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The Olympic torch relay is the ceremonial relaying of the Olympic flame from Olympia, Greece, to the site of an Olympic Games. It was invented by the Nazis and was first performed at the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin, as a way for Hitler to spread Nazi influence to other countries and to highlight the Aryan connections of Germany to Greece.[1] It has taken place prior to every Games since.
Although in the past some Olympic organizing committees organized torch relays which encompassed multiple countries, the International Olympic Committee now restricts international relays due to the protests during the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay, in which the relay was met with protests at several international sites on its way to Beijing, China.[2]
Summer Olympic Games
Site of the Olympic Games | Days | Total length (in km) | Total number of torchbearers | Route |
---|---|---|---|---|
Berlin 1936 | 8 | 3,422 | 3,422 | Olympia – Athens – Thessaloniki (Greece) – Sofia (Bulgaria) – Belgrade (Yugoslavia) – Budapest (Hungary) – Vienna (Austria) – Prague (Czechoslovakia) – Dresden – Berlin (Germany)
Two secondary relays carried the flame from Olympic Stadium in Berlin to the off-site aquatic venues: Grunau (for the rowing course), and Kiel (yachting). The cauldron in Kiel sat in an old Hanseatic galley in the bay. Kiel would also be the yachting site of the 1972 Munich Olympics. |
/ Cancelled 1940 Games | ||||
Cancelled 1944 Games | ||||
London 1948 | 13 | 7,870 | 3,372 | Olympia – Corfu (Greece) (by ship) Bari – Milan (Italy) – Lausanne – Geneva (Switzerland) – Besançon – Metz (France) – Luxembourg (Luxembourg) – Brussels (Belgium) – Lille – Calais (France) (by ship)– Dover – London (Great Britain)
A second relay carried the flame from Wembley, where the Games were based, to the sailing centre at Torbay, via Slough, Basingstoke, Salisbury, and Exeter. |
Helsinki 1952 | 5 | 3,365 | 1,416 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (by airplane) Aalborg - Odense - Copenhagen (Denmark) (by ship) Malmö - Gothenburg - Stockholm (Sweden) - Tornio - Oulu - Helsinki (Finland). A second flame was lit in Pallastunturi (Finland) and joined the main one in Tornio |
Melbourne 1956 | 21 | 20,470 | 3,118 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (by airplane) Darwin - Brisbane - Sydney - Canberra - Melbourne (Australia) |
Stockholm 1956 (equestrian Games) |
9 | 1,000 | 490 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (by airplane) Copenhagen (Denmark) (by ship) Malmö - Stockholm (Sweden) |
Rome 1960 | 14 | 2,750 | 1,529 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (by ship) Syracuse - Catania - Messina - Reggio Calabria - Naples - Rome (Italy) |
Tokyo 1964 | 51 | 20,065 | 870 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (by airplane) Istanbul (Turkey) - Beirut (Lebanon) - Tehran (Iran) - Lahore (Pakistan) - New Delhi (India) - Rangoon (Burma) - Bangkok (Thailand) - Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) - Manila (Philippines) - Hong Kong (Hong Kong) - Taipei (Taiwan) - Okinawa - Tokyo (Japan, following four different routes) |
Mexico City 1968 | 51 | 13,620 | 2,778 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (by ship) Genoa (Italy) (by ship) Barcelona - Madrid - Seville - Palos (by ship) Las Palmas (Spain) - San Salvador Island (Bahamas) - Veracruz - Mexico City (Mexico) |
Munich 1972 | 30 | 5,532 | 6,000 | Olympia - Athens - Thessaloniki (Greece) - Istanbul (Turkey) - Varna (Bulgaria) - Bucharest - Timișoara (Romania) - Belgrade (Yugoslavia) - Budapest (Hungary) - Vienna - Linz - Salzburg - Innsbruck (Austria) - Garmisch-Partenkirchen - Munich (West Germany) |
Montreal 1976 | 5 | 775 | 1,214 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (satellite transmission of an electronic pulse) Ottawa (Ontario) - Montreal (Quebec) (Canada) |
Moscow 1980 | 31 | 4,915 | 5,000 | Olympia - Athens - Thessaloniki (Greece) - Sofia (Bulgaria) - Bucharest (Romania) - Kishinev - Vinnytsia - Kiev - Tula - Moscow (USSR) |
Los Angeles 1984 | 83 | 15,000 | 3,636 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (by airplane) New York – Boston – Philadelphia – Washington – Detroit – Chicago – Indianapolis – Atlanta – St. Louis – Dallas – Denver – Salt Lake City – Seattle – San Francisco – San Diego - Los Angeles (USA) |
Seoul 1988 | 26 | 15,250 | 1,467 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (by airplane) Jeju - Busan - Seoul (South Korea) |
