Public Enemy No. 1
Founded1986 (1986)
Founding locationLong Beach, California, United States[1]
Years active1986–present
TerritoryActive primarily in Orange County and the Inland Empire, with a smaller presence in San Diego and Los Angeles counties[2]
EthnicityWhite American[2]
Membership (est.)400–500[3]
ActivitiesDrug trafficking, murder, assault, auto theft, burglary and property crime[3]
AlliesAryan Brotherhood[4]
Nazi Lowriders[4]

Public Enemy No. 1 (abbreviated as PEN1; pronounced /ˈpiːnaɪ/), also known as PENI Death Squad (or PDS), is a prison and street gang formed in Long Beach, California[1] and now based in Orange County, California.[5][6] In 2004, the California Department of Justice described PEN1 as "one of the most powerful and fastest-growing gangs inside and outside prison",[4] and reported it had about 200 members statewide. The gang's main activities include identity theft, credit card fraud, and methamphetamine sales.[7]

History

The Public Enemy No. 1 gang emerged from the hardcore punk scene in Long Beach, California during the 1980s.[1][8] By the 1990s, however, PEN1's base of operations was in Orange County where the gang began recruiting white suburban adolescents and became involved in methamphetamine trafficking, prostitution and identity theft.[1][8] The gang also formed ties with the Aryan Brotherhood and the Nazi Lowriders in the prison system.[1][7]

One of the gang's founders; Donald "Popeye" Mazza, became a made member of the Aryan Brotherhood.[9] Another founding member, Devlin "Gazoo" Stringfellow, was stabbed to death by two other inmates at California State Prison, Sacramento on January 10, 2018.[10][11] In June 2022, Donald "Popeye" Mazza has pleaded guilty to racketeering and conspiracy charges in federal court.[12][13]

Symbology and identification

The gang uses the numeric symbol "737" to indicate association with the gang. The numbers correspond to the letters P, D, and S on a telephone keypad. The initials stand for PENI Death Squad, another name for the group.[14]

Members often mark themselves with tattoos of different acronyms for the gang. Designs commonly include the words "PENI", "PDS" or the numbers "737", and sometimes in the form of runes, such as "ᛈᛖᚾᛁ" (PENI) or "ᛈᛞᛋ" (PDS), from Germanic runic alphabets.

Criminal activity

Public Enemy No. 1 is heavily involved in identity theft, which is not a crime often associated with street gangs; most of the income from this is allegedly used to finance methamphetamine sale and other operations. Originally, the gang did this by raiding mailboxes and trash cans for personal information, but later used contacts inside of banks, mortgage companies and state motor vehicle departments in order to gain access to credit profiles. This has led to law enforcement officials requesting that their personal information be removed so that it can't be used by gang members to identify home addresses of police officers.[8] Additionally, PEN1 is involved in drug trafficking, murder, assault, auto theft, burglary and property crime.[3]

Investigations and prosecutions

On December 14, 2006, 57 members of Public Enemy No. 1 were arrested after approximately 300 law enforcement officers from about 25 agencies, including the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and U.S. Marshals Service, carried out raids at 75 locations in southern California. Two handguns, a shotgun, a rifle and small amounts of drugs were also seized. The arrests were made after authorities discovered the names of an Orange County prosecutor and five police officers on a PEN1 hitlist the month before.[7]

On December 16, 2010, fifty members of PEN1, the Aryan Brotherhood, the Nazi Lowriders and three other white supremacist gangs were arrested in Orange County on various federal charges, including criminal fraud and illegal firearms and narcotics sales, as a result of Operation Stormfront, a joint investigation by the Orange County Sheriff's Department and the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF).[15][16]

  • The gang is featured in the TV documentary series Gangland, season 6, Episode 14: "Public Enemy #1".
  • In the crime-thriller feature film Shot Caller (2017), stockbroker and family man Jacob Harlon (played by Nikolaj Coster-Waldau) causes a fatal DUI accident and is sentenced to prison, where survival requires him to get mixed in gang life and associate with PENI gang members, then joining the Aryan Brotherhood through his connection to them.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Addison, Brian (July 14, 2018). "The Long Beach origins of one of California's most notorious white power gangs". Long Beach Post. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  2. 1 2 Public Enemy Number 1 (PENI) Anti-Defamation League
  3. 1 2 3 "Special Issue: Gangs in the United States" (PDF), Narcotics Digest Weekly, National Drug Intelligence Center, vol. 4, no. 40, 2005-10-04, archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-24, retrieved 2009-11-14
  4. 1 2 3 "Racist gang caught in sting kept a list of Orange County police targets". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. December 17, 2006. Archived from the original on May 12, 2012.
  5. ↑ Simi, Pete; Smith, Lowell; Reeser, Ann M. S. (October 13, 2008). "From Punk Kids to Public Enemy Number One". Deviant Behavior. 29 (8): 753–774. doi:10.1080/01639620701873905. S2CID 143826550.
  6. ↑ "Public Enemy Number 1 (PENI)". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on April 26, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  7. 1 2 3 Reza, H.G. (December 16, 2006). "Hit list led to wave of O.C. arrests". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 Flaccus, Gillian (March 4, 2007). "Alliance adds to gang's clout". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Associated Press. Archived from the original on April 5, 2012.
  9. ↑ Gartrell, Nate (August 31, 2019). "'Build an army': Aryan Brotherhood leaders attempted to rule over all white California prison gangs, feds say". The Mercury News. Archived from the original on July 31, 2020.
  10. ↑ "Prisoner slain in California was white supremacist leader". Seattle Times. Retrieved 2023-09-01.
  11. ↑ Thompson, Don (January 12, 2018). "Prisoner slain in California was white supremacist leader". The Seattle Times.
  12. ↑ "Donald 'Popeye' Mazza, founder of Orange County skinhead gang, pleads guilty in Aryan Brotherhood RICO case". Mercury News. 16 June 2022. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  13. ↑ "Orange County skinhead gang founder Donald 'Popeye' Mazza indicted in Aryan Brotherhood Rico case". World Nation News. 17 June 2022. Retrieved 2023-06-05.
  14. ↑ "737 | Numeric Hate Symbols | Racist Prison Gang Symbols". Anti-Defamation League. Archived from the original on October 1, 2020. Retrieved April 17, 2018.
  15. ↑ OPERATION STORMFRONT: OC OFFICIALS TARGET WHITE SUPREMACISTS IN LARGEST GANG SWEEP California County News (December 16, 2010)
  16. ↑ "Authorities Arrest 50 People in White-Supremacist Crackdown". NBC Los Angeles. 17 December 2010. Retrieved 2023-05-06.
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