng5 [ŋ̍55]
Spanish[21]All dialectsdomingo[d̪o̞ˈmĩŋɡo̞]'Sunday'Allophone of /n/ before velar consonants. See Spanish phonology
Galician Spanish, Andalusian, Canarian, and most Caribbean dialectsalquitrán[alkitˈɾaŋ]'tar'Allophone of /n/ in word-final position, either before consonants other than velar stops or vowel-beginning words or before a pause.
Swahiling'ombe[ŋombɛ]'cow'
Swedishingenting[ɪŋɛnˈtʰɪŋ]'nothing'See Swedish phonology
Tamilஇங்கே/in̄gē[iŋgeː]'here'
Teluguవాఙ్మయం[ʋaːŋmajam]'Literature'Allophone of anuswara when followed by velar stop
Tibetan Standard ང/nga [ŋa˩˧] 'I'
Thaiงาน/ngaan[ŋaːn]'work'
Nuer - Thok Nathŋa[ŋa]'who?' or 'Is who?'
Tongantangata[taŋata]'man'
Tuamotuanrangi / ragi[raŋi]'sky'
Tundra Nenetsӈэва/ŋəwa[ŋæewa]'head'
Tupi monhang [mɔɲaŋ] 'to make' See Tupian Phonology
Turkmenmüň[myŋ]'thousand'
Tyapnɡɡwon[ŋɡʷən]'child'
Uzbekming[miŋ]'thousand'
Venetianman[maŋ]'hand'
Vietnamese[22]ngà[ŋaː˨˩]'ivory'See Vietnamese phonology
Welshrhwng[r̥ʊŋ]'between'
West Frisiankening[ˈkeːnɪŋ]'king'
Wu 五/ng [ŋ˩˧] 'five'
Xhosaing'ang'ane[iŋaŋaːne]'hadada ibis'
Xiang 熬/ngau [ŋau] 'to boil'
Yiꉢ/nga[ŋa˧]'I'
Yup'ikungungssiq[uŋuŋssiq]'animal'
ZapotecTilquiapan[23]yan[jaŋ]'neck'Word-final allophone of lenis /n/

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164. The oral counterparts /p, t, k/ are found together in almost all languages
  2. ↑ Jones & Ward (1969), p. 160.
  3. ↑ Instead of "pre-velar", it can be called "advanced velar", "fronted velar", "front-velar", "palato-velar", "post-palatal", "retracted palatal" or "backed palatal".
  4. ↑ Instead of "post-velar", it can be called "retracted velar", "backed velar", "pre-uvular", "advanced uvular" or "fronted uvular".
  5. 1 2 Ladefoged (2005), p. 165.
  6. ↑ Dum-Tragut (2009), p. 19.
  7. ↑ Sabev, Mitko. "Bulgarian Sound System". Archived from the original on 11 July 2012. Retrieved 31 July 2013.
  8. ↑ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 53.
  9. ↑ Gussenhoven (1992), p. 45.
  10. ↑ Wells (1989), p. 44.
  11. ↑ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 118.
  12. ↑ Okada (1999), p. 118.
  13. ↑ Olson et al. (2010), pp. 206–207.
  14. ↑ Gilles & Trouvain (2013), pp. 67–68.
  15. ↑ Aikio & Ylikoski (2022), p. 151.
  16. ↑ Jassem (2003), p. 103.
  17. ↑ Gussmann (1974), pp. 107, 111 and 114.
  18. ↑ Ostaszewska & Tambor (2000), pp. 35, 41 and 86.
  19. ↑ Pop (1938), p. 31.
  20. 1 2 Landau et al. (1999), p. 67
  21. ↑ Martínez-Celdrán, Fernández-Planas & Carrera-Sabaté (2003), p. 258.
  22. ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.
  23. ↑ Merrill (2008), p. 109.

References

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  • Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2008), "The Velar Nasal", in Haspelmath, Martin; Dryer, Matthew S; Gil, David; et al. (eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Munich: Max Planck Digital Library, retrieved 2008-04-30
  • Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
  • Dum-Tragut, Jasmine (2009), Armenian: Modern Eastern Armenian, Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company
  • Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278
  • Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X, S2CID 243772965
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  • Jassem, Wiktor (2003), "Polish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (1): 103–107, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001191
  • Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-15300-3
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  • Martínez-Celdrán, Eugenio; Fernández-Planas, Ana Ma.; Carrera-Sabaté, Josefina (2003), "Castilian Spanish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 33 (2): 255–259, doi:10.1017/S0025100303001373
  • Merrill, Elizabeth (2008), "Tilquiapan Zapotec" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 38 (1): 107–114, doi:10.1017/S0025100308003344
  • Okada, Hideo (1999), "Japanese", in International Phonetic Association (ed.), Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge University Press, pp. 117–119, ISBN 978-0-52163751-0
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