Tropical cyclones in 1999
Year boundaries
First system05F
FormedJanuary 1, 1999
Last systemAstride
DissipatedJanuary 3, 2000
Strongest system
NameGwenda
Lowest pressure900 mbar (hPa); 26.58 inHg
Longest lasting system
NameDora
Duration17 days
Year statistics
Total systems142
Named systems72
Total fatalities≥ 17,491
Total damage$5.334 billion (1999 USD)
Related articles
From left to right: Floyd, a tropical disturbance, and Gert on September 13

During 1999, tropical cyclones formed within seven different bodies of water called basins. To date, 142 tropical cyclones formed in bodies of water known as tropical cyclone basins, of which 72 were given names by various weather agencies. The strongest tropical cyclone of the year was Gwenda, attaining maximum sustained winds of 120 knots (220 km/h; 140 mph) and a pressure of 900 hPa (26.58 inHg), later tied with Inigo in 2003. Floyd was the costliest tropical cyclone of the year, with around $6.5 billion worth of damages as it affected the Bahamas, the East Coast of the United States, and the Atlantic Canada. The deadliest cyclone of this year was the 1999 Odisha cyclone, which was blamed for over 9,667 deaths as it devastated India. It was also the strongest Northern Hemisphere cyclone of the year with the pressure of 912 hPa (26.93 inHg) and third most intense tropical cyclone worldwide next to Cyclone Gwenda and Cyclone Vance. Three Category 5 tropical cyclones were formed in 1999. The accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) index for the 1999 (seven basins combined), as calculated by Colorado State University was 606.4 units.

Global atmospheric and hydrological conditions

A strong La Niña was present for the whole year, which made the Atlantic and North Pacific waters warmer than usual.

Summary

Cyclone JohnHurricane LennyTropical Storm Katrina (1999)1999 Odisha cycloneHurricane Jose (1999)Hurricane Irene (1999)October 1999 Mexico floodsTropical Storm Harvey (1999)Typhoon Bart (1999)Hurricane Gert (1999)Tropical Storm YorkHurricane FloydHurricane Greg (1999)Tropical Storm Wendy (1999)Hurricane Dennis (1999)Hurricane BretTropical Storm Sam (1999)Hurricane Dora (1999)Typhoon Maggie1999 Pakistan cycloneCyclone GwendaCyclone VanceCyclone Rona–Frank

North Atlantic Ocean

1999 Atlantic hurricane season summary map

An average Atlantic hurricane season features 12 tropical storms, 6 hurricanes, and 3 major hurricanes, and features an Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) count of 106. The 1999 Atlantic hurricane season had five Category 4 hurricanes – the highest number recorded in a single season in the Atlantic basin, previously tied in 1961, and later tied in 2005 and 2020.

It was a fairly active season, mostly due to a persistent La Niña that developed in the latter half of 1998. The first storm, Arlene, formed on June 11 to the southeast of Bermuda. It meandered slowly for a week and caused no impact on land. Other tropical cyclones that did not affect land were Hurricane Cindy, Tropical Storm Emily, and Tropical Depression Twelve. Localized or otherwise minor damage occurred from Hurricanes Bret, Gert, and Jose, Tropical Storms Harvey and Katrina. The most significant storm of the season was Hurricane Floyd, a strong Category 4 hurricane that caused devastating flooding along the East Coast of the United States, especially in North Carolina. Damage from the storm totaled approximately $6.5 billion (1999 USD) and there were at least 77 fatalities, making it the deadliest hurricane in the United States since Hurricane Agnes in 1972. Flooding from Floyd in North Carolina followed Hurricane Dennis, a slow and erratic–moving storm that dropped heavy rainfall in the eastern portion of the state. Tropical Depression Eleven in October contributed to extreme flooding in Mexico, which left 636 people dead and caused $491.3 million in damage, though impact could not be distinguished from the storm itself. Hurricane Irene caused extensive flooding in Cuba and Florida, with lesser effects in the Bahamas and North Carolina. Irene was the second–costliest storm of the season, with about $800 million in damage. Hurricane Lenny was an unusual eastward–moving storm in the Caribbean Sea and a strong late–season storm. It caused extensive damage in the Lesser Antilles in the month of November.

Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean

1999 Pacific hurricane season summary map

An average Pacific hurricane season features 15 tropical storms, 9 hurricanes, and 4 major hurricanes, and features an Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) count of 132. The season produced fourteen tropical cyclones and nine named storms, which was well below the average of sixteen named storms per season; this was largely due to a strong La Niña taking over much of the Pacific.

