Southern Bantoid
Geographic
distribution		Sub-Saharan Africa, but not further west than Nigeria
Linguistic classificationNiger–Congo?
Proto-languageProto-Southern Bantoid
Subdivisions
Glottologsout3152
The Southern Bantoid languages shown within the Niger–Congo language family. Non-Southern Bantoid languages are greyscale.

Southern Bantoid (or South Bantoid) is a branch of the Bantoid language family. It consists of the Bantu languages along with several small branches and isolates of eastern Nigeria and west-central Cameroon (though the affiliation of some branches is uncertain). Since the Bantu languages are spoken across most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Southern Bantoid comprises 643 languages as counted by Ethnologue, though many of these are mutually intelligible.[1]

History

The Southern Bantoid branches of Nigeria and Cameroon

Southern Bantoid was first introduced by Williamson in a proposal that divided Bantoid into North and South branches.[2]

The unity of the North Bantoid group was subsequently called into question, and Bantoid itself may be polyphyletic, but the work did establish Southern Bantoid as a valid genetic unit, something that has not happened for (Narrow) Bantu itself.[3]

Internal classification

According to Williamson and Blench, Southern Bantoid is divided into the various Narrow Bantu languages, Jarawan, Tivoid, Beboid, Mamfe (Nyang), Grassfields and Ekoid families.[4] The Bendi languages are of uncertain classification; they have traditionally been classified with Cross River, but they may actually be Southern Bantoid.[5] Blench suggests that Tivoid, Momo (ex-Grassfields) and East Beboid may form a group, perhaps with the uncertain languages Esimbi and Buru–Angwe:[6]

Grollemund (2012)

Classification of Southern Bantoid by Grollemund (2012):[7]

Southern Bantoid

Nyang

Ekoid

Beboid

Tivoid

Wide Grassfields

A40-60-Jarawan + A31 (Mbam, Jarawan, Bube)

Bantu

Numerals

Comparison of numerals in individual languages:

ClassificationLanguage12345678910
BantuLuganda emubbirissatunnyattaanomuukagamusanvumuunanamwendakkumi
NdemliNdemlimɔ̀hɔ́ífɛ́ítááítʃìjèítâŋtóhósàᵐbáfɔ̀ːmɔ́bùʔɛ̀dʒòm
TikarTikarmbɔʔɓîlêɲîʃæ̃̂ɸyuluʃâmɓìnìnìtæ̂nìwûm
TivoidEsimbi (1)kēnə̄mə̄rākpə̄mākə̄lə̄mōɲīmātə̄nə̀mālālə̄mātə̄nə̀ mə̄rākpə̄ (5+ 2)mōɲìōɲī (4+ 4)mātə̄nə̀ mōɲī (5 + 4)būɣù
TivoidEsimbi (2)ɔ-nərâkpəá-kələoɲía-tənəa-lələà-tən râkpə (5+ 2)ò-ɲi o-ɲí (4+ 4)à-tən o-ɲí (5 + 4)bùɣù
TivoidIpuloémɔ̀víàlvétàtvéɲìvétànvéɾátúmvéɾátúm nɔ̀mɔ̀ (6 + 1)víɲèɲívíɲèɲí nɔ̀mɔ̀ (8 + 1)épɔ́ːt
TivoidIyivemɔ̌mhjâltàtɲîntáŋə̀nkə̀lə̀kə̀tàtkə̀lə̀kə̀tàt kàt mɔ̀mú (6 + 1)kíníkìnìtáŋìɲìn (5 + 4 ??)pùɛ̀
TivoidTivmɔ̀ḿ / mɔ́múhárútáŕúnjì:útã́ːátérátáŕútã́ː kàː úhár (5 + 2)ániènìútã́ː kàː únjì: (5 + 4)púè / púwè
Grassfields, MenchumBefangmóʔ (~mʊ́ʔ)fetáíɪ̀kᶣà (ɪ̀kɥà)ɪ̀tʲə̂nⁿdʊ̀fúèkᶣànátáí (4 and 3) i.e. (4+ 3)éfómóétʲə̂nékᶣà (5+ 4)éɣúm
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, BamilekeFe'fe' (1)ʃʉʔpʉ́ɒ́tāākwɒ̀tíìntɔ́hɔ́sə̀mbʉ́ɒ́hə̌vʉ̀ʔʉ̄ɣǎm
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, BamilekeFe'fe' (2)ŋʃʉʔpʉ́ətáákwàtiìntóɣósə̀mbʉ́ə́hə́ə́vʉ́ʔʉ́ɣám
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, BamilekeGhomalayə́mūʔyə́pwə́yə́táyápfʉə̀yə́tɔ̂ntɔ̀kə́sɔmbwə́əhɔ̌mvʉ̀ʔʉ́ɣǎm
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, BamilekeMengaka (Megaka)yimɔʔɔ / mɔʔyipá /payitét / tétnəkʷɔ̀yitɛntɔ̌sambánəhǎnəvøʔnəɣám
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, BamilekeNda'nda'ŋtʃɔ̀ʔpə́ɣə́tékwòtɔ̀tósòmbə̀ɣə̀χópvɨ̀ʔɣáp
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, BamilekeNgiemboonmmɔ́ʼɔ́ [m̩̀mɔ́ʔɔ́]mbʉ́a [m̩̀bɯ́á]ntá [ǹ̩tá]lekùa [lèkùȁ]ntʉ̂a [ɳ̩̀ʈɯ́à]ntɔɡɔ́ [ǹ̩tɔ̀ʁɔ́]sɔɔn mbʉ́a [sɔ̃̀ːm̩̀bɯ́á]lefɔ̌ɔn [lèfɔ̃̌ː]lepfwɔʼɔ́ [lèpfwɔ̀ʔɔ́]leɡém [lèɣə́m]
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, BamilekeNgombayemoʔyépáyétátyénékwayetayenentúkusambáyénéfomyenepfúʔúneɡʉ́m
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, BamilekeNgombaletápwótárəkwotaatoɣəsaabwóləfaaləpfuʔúləɡham
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, BamilekeNgwemɔʔfi-biə-tatlɛkwə-tɛ-ntulisaambiəlɛfɔlɛʙə̌ʔálɛ̄ɣɛ̀m
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, BamilekeYemba (Dschang)wɔ́ mɔʔɔ́mé piámé tétlekwametāntukɔ́ésabiālefálevuʔɔ́leɣɛ̄m
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NgembaAwing (1)mɔ̌pɛ́térə́nə̀kwàténə̀tóɣə́sàmbɛ́nə̀fémə́nə̀púʔə́nə̀ɣə́mə́