Barcelona 1992 | 51 | 6,307 | 10,448 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (by ship) Empúries - Bilbao - A Coruña - Madrid - Seville (by airplane) Las Palmas - Málaga - Valencia (by ship) Palma de Mallorca – Barcelona (Spain) |
Atlanta 1996 | 112 | 29,016 | 13,267 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (by airplane) Los Angeles (California) – Las Vegas (Nevada) – San Francisco (California) – Seattle (Washington) – Salt Lake City (Utah) – Denver (Colorado) – Dallas (Texas) – St. Louis (Missouri) – Minneapolis (Minnesota) – Chicago (Illinois) – Detroit (Michigan) - Boston (Massachusetts) – New York (New York) – Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) – Washington – Miami (Florida) – Birmingham (Alabama) - Atlanta (Georgia) (USA) |
Sydney 2000 | 127 | 27,000 | 13,300 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (by airplane) Guam - Palau - Federated States of Micronesia - Nauru - Solomon Islands -Papua New Guinea - Vanuatu - Samoa - American Samoa - Cook Islands - Tonga - Queenstown - Christchurch - Wellington - Rotorua - Auckland (New Zealand) - Uluru (Northern Territory) - Brisbane (Queensland) - Darwin (Northern Territory) - Perth (Western Australia) - Adelaide (South Australia) - Melbourne (Victoria) - Canberra (Capital Territory) - Sydney (New South Wales) (Australia) |
Athens 2004 | 142 | 86,000 | 11,360 | Olympia - Marathonas - Athens (Greece) (by airplane) Sydney - Melbourne (Australia) - Tokyo (Japan) - Seoul (South Korea) - Beijing (People's Republic of China) - Delhi (India) - Cairo (Egypt) - Cape Town (South Africa) - Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) - Mexico City (Mexico) - Los Angeles - St. Louis - Atlanta - New York (USA) - Montreal (Canada) - Antwerp - Brussels (Belgium) - Amsterdam (Netherlands) - Lausanne - Geneva (Switzerland) - Paris (France) - London (Great Britain) - Madrid - Barcelona (Spain) - Rome (Italy) - Munich - Berlin (Germany) - Stockholm (Sweden) - Helsinki (Finland) - Moscow (Russia) - Kyiv (Ukraine) - Istanbul (Turkey) - Sofia (Bulgaria) - Nicosia (Cyprus) - Iraklion - Thessaloniki - Patras - Athens (Greece) |
Beijing 2008 | 130 | 137,000 | 21,880 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (by airplane) - Beijing (People's Republic of China) (by airplane) - Almaty (Kazakhstan) (by airplane) - Istanbul (Turkey) (by airplane) - Saint Petersburg (Russia) (by airplane) - London (Great Britain) (by airplane) – Paris (France) (by airplane) – San Francisco (USA) (by airplane) – Buenos Aires (Argentina) (by airplane) – Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) (by airplane) – Muscat (Oman) (by airplane) – Islamabad (Pakistan) (by airplane) – New Delhi (India) (by airplane) – Bangkok (Thailand) (by airplane) – Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) (by airplane) – Jakarta (Indonesia) (by airplane) – Canberra (Australia) (by airplane) – Nagano (Japan) (by airplane) – Seoul (South Korea) (by airplane) – Pyongyang (North Korea) (by airplane) – Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam) (by airplane) – Hong Kong (Hong Kong, China) (by ship) – Macau (Macau, China) (by airplane) – Sanya - Wuzhishan - Wanning - Haikou (Hainan) (by airplane) – Guangzhou - Shenzhen - Huizhou - Shantou (Guangdong) (by airplane) – Fuzhou - Quanzhou - Xiamen - Longyan (Fujian) (by airplane) – Ruijin - Jinggangshan - Nanchang (Jiangxi) (by airplane) – Wenzhou - Shaoxing - Hangzhou - Ningbo - Jiaxing (Zhejiang) (by airplane) – Shanghai (by airplane) – Suzhou - Nantong - Taizhou - Yangzhou - Nanjing (Jiangsu) (by airplane) – Hefei - Huainan - Wuhu - Jixi - Huangshan (Anhui) (by airplane) – Wuhan - Yichang - Jingzhou (Hubei) (by airplane) – Yueyang - Changsha - Shaoshan (Hunan) (by airplane) – Guilin - Nanning - Baise (Guangxi) (by airplane) – Kunming - Lijiang - Shangri-La (Yunnan) (by airplane) – Guiyang - Kaili - Zunyi (Guizhou) (by airplane) – Chongqing (by airplane) – Ürümqi - Kashgar - Shihezi - Changji (Xinjiang) (by airplane) – Lhasa (Tibet) (by airplane) – Golmud - Qinghai Lake - Xining (Qinghai) (by airplane) – Yuncheng - Pingyao - Taiyuan - Datong (Shanxi) (by airplane) – Jiuquan (by airplane) – Zhongwei - Wuzhong - Yinchuan (Ningxia) (by airplane) – Yan'an - Yangling - Xianyang - Xi'an (Shaanxi) (by airplane) – Dunhuang - Jiayuguan - Lanzhou (Gansu) (by airplane) – Hohhot - Ordos - Baotou - Chifeng (Inner Mongolia) (by airplane) – Harbin - Daqing - Qiqihar (Heilongjiang) (by airplane) – Changchun - Songyuan - Jilin - Yanji (Jilin) (by airplane) – Shenyang - Anshan - Dalian (Liaoning) (by airplane) –Qingdao - Linyi - Qufu - Tai'an - Jinan (Shandong) (by airplane) – Zhengzhou - Kaifeng - Luoyang - Anyang (Henan) (by airplane) – Shijiazhuang - Qinhuangdao - Tangshan (Hebei) (by airplane) – Tianjin (by airplane) – Guang'an - Leshan - Chengdu (Sichuan) (by airplane) – Beijing (People's Republic of China)