However, the total of six hurricanes and two major hurricanes during the season was near the averages of eight and three, respectively. Although it remained offshore, Hurricane Adrian caused 6 deaths from flooding and rough surf in Mexico. Hurricane Dora was a long-lived and intense cyclone, which had the second-longest track of a Pacific hurricane on record. The storm brought minor impacts to the island of Hawaii; however, no deaths or damage was reported. The deadliest tropical cyclone, Hurricane Greg, killed 10 people from flooding in Mexico.

Western Pacific Ocean

1999 Pacific typhoon season summary map

The average typhoon season lasts year-round, with the majority of the storms forming between May and October. An average Pacific typhoon season features 26 tropical storms, 16 typhoons, and 9 super typhoons (unofficial category). It also features an average Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE) count of approximately 294; the basin is typically the most active basin for tropical cyclone formation. However, it was a very inactive season, featuring the lowest number of typhoons on record, five.

The 1999 Pacific typhoon season was the last Pacific typhoon season to use English names as storm names. In the season, there were 45 tropical depressions, in which 20 strengthened to tropical storms, of 5 further strengthening into a typhoon. Typhoon Bart was the only super typhoon of that year. Bart reached "super typhoon" status on September 22, when it grew to comprise winds containing a force of 260 km/h (160 mph).

North Indian Ocean

1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season summary map

The season produced an average number of storms but there was an above average number of intense cyclones. In May, a Category 3 cyclone struck Pakistan, leaving at 700 people dead or missing. In October, two very intense cyclones struck eastern India within two weeks of each other, leaving over 10,000 people dead and causing more than $4.5 billion (1999 USD) in damages.

A total of ten tropical cyclones were observed. The India Meteorological Department, the official Regional Specialized Meteorological Center of the North Indian Ocean basin, identified eight of them. The Joint Typhoon Warning Center unofficially tracked two additional cyclones, 03B and 31W, during the course of the season.

South-West Indian Ocean

1998–99 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season summary map
1999–2000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season summary map

January–June

Activity began late, with the first tropical storm – Alda – forming on January 16, the third latest ever recorded at the time. Alda formed in the Mozambique Channel, which was one of few favorable areas for tropical cyclogenesis in the season. It brought rainfall to southwestern Madagascar that alleviated previously dry conditions. The next five tropical storms either originated or crossed into the adjacent Australian basin, where storms were monitored by the Bureau of Meteorology (BoM). Both Tropical Storm Chikita and Tropical Cyclone Davina brought beneficial rainfall to the Mascarene Islands. The latter storm caused two drowning deaths on Réunion and caused some crop damage. The strongest storm – Evrina – peaked as a strong cyclone in the Australian but weakened upon crossing 90°E, with 10-minute maximum sustained winds of 175 km/h (110 mph) in the basin. The final storm was unnamed, crossing from the Australian basin on April 21 as a minimal tropical storm before quickly dissipating. There were also several tropical disturbances or depressions, many short-lived. The first of these formed on September 3 in the northeastern portion of the basin, and there was a tropical depression in February in the Mozambique Channel that approached tropical storm status.

July–December

Despite the destructive nature of the season, it began later than usual. Cyclone Astride originated toward the end of December, bringing rainfall and gusty winds to northern Madagascar while in the region.

Australian Region

1998–99 Australian region cyclone season summary map
1999–2000 Australian region cyclone season summary map

January–June

The season featured Cyclone Gwenda, the most intense tropical cyclone in the Australian Region (later tied with Inigo in 2003) . It was above average, with 14 tropical lows, with 9 further strengthening to a tropical cyclone, with 6 of those further becoming a severe tropical cyclone. The 1999 season started with Olinda forming on late January, exiting toward the South Pacific basin the next day. Damien, Rona, Elaine, Vance, Frederick, and Gwenda further strengthened to severe tropical cyclones. Hamish ended the season, exiting the basin to the South-West Indian Ocean on 21 April.

July–December

3 tropical cyclones formed on late 1999, with 2 of them further becoming tropical cyclones: A tropical low, Ilsa, and John. Ilsa and John briefly affected Western Australia. A tropical low near Brisbane existed from 2 – 3 December.