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NgembaAwing (2)mɔhpəːəteːrekwataantuɡusaːmbenɨfeːmenɨpuehnɨɡeːme
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NgembaBafut (1)mɔ́ʔɔ̂báàtárə̀kwààntáàntóʔòsàmbàfwámə́kwálìʔí / nɨ̀bùʔûtàwûm / nɨ̀wûm
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NgembaBafut (2)mɔʔɔ̂baatarəkwàǹtaàntoʔosàmbàfwaməkwalɛ̀ʔɛtàɡhûm
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NgembaBambili-Bambui (1)mɔ̀ʔɔ̀bə̀ɡə̀tyèkyàtɔ̀ɔ̀ntúúʃàmbànɨ̀fɔ̀ɔ̀nɨ̀bɛ̀ʔɛ̀nɨ̀ɣám
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NgembaBambili-Bambui (2)mɔʔɔbɨɡətyékɥatɔːn-túːʃambánɨ-fɔːnɨ-bɛʔɛnɨ-ɣám
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NgembaBamukumbitm²mɔʔɔ⁷⁷ or tɑʔbɛ, bɨbɛ, mɨmbɛtɑrɨ, bɨ²tɑː⁷⁵ɾə², mɨntɑrɨnɨkwɑ, bɨnɨkwɑ, mɨnkwɑjitɑ̃, bɨtɑ̃, mɨntɑ̃jintoʔ, bɨntoʔ, mɨntoʔʃɑmbɛ, bɨʃɑmbɛ, mɨʃɑmbɛnɨfɔ̃, bɨnɨfɔ̃, mɨnɨfɔ̃nɨ²buʔ²¹, bɨnɨbuʔ, mɨnɨbuʔnɨwũ
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NgembaMendankwe-Nkwenmɔ̄hbəɡətarɔkuatanntɔ̄sāmbānəfahnəbuɔ̄hnəɣəm
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NgembaMbəkum (Mankon) (1)mɔ́ʔɔ̂bâtárə̂kwàtánə̀ntúɣúsàmbànɨ̀fámə́nɨ̀bùʔûnɨ̀ɣɨ̂m
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NgembaNgemba (Mankon) (2)mɔ́ʔɔ́bǎtárékwàtâŋntúɡhə̂sámbǎnɨ̀fə̂ŋnɨ̀bvùʔə́nɨ̀wúmə̀
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NgembaPinyinmɔ́ʔɔ̀páátáɾə̀kwàtânə̀ǹtôsàmbânə̀fámə̂nə̀pùʔə̂nə̀wúmə̀
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NkambeKwajamũũ ˧˩baa ˦˧ta ˦kɥ ˧˩tɔ̃ ˦˧tɔ̃ ˨ fũ ˧sə ˨ mba ˧˨wɔ ˦ ŋkxɨt ˦bə ˦ ʁət ˨wəm˦
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NkambeLimbum (1)mɔ̀ʔsíɾbáːtáːɾkjèːtântūːnfúsàːmbâwāːmíbɨ̀ʔɨ̂ / bɨ̀ɾɨ̂ɾɨ
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NkambeLimbum (2)mòʔsírbáātáarkyèetântūunfúsàambâwāamébʉ̀ʔʉ̂rʉ̂ʉ
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NkambeMfumte (Koffa)mìʔincíbʉ́àtókweétóŋntunfúusɔ̀mbaawáamíbúumhúʔum
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NkambeYambamòʔfísbátɛʔkwètàŋntuuŋfúsàmbâfwamɛʔvə̀kɛʔhúm
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NunBaba1 (Papia) (1)mɔ̀ʔmbántíkúátèntíóʔókpataɾfómə́ʃìpókòɣəm
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NunBaba (Papia) (2)jimàa / jímɔ̀jípàa / ji mbáji tára / ji ntíiji kwà / kpaji tèntúwó / tuʔokwàtar / kpataɾfómətʃìpóo / ʃipɔkòɣəm / ɣəm