Sichuan route postponed to the end due to earthquake. |
London 2012 | 70 | 12,800 | 8,000 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (by airplane) - Land's End - Plymouth - Exeter - Taunton - Bristol - Cheltenham - Worcester - Malvern (England) (by train) - Cardiff - Swansea - Aberystwyth - Bangor (Wales) (by train) - Chester - Stoke-on-Trent - Bolton - Liverpool (England) (by ship) - Douglas (Isle of Man) (by ship) - Portrush - Derry - Newry (Northern Ireland) (by airplane) - Dublin (Republic of Ireland) (by airplane) - Belfast (Northern Ireland) (by airplane) - Glasgow - Inverness - Kirkwall - Lerwick - Stornoway - Aberdeen - Dundee - Edinburgh (Scotland) (by train) - Alnwick - Newcastle - Durham - Middlesbrough - Hull - York - Carlisle - Bowness-on-Windermere - Blackpool - Manchester - Leeds - Sheffield - Cleethorpes - Lincoln - Nottingham - Derby - Birmingham - Coventry - Leicester - Peterborough - Norwich - Ipswich - Chelmsford - Cambridge - Luton - Oxford - Reading - Basingstoke - Winchester - Salisbury - Weymouth and Portland - Bournemouth - Southampton (England) (by ship) - Saint Peter Port (Guernsey) (by ship) - Saint Helier (Jersey) (by ship) - Portsmouth - Brighton and Hove - Brighton - Hastings - Dover - Maidstone - Guildford - London (England) (Great Britain) |
Rio de Janeiro 2016 | 106 | 20,000 | 12,000 | Olympia - Athens (Greece) (by airplane) - Lausanne - Geneva (Switzerland) (by airplane) - Brasilia (Federal District) - Goiânia (Goias) - Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais) - Vitória (Espirito Santo) - Salvador (Bahia) - Aracaju (Sergipe) - Maceió (Alagoas) - Recife (Pernambuco) - Joao Pessoa (Paraiba) - Natal (Rio Grande do Norte) - Fernando de Noronha - Fortaleza (Ceará) - Teresina (Piaui) - Palmas (Tocantins) - São Luís (Maranhão) - Belém (Para) - Macapá (Amapá) - Boa Vista (Roraima) - Manaus (Amazonas) - Rio Branco (Acre) - Porto Velho (Rondônia) - Cuiabá (Mato Grosso) - Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul)- Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul) - Florianópolis (Santa Catarina) - Curitiba (Paraná) - São Paulo (São Paulo) - Rio de Janeiro (Rio de Janeiro) (Brazil) |
Tokyo 2020 | 111 | 20,000 | - | Olympia (Greece) - Athens (Greece) (by airplane) - Fukushima (Fukushima) - Utsunomiya (Tochigi) - Maebashi (Gunma) - Nagano (Nagano) - Gifu (Gifu) - Nagoya (Aichi) – Nara (Nara) – Osaka (Osaka) – Kōchi (Kōchi) – Matsuyama (Ehime) – Kagoshima (Kagoshima) – Naha (Okinawa) – Nagasaki (Nagasaki) – Fukuoka (Fukuoka) – Hiroshima (Hiroshima) – Kobe (Hyōgo) – Kyoto (Kyoto) – Fukui (Fukui) – Kanazawa (Ishikawa) – Yamagata (Yamagata) – Akita (Akita) – Sapporo (Hokkaido) – Morioka (Iwate) – Sendai (Miyagi) – Shizuoka (Shizuoka) – Yokohama (Kanagawa) – Chiba (Chiba) – Saitama (Saitama) – Tokyo (Japan)
Irregular period, relay in Greece started on 12 March 2020 in Ancient Olympia, then curtailed in Sparta the next day, and later finished in Athens without spectators on 19 March 2020, the relay went later suspended on 25 March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic after the Olympics postponed to 2021. Japan relay started on 25 March 2021 in Naraha and ended on 23 July 2021 during the opening ceremony. |
Paris 2024 | 79 | - | 10,000 | Olympia (Greece) – Marseille (by ship) (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur) – Paris (Île-de-France) (France) |
Los Angeles 2028 | - | - | - | Olympia (Greece) – Los Angeles (USA) |
Brisbane 2032 | - | - | - | Olympia (Greece) – Brisbane (Australia) |
Winter Olympic Games
- 1 2 3 4 For the 1994 Lillehammer Games, the flame for the national torch relay was lit at Sondre Norheim's birthplace in Morgedal, where the official 1952 & 1960 flames were lit in the same manner. The original plan to merge it with the official Olympia flame at Oslo was abandoned due to Greek opposition; only the official flame was used in the opening ceremony. All statistics are for the national torch relay only. The Morgedal flame was maintained and later used at the 1994 Winter Paralympics.