South Pacific Ocean

1998–99 South Pacific Ocean cyclone season summary map
1999–2000 South Pacific Ocean cyclone season summary map

January–June

The 1998–99 South Pacific cyclone season was a near average South Pacific tropical cyclone season, with 8 tropical cyclones occurring within the South Pacific Ocean basin between 160°E and 120°W. Despite the season starting on November 1, the first tropical system of the season did not form until December 1, while the final disturbance of the season dissipated on May 27, 1999. During the season the most intense tropical cyclone was Severe Tropical Cyclone Cora, which had a minimum pressure of 930 hPa (27.46 inHg). After the season had ended the names Cora and Dani were retired from the naming lists, after they had caused significant impacts to South Pacific islands.

July–December

5 tropical depressions formed throughout the year; however, they were all weak. A tropical depression existed from September and 4 more tropical depressions monitored by the FMS existed from November to early December.

Mediterranean Sea

2 medicanes were observed in March 19–21, 1999 and September 13, 1999.

Systems

January

Cyclone Dani
Tropical cyclones formed in January 1999
Storm name Dates active Max wind
km/h (mph)		 Pressure
(hPa)		 Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
05F January 1–5 Not specified Not specified Cook Islands None None
06F January 3 Not specified Not specified French Polynesia None None
A4 January 3–5 55 (35) 996 Madagascar None None
Hilda (Auring) January 3–8 55 (35) 1000 Malaysia $1.3 million 5 [1][2]
Alda January 14–19 105 (65) 975 Mozambique, Madagascar Unknown None [3]
Dani January 15–22 175 (110) 930 Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji $8.5 million 12 [4][5]
08F January 16–20 Unknown Unknown Fiji $1.8 million 6
Olinda January 20–23 100 (65) 985 New Caledonia Unknown None
Damien–Birenda January 21–February 2 155 (100) 950 Cocos Islands None None
Pete January 21–26 100 (65) 985 New Caledonia Unknown None [6]
16P January 24–27 55 (35) 993 Northern Territory Unknown None
Chikita January 29–February 4 65 (40) 990 Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues Unknown None
18S January 31–February 14 75 (45) 995 Western Australia Unknown None [7]

February

Cyclone Frank
Tropical cyclones formed in February 1999
Storm name Dates active Max wind
km/h (mph)		 Pressure
(hPa)		 Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
BOB 01 February 2–5 95 (60) 998 Sri Lanka None None
11F February Unknown Unknown None None None
12F February Unknown Unknown None None None
13F February Unknown Unknown None None None
Rona February 9–12 140 (85) 970 Queensland None None
TD February 9–10 Not specified 1004 None None None
Ella February 9–13 85 (50) 985 Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia None None
15F February Unknown Unknown None None None
D1 February 11–17 55 (35) 994 Mozambique, Madagascar None None
Iris (Bebeng) February 14–19 55 (35) 1000 Chuuk, Palau None None
Frank February 16–21 150 (90) 955 Eastern Australia, New Caledonia $150 million 7
17F February 17–19 75 (45) 995 Fiji None None
D2-E1 February 23–March 6 45 (30) 1000 Mozambique, Madagascar None None
Gita February 27–March 2 85 (50) 990 Cook Islands None None

March

Cyclone Vance
Tropical cyclones formed in March 1999
Storm name Dates active Max wind
km/h (mph)		 Pressure
(hPa)		 Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
Davina March 2–19 165 (105) 930 Rodrigues Minor 2
TL March 7–14 65 (40) 1000 Unknown None None
E2 March 8–20 Unknown Unknown Mauritius None None
E3 March 11–21 Unknown Unknown None None None
Hali March 11–18 120 (75) 970 Cook Islands None None
20F March 13–18 65 (40) 998 None None None
Elaine March 15–20 165 (105) 945 Western Australia Unknown Unknown
Vance March 15–24 215 (130) 910 Northern Territory, Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania $100 million None
TL March 20–21 ≤ 65 (40) 996 Unknown None None
Frederick-Evrina March 25 – April 10 205 (125) 920 None None None
21F March 28 Unknown Unknown None None None