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NunBafanjijimuʔu / muʔu³⁵ / tiʔæ⁵³jipɑɑ / piæ³⁵jitii / tii³⁵jikwə / kwə³jintɑ̃ĩ⁵³ / tɑ̃ĩ⁵³jintou / ntou⁵jikwætæ / kwætæ³⁵jifũɔ̃ / fũɔ̃⁵jipuʔu / puʔu³⁵jiɣwũ / ɣwũ⁵³
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NunBamali (Papia)mʷəʔəpɛttɛtkʷatantɔkʷatʃønəfɔːnəpuʔunəɣu
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NunBambalangtɛʔipaatɾekʰwɛtiɛ̃ntiɡawkwatʃəɨfuõndipoʔuwuŋ
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NunBamun (Shupamen) (1)mòʔmbàátɛ́tpkàtɛ̀nntúsàmbàfámə́kóvýʔɣə́m
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NunBamun (Bamum) (2)ímoʔípáaítɛtípkwàítɛ̀nítúuísambaífáməívʉ̀ʔʉ́ɣóm
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NunBangolanmɔ̀mbǎtétkpàtíjēǹtúhùkpáte̙tfótʃɛ̀ŋɔ́ʔɔ̀vwó
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NunMedumbantʃɯ̀ʔbɔ̂t̪átkwàt̪ânndɔ́ɣə́sàmbɔ̂fúmə́bwə̀ʔə́ɣám
Grassfields, Mbam-Nkam, NunMungaka (Bali)ɲíníbáāitɛ́tikwàitànintwúʔkwàtátifúmsʉibɔ́mɣóm / wɔm
Grassfields, MomoMoghamoímɔ̄ʔíbēítádíkwēítãtìfóɣə́sàmbéfàmíàbōɡìɣùm
Grassfields, MomoMundaniyea-mɔʔbebebetatbekpìbetã̀ã̂bentùabesã̀ã̀mbebefã̀ãbebə̀ʔaèɣɛm
Grassfields, MomoNgamambo (1)-mɔ̀ʔbetádkwètânrɨ̀fúɣɔ́ / rʌ̀fúɣɔ́sàmbefàambɔ̀ɔkɣum
Grassfields, MomoNgamambo (2)-mɔ̀ʔbétɑ́tkwètɑ̂nrɨ̀fúɣə́sɑ̀mbéfɑ̌mə̀bɔ̌kwúm
Grassfields, MomoNgie (1)ìfìŋìbǐɡəìtáìkjùɡəìtɨŋìfəwìsàmbìɡəìfɨŋìàbəwìwùm
Grassfields, MomoNgie (2)ìfìŋìbǐɡìtáìkɥǐɡìtʉ̄ŋìfœ́ìsàmbǐɡìfɔ̌ŋàbœ̀ìwùm
Grassfields, MomoNgwoŋwāʔfjēːtɛ́dkwɛ̀tânm̀fósàːmbjɛ̄fwɔ̌ːkɔ̄ːwūm
Grassfields, RingBamunka (1)mɔ̌ʔbuǔtiâkʷìtaântɨ̌ʔtə́kʷiǐtiâ (4 + 3) ?fɔ̌ŋbɔ̀mɔ̂ʔ (10–1) ?wûŋ
Grassfields, RingBamunka (2)mɔʔ Lbuː RFtià Fkʷi Lta Fntʉ̀ʔ Ftəkʷitia HHF (4 + 3) ?fɔ̃ Rbɔmɔʔ R (10–1) ?wũ L
Grassfields, RingWushimùɔ́ʔbātɨ́ə̀ʔtsə̀tɛ́ɛ̀ǹtùɔ́ʔtsə̀tɨ́ə̀ʔ (4 + 3)fə́mə́bùfə̀mùɔ́ʔ (10–1) ?vóó
Grassfields, Ring, CenterBabanki (Kejom)mùʔbòtáʔkàʔtànǹtʉ̀fə́sòmbôfwòmə́àbʉ̀múʔ (10–1)wúm
Grassfields, Ring, CenterBummɔ̀kbàtâtkìktântúfásàmbâfâmábúlá mɔ̀k (10–1)ìwûm
Grassfields, Ring, CenterKomnòʔbòtalkàe / kæ̀tâynntufansòmbo / nsombônfamabulamòʔivɨm
Grassfields, Ring, CenterKukmɔ̀ʔbòːtóːkɪ̀ːkòtâːtóːfə́sōːmboːfāːmə́buː́mɔ̀ʔ (? -1)?íɣə̄m
Grassfields, Ring, CenterKungmɔ̀ʔbə̀ːtə́ːkʲə̀kə̀tàʲtūːfə́sɛ̀ːⁿbɛːfɛ̀ːmə́bólímɔ̀ʔ (? -1)?ìɣə̄m