Youth Summer Olympic Games
Site of the Olympic Games | Days | Total length (in km) | Total number of torchbearers | Route |
---|---|---|---|---|
Singapore 2010 | 22 | 26,700+ | 2,400+ | Olympia (Greece) – Berlin (Germany) - Dakar (Senegal) - Mexico City (Mexico) - Auckland (New Zealand) - Seoul (South Korea) - Singapore |
Nanjing 2014 | 108 | 104 | Athens (Greece) - 258 different online locations from the 204 participating NOCs - Nanjing (People's Republic of China) | |
Buenos Aires 2018 | 63 | 14,000 | - | Athens (Greece) - La Plata (Buenos Aires) - Parana (Entre Rios) - Santa Fe (Santa Fe) - Iguazu (Misiones) - Corrientes (Corrientes) - Jujuy (Jujuy) - Salta (Salta) - Tucuman (Tucuman) - Catamarca (Catamarca) - La Rioja (La Rioja) - Mendoza (Mendoza) - San Juan (San Juan) - Cordoba (Cordoba) - Neuquen (Neuquen) - Bariloche (Rio Negro) - Ushuaia (Tierra del Fuego) - Buenos Aires (Federal Capital) (Argentina) |
Dakar 2026 | - | - | - | Athens (Greece) - Dakar (Senegal) |
Youth Winter Olympic Games
Site of the Olympic Games | Days | Total length (in km) | Total number of torchbearers | Route |
---|---|---|---|---|
Innsbruck 2012 | 18 | 3,573 | 2,012 | Olympia (Greece) - Innsbruck - Bregenz - St. Anton am Arlberg - Lienz - Klagenfurt - Semmering - Wien - Graz - Eisenstadt - St. Pölten - Linz - Salzburg - Schladming - Seefeld in Tirol - Kühtai - Kufstein - Innsbruck (Austria) |
Lillehammer 2016 | 74 | - | - | Athens (Greece) - Lillehammer - Alta - Oslo - Gjøvik - Otta - Elverum - Trysil - Lillehammer (Norway) |
Lausanne 2020 | 110 | - | - | Athens (Greece) - Lausanne - Morges - Nyon – Yverdon-les-Bains - Payerne - Aigle - Ollon - University of Lausanne - Échallens - Château-d'Œx - Prilly - Bourg-en-Lavaux - Lausanne - Geneva - Neuchâtel - Lausanne (Switzerland) |
Gangwon 2024 | - | - | - | Athens (Greece) - Pyeongchang (South Korea) |
See also
References
- ↑ Bowlby, Chris. "The Olympic torch's shadowy past", BBC News, 2008-03-05. Retrieved on 2009-10-21.
- ↑ Zinser, Lynn (March 27, 2009). "I.O.C. Bars International Torch Relays". The New York Times. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
- ↑ "Lillehammer 1994 Olympic Torch". Archived from the original on 2012-03-06. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
- ↑ "A Torch for the XVII Olympic Winter Games - Lillehammer, Norway, 1994". Archived from the original on 2011-07-20. Retrieved 2011-07-19.
- ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-12-02. Retrieved 2010-12-10.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ↑ "2002 Olympic Torch Relay Route". PR Newswire. Archived from the original on 14 October 2012. Retrieved 24 November 2008.
- ↑ "Provincial and territorial routes", Vancouver 2010 official site, listing the exact stops on the tour.