April

Cyclone Gwenda
Tropical cyclones formed in April 1999
Storm name Dates active Max wind
km/h (mph)		 Pressure
(hPa)		 Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
Gwenda April 2–8 220 (140) 900 Western Australia Minimal None
Jacob (Katring) April 6–9 55 (35) 1006 Philippines None None
22F April 9 Unknown Unknown None None None
TL April 16 – 19 80 (50) 999 Unknown None None [nb 1]
Hamish April 19–21 100 (65) 980 None None None [nb 2]
F1 April 21–24 65 (40) 992 None None None [nb 3]
23F April 21 Unknown Unknown None None None
Kate (Diding) April 21–28 100 (65) 980 Philippines None None
Leo April 27 – May 2 120 (75) 970 China Unknown Unknown

May

1999 Pakistan cyclone
Tropical cyclones formed in May 1999
Storm name Dates active Max wind
km/h (mph)		 Pressure
(hPa)		 Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
ARB 01 May 16–22 195 (120) 946 India, Pakistan $6 million 6,400
26F May 20–26 75 (45) 995 Queensland, New Zealand None None

June

Typhoon Maggie
Tropical cyclones formed in June 1999
Storm name Dates active Max wind
km/h (mph)		 Pressure
(hPa)		 Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
Maggie (Etang) June 1–9 140 (85) 955 Philippines, Taiwan, Japan, Vietnam, China $168 million 9 [8][9]
TD June 1–2 Not specified 1004 None None None [10]
Gening June 3–6 55 (35) 996 None None None
03B June 8–11 65 (40) 997 India None None
TD June 9–15 55 (35) 996 Japan None None
Arlene June 11–18 95 (60) 1006 Bermuda None None
BOB 02 June 17 55 (35) 986 India None None
Adrian June 18–22 155 (100) 973 Mexico None 6

July

Hurricane Beatriz
Tropical cyclones formed in July 1999
Storm name Dates active Max wind
km/h (mph)		 Pressure
(hPa)		 Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
Two July 2–3 55 (35) 1003 Mexico None None
Beatriz July 9–17 195 (120) 955 None None None
TD July 9–15 55 (35) 996 Japan None None
Three-E July 14–15 55 (35) 1007 Mexico, Honduras, Nicaragua None None
07W July 14–18 65 (40) 996 None None None
08W July 19–23 55 (35) 1004 Japan, South Korea None None
Neil (Helming) July 22–28 95 (60) 980 Japan, Korea, Ryukyu Islands Unknown ≥ 8 [11][12]
Four-E July 23–25 55 (35) 1007 None None None
10W July 23–28 75 (45) 985 China None None
Calvin July 25–27 65 (40) 1005 None None None
Six-E July 26–28 55 (35) 1005 None None None
BOB 03 July 27–28 55 (35) 990 India Unknown Unknown
Olga July 29 – August 3 120 (75) 970 Caroline Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Korea $657 million 106 [13][14][15]

August

Hurricane Cindy
Tropical cyclones formed in August 1999
Storm name Dates active Max wind
km/h (mph)		 Pressure
(hPa)		 Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
Paul August 3–9 85 (50) 980 Japan, China, Mariana Islands, Korea Unknown None [16]
Rachel August 5–11 65 (40) 992 Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, China None None
BOB 04 August 6–9 45 (30) 992 India None None [17]
Dora August 6–23 220 (140) 943 Hawaii, Johnston Atoll Minimal None [18]
Eugene August 6–15 175 (110) 964 Hawaii None None
14W August 8–10 45 (30) 1000 Japan None None
TD August 9–11 Not specified 1000 None None None
TD August 11 Not specified 1000 None None None
TD August 11–16 Not specified 1000 Japan None None
Nine-E August 13–15 55 (35) 1005 None None None
15W August 16–18 45 (30) 1002 Korea, Japan None None
TD August 16–17 Not specified 1010 None None None
Fernanda August 17–22 100 (65) 994 None None None
Sam August 17–24 100 (65) 980 Philippines, China $35 million 20 [19][20]
Bret August 18–25 230 (145) 944 Texas, Mexico $15 million 7 [21][22]
Cindy August 19–31 220 (140) 942 Cape Verde, Bermuda None 1 [23][24]
Tanya August 19–24 95 (60) 1000 None None None
18W August 21–24 55 (35) 1000 None None None
Eleven-E August 23–24 55 (35) 1000 Baja California Peninsula None None
Virgil August 23–29 95 (60) 994 None None None
Dennis August 24 – September 9 165 (105) 962 The Bahamas, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, Mid-Atlantic, New England, Ontario, Quebec $157 million 6 [25][26]
Emily August 24–28 85 (50) 1004 None None None
Wendy (Mameng) August 29 – September 4 65 (40) 995 Philippines, China $309.4 million 133 [27]
TD August 30 Not specified 1008 None None None