Grassfields, Ring, CenterMmenmɔ̀ʔpɛ᷆tákjātâɲtūfɜ́sɛ̄mbɛ᷇fāmmɜ́pʊ̄lɜ̄mɔ̀ʔ (10–1)ēɣə̆̀m
Grassfields, Ring, CenterOkumɔɔbaataakwɪʲtanntuufəsaambaɛfaaməbuuməkɛvəm
Grassfields, Ring, EastLamnso'mɔ̀ʔɔ́nbààtáárkwɛ̀ɛ̀tànntùùfúsààmbàwāāmɛ́bvə̀ʔə̀ɣwə̀m
Grassfields, Ring, WestAghem (1)mɔ̀ʔbə̀ˠàtə́ˠátʃʲàkòtɛ̀ʲtǔ̞ːsə̀ˠàⁿbə̄ˠāɪ́fǎːtɛ̄ⁿdzū̞ˠū̞ɪ́ɣə̄m
Grassfields, Ring, WestAghem (2)mɒ̀ʔbɨ̀ɣàtɨ́ɣácìakɔ̀tɛ̀tǒosɨ̀ɣàmbɨ̀ɣàɛ́ʔfáatèndzùɣòé-ʔɣɨ́m
Grassfields, Ring, WestIsumɔ̀ʔbèː(bè)tsíːtʃàʔìtàːntsìfɔ́ŋsèmbèfáːmə́bùkə́ívə̄m
Grassfields, Ring, WestLaimbuemòʔbòtókjə̀ʔtáìtɔ̀ɔ́sùmbôìfámábə́lə́mɔ̀ʔɨɣɨ́m
Grassfields, Ring, WestWehmóbə̀ɣə́tə̀ɣə́kaikə́tátùbə́səɣ-mbə̀ɣifámtàndzúiɣə́m
Yemne-KimbiAjumbumʷə̀fʲə̂ŋtòɲìkpɛ̂kʲàtònàtònànàkpɛ̂ɲìkòɲ
Yemne-KimbiMundablim¹.mö³²m¹.fɪe³²n¹.tɔ³²n¹.de²kpɔn²tʃi²ta²nɔ¹³tɔ²ne¹ne¹kpa²ne¹dzo²fɯ²
Yemne-KimbiMungbam (Abar) (1)-m̩̀ / -mù-fìn /-fá-tì / -tēè-ɲ̩̀ / -nìkpáān / kpōalētɛ̀ / -lētè-ɲ̩̀tɛ̄ / -ɲītɛ-nə̀nè / -nə̄nèkpánə̀ɲ̩̀ / kpānāɲìdʒūhɛ́ / dʒóhó
Yemne-KimbiMunbam (Munken) (2)-mwə́nə̀ / -mù / – mù-fè /-fō / -fé-tɛ̄ / -tēa / -tè-ɲə̄nə́ / -ɲì / -ɲìkpòōnə́ / kpɛ̄n / kpààɲì-lētɛ̀ / -létēa / -lētɛ̀-ɲītɛ̀ / -ɲītə̀ / -ɲītɛ̀-ɲīɲì ~ -ɲìɲì / --ɲìɲì / -ɲìɲìkpɔ̄ndʒùɲì / -ɲìnkpɛ̄nkwîn / kwîn / kwɔ̂n

References

  1. ↑ McWhorter, J. 2001. The Power of Babel (p. 81-82). Freeman-Times-Henry Holt, New York.
  2. ↑ Williamson, Kay (1989) 'Niger–Congo Overview'. In: The Niger–Congo languages, ed. by John Bendor-Samuel, 3–45. University Press of America.
  3. ↑ Roger Blench. "Niger-Congo classification : Niger-Congo: an alternative view" (PDF). Rogerblench.info. Retrieved 2017-07-07.
  4. ↑ Williamson, Kay & Blench, Roger (2000) 'Niger–Congo', in Heine, Bernd and Nurse, Derek (eds) African Languages – An Introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University press, pp. 11–42.
  5. ↑ Blench, Roger (2011). "'The membership and internal structure of Bantoid and the border with Bantu" (PDF). Berlin: Humboldt University. p. 17.
  6. ↑ Blench, Roger (2010). "The Tivoid Languages" (PDF). pp. 12, 15.
  7. ↑ Grollemund, Rebecca. 2012. Nouvelles approches en classification : Application aux langues bantu du Nord-Ouest. Ph.D Dissertation, Université Lumière Lyon 2, Lyon, 550 pp.
  • ComparaLex, database with Southern Bantoid word lists
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