September

Hurricane Floyd
Tropical cyclones formed in September 1999
Storm name Dates active Max wind
km/h (mph)		 Pressure
(hPa)		 Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
Greg September 5–9 120 (75) 986 Mexico, Baja California Peninsula Moderate 10 [28]
Seven-E September 5–7 55 (35) 1006 Mexico, Texas Unknown None [29]
TD September 5–6 65 (40) 1000 None None None [30]
Floyd September 7–19 250 (155) 921 The Bahamas, East Coast of the United States, Atlantic Canada $6.5 billion 85 [31][32][33]
York (Neneng) September 10–17 100 (65) 980 Philippines, China $34 million 35 [34][35][36]
Gert September 11–23 240 (150) 930 Bermuda, Maine, Atlantic Canada $1.9 million 2 [37]
Zia September 11–15 85 (50) 985 Japan Unknown 9 [38]
Ann September 14–19 95 (60) 985 Taiwan, China, Korea, Ryukyu Islands Unknown None [39][40]
Hillary September 17–21 120 (75) 987 Baja California Peninsula None None [41]
Bart (Oniang) September 17–30 165 (105) 930 Taiwan, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, Russia $5.75 billion 36 [42][43]
Harvey September 19–22 95 (60) 994 Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Atlantic Canada ≥ $22.6 million None [44]
TD September 21 Not specified 1008 None None None
Cam September 22–26 85 (50) 992 China Unknown 1 [45]

October

1999 Odisha cyclone
Tropical cyclones formed in October 1999
Storm name Dates active Max wind
km/h (mph)		 Pressure
(hPa)		 Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
Dan (Pepang) October 2–10 150 (90) 955 South Korea, Philippines, Taiwan, China $242 million 44
Eleven October 4–6 55 (35) 1002 Mexico Unknown Unknown
Twelve October 6–8 55 (35) 1007 None None None
Irwin October 8–11 95 (60) 996 Southwestern Mexico, Guerrero Minimal None
Irene October 12–19 175 (110) 958 Cuba, Bahamas, Southeastern United States $800 million 18
Eve (Rening) October 15–20 85 (50) 990 Philippines, Vietnam $235 million 590
BOB 05 October 15–19 165 (105) 968 India, Myanmar Unknown 80
Jose October 17–25 155 (100) 979 Lesser Antilles, Puerto Rico $5 million 3
TD October 23–24 Not specified 1004 Vietnam, Thailand None None
BOB 06 October 25–31 260 (160) 912 India, Thailand, Myanmar, Bangladesh $4.44 billion 9,887
Katrina October 28–November 1 65 (40) 999 Central America, Mexico $9,000 None

November

Hurricane Lenny
Tropical cyclones formed in November 1999
Storm name Dates active Max wind
km/h (mph)		 Pressure
(hPa)		 Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
TD November 5 Not specified 1002 Vietnam None None
28W November 5–6 55 (35) 1000 None None None
Frankie (Sendang) November 6–10 55 (35) 996 Philippines None None
Lenny November 13–23 250 (155) 933 Colombia, Puerto Rico, Leeward Islands $785.8 million 17
Gloria (Trining) November 13–16 95 (60) 980 None None None

December

Cyclone John
Tropical cyclones formed in December 1999
Storm name Dates active Max wind
km/h (mph)		 Pressure
(hPa)		 Areas affected Damage
(USD)		 Deaths Refs
31W December 1–5 55 (35) 1000 Thailand, Vietnam None None
03F December 1–3 55 (35) 1006 None None None
TL December 2–3 55 (35) 1002 Queensland None None
04F December 5–7 65 (40) 1003 None None None
BOB 07 December 8–10 45 (30) 998 India, Sri Lanka None None
Ilsa December 9–17 100 (65) 980 Christmas Island, Western Australia Unknown None
32W December 9–11 55 (35) 1000 Vietnam, Cambodia None None
John December 9–16 205 (125) 915 Western Australia Unknown None
33W December 14–16 55 (35) 1000 Vietnam Unknown None
Astride December 23 – January 3 95 (60) 985 Réunion, Mozambique, Madagascar, Mauritius, Rodrigues Minor None

Global effects

Season name Areas affected Systems formed Named storms Damage (USD) Deaths
1999 Atlantic hurricane season 1 Bermuda, Mexico, Texas, Cape Verde, Southeastern United States, Mid-Atlantic, New England, Ontario, Quebec, Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola, Cuba, Bahamas, Atlantic Canada, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, Maine, Florida, Puerto Rico, Colombia 16 12 ≥ $7.790 billion 123
1999 Pacific hurricane season 1 Mexico, Hawaii, Johnston Atoll, Socorro Island, Baja California Peninsula 14 9 Unknown 16
1999 Pacific typhoon season 2 3 Malaysia, Philippines, China, Taiwan, Japan, Korea, Caroline Islands, Mariana Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Wake Island, Vietnam, Thailand 46 24 ≥ $1.84 billion 976
1999 North Indian Ocean cyclone season India, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Thailand, Bangladesh 8 4 ≥ $4.050 billion ≥16,367
1998–99 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season 2 Madagascar, Rodrigues, Mauritius, Réunion, Mozambique, Europa Island 11 5 Unknown 2
1999–2000 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season 3 Tromelin Island, Madagascar, Mayotte, Southern Africa, Mascarene Islands 1 1 Unknown None
1998–99 Australian region cyclone season 2 Cocos Islands, Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria, Tasmania, 14 9 ≥ $200 million 7
1999–2000 Australian region cyclone season Western Australia, Cocos (Keeling) Islands 3 2 Unknown None
1998–99 South Pacific cyclone season 2 Cook Islands, Fiji, Wallis and Futuna, Niue, New Zealand, New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Solomon Islands 22 6 Unknown Unknown
1999–2000 South Pacific cyclone season 3 Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Tonga 5 0 None None
Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone Unknown 2 0 Unknown Unknown
Worldwide (See above) 142 72 ≥ $5.334 billion ≥ 17,491

    See also

    Notes

    2 Only systems that formed either on or after January 1, 1999 are counted in the seasonal totals.
    3 Only systems that formed either before or on December 31, 1999 are counted in the seasonal totals.
    4 The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone/basin are based on the IMD Scale which uses 3-minute sustained winds.
    5 The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone/basin are based on the Saffir Simpson Scale which uses 1-minute sustained winds.
    6The wind speeds for this tropical cyclone are based on Météo-France which uses wind gusts.

    1. ↑ These are the estimated gusts, not the sustained winds.
    2. ↑ Hamish, and F1 are the same system.
    3. ↑ Hamish, and F1 are the same system.

    References

    1. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Bwp011999.txt". 1999 Joint Typhoon Warning Center Best Track. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
    2. ↑ Padgett, Gary. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: January 1999". Archived from the original on 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
    3. ↑ Kenneth R. Knapp; Michael C. Kruk; David H. Levinson; Howard J. Diamond; Charles J. Neumann (2010). 1999 Alda (1999015S20036). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2014-01-23.
    4. ↑ Republic of Vanuatu's National Advisory Committee on Climate Change (September 27, 2007). "National adaptation programme for action" (PDF). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. p. 16. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
    5. ↑ Phillips, Brian (July 20, 2009). "Environmental Degradation and migration – the experiences of Vanuatu" (PDF). Vanuatu Meteorological Service. Institute of Policy Studies. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
    6. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center (2000). "Tropical Cyclone 14P (Pete) Best Track Analysis". United States Navy, United States Air Force. Retrieved February 20, 2012.
    7. ↑ Gary Padgett (1999). "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary, January 1999". Retrieved 18 July 2008.
    8. ↑ Hong Kong Observatory. "Typhoon Maggie (9903): 2-8 June 1999" (PDF). 1999 Hong Kong Observatory Report. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2013. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
    9. ↑ Kenji Yoshida; Hisanori Itoh (February 22, 2012). Indirect Effects of Tropical Cyclones on Heavy Rainfall Events in Kyushu, Japan, During the Baiu Season (Report). Retrieved August 19, 2018.
    10. ↑ Padgett, Gary. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: June 1999". Archived from the original on 2007-02-09. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
    11. ↑ Newman, Steve (1999-08-06). "Earthweek – A Diary of the Planet". CNN. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
    12. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Storm Neil (09W)" (PDF). 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. p. 48. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
    13. ↑ Dartmouth Flood Observatory. "1999 Flood Archive". Archived from the original on February 26, 2008. Retrieved February 18, 2007.
    14. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Typhoon Olga (11W)" (PDF). 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. p. 56. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
    15. ↑ Padgett, Gary. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: July 1999". Archived from the original on March 23, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2007.
    16. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Storm Paul (12W)" (PDF). 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
    17. ↑ Northern Hemisphere 1999 Tropical Cyclone Season Review
    18. ↑ Miles B. Lawrence; Todd B. Kimberlain (November 23, 1999). Hurricane Dora Preliminary Report (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 4, 2017.
    19. ↑ Padgett, Gary. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: August 1999". Archived from the original on March 23, 2007. Retrieved February 17, 2007.
    20. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Typhoon Sam (16W)" (PDF). 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. p. 76. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
    21. ↑ "Mata a 3 coletazo de ' Bret '". El Norte (in Spanish). August 25, 1999. p. 1.
    22. ↑ "Evacuan a 7 familias en Apodaca". El Norte (in Spanish). August 26, 1999. p. 16.
    23. ↑ John L. Guiney (December 9, 1999). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Cindy (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
    24. ↑ Jack L. Beven (August 20, 1999). Tropical Storm Cindy Discussion Number 8 (TXT). National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
    25. ↑ Jack L. Beven (January 11, 2000). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Dennis (PDF). National Hurricane Center (Report). Miami, Florida: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved April 28, 2019.
    26. ↑ Estes Thompson (August 31, 1999). "Dennis pummels N.C. coast; turns seaward". The Daily Spectrum. Associated Press. p. A8. Retrieved June 28, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. Free access icon
    27. ↑ "Wendy Death Toll hits 133". China Daily. September 7, 1999. Retrieved 2009-08-31.
    28. ↑ "10 dead as Hurricane Greg lashes Mexico". The Associated Press. September 7, 1999. – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
    29. ↑ David M. Roth (May 1, 2009). Tropical Depression #7 - September 3-10, 1999. Weather Prediction Center (Report). College Park, Maryland: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved March 13, 2015.
    30. ↑ Padgett, Gary. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Tracks September 1999". Archived from the original on 2019-07-09. Retrieved 2012-04-01.
    31. ↑ Costliest U.S. tropical cyclones tables updated (PDF) (Report). Miami, Florida: National Hurricane Center. January 26, 2018. Retrieved January 29, 2018.
    32. ↑ Graef, Rick. "The Abacos' Hurricane Floyd Information Pages Relief and Rebuilding Reports and Updates". Go-Abacos.Com. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
    33. ↑ Herring, David (2000). "Hurricane Floyd's Lasting Legacy". NASA. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
    34. ↑ Staff Writer (1999-09-17). "China typhoon strands thousands". BBC. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
    35. ↑ Hong Kong Observatory (April 2000). "Typhoon York (9915)" (PDF). Tropical cyclones in 1999. pp. 73–83. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-24. Retrieved 2007-02-18.
    36. ↑ Padgett, Gary. "Monthly Global Tropical Cyclone Summary: September 1999". Archived from the original on 23 March 2007. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
    37. ↑ Miles B. Lawrence (2000-07-22). "Hurricane Gert Preliminary Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved 2011-05-25.
    38. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Storm Zia (22W)" (PDF). 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. p. 95. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
    39. ↑ USDA; NOAA (1999-09-28). "Weekly Weather and Crop Bulletin" (PDF). p. 21. Archived from the original (pdf) on 2006-09-21. Retrieved 2007-02-17.
    40. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Storm Ann (23W)" (PDF). 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. p. 98. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
    41. ↑ Miles B. Lawrence (December 1, 1999). Preliminary Report: Hurricane Hilary (Report). National Hurricane Center. Retrieved March 1, 2013.
    42. ↑ "Modelling Typhoons in Japan" (PDF). Margaret Joseph. September 7, 2016. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
    43. ↑ "BREAKING NEWS: BART SLAMS INTO JAPAN". CNN. September 22, 1999.
    44. ↑ John Guiney (December 9, 1999). "Tropical Storm Harvey Tropical Cyclone Report". National Hurricane Center. Retrieved November 28, 2009.
    45. ↑ Joint Typhoon Warning Center. "Tropical Storm Cam (25W)" (PDF). 1999 Annual Tropical Cyclone Report. p. 108. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-24. Retrieved 2013-08-19.
    Tropical cyclone year articles (1990–1999)
    1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999

    Regional Specialized Meteorological Centers

    Tropical Cyclone Warning Centers

    Public Domain This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the National Weather Service.

    This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.