偶联反应
偶联反应,也写作耦合反應、偶合反应或耦联反应,是两化学实体(或单位)结合生成一分子的有机化学反应。狭义的偶联反应是涉及有机金属催化剂的碳-碳键形成反应,根据类型的不同,又可分为交叉偶联和自身偶联反应。在偶联反应中有一类重要的反应,RM(R=有机片段;M=主基团中心)与R'X的有机卤素化合物反应,形成有新碳-碳键的产物R-R'[1][2]。
根岸英一、铃木章与理查德·赫克开发钯催化偶联反应,贡献突出,共同獲授2010年度诺贝尔化学奖[3][4]。
偶联反应大体可分为两种类型:
机理
偶联机理通常起始于有机卤代烃和催化剂氧化加成;第二步是另一分子与其转移金属化,将待偶联的两分子接于同一金属中心;最后一步是还原消除,待偶联的两分子结合在一起形成新分子并再生催化剂。不饱和的有机基团在加合一步速度更快,通常易于偶联。中间体通常不倾向β-氢消除。[5]
一项计算化学研究中表明,不饱和有机基团更易于在金属中心偶联。[6]还原消除的速率高低如下:
乙烯基-乙烯基>苯基-苯基>炔基-炔基>烷基-烷基
不对称的R-R′形式偶联反应,其活化能垒与反应能量与相应的对称偶联反应R-R与R′-R′的平均值相近,如:乙烯基-乙烯基>乙烯基-烷基>烷基-烷基。
另一种假说认为,水溶液偶联反应其实是通过自由基机理,而不是金属-参与机理。[7]
类型
常见偶联反应有:
反应名称 | 发现年代 | 反应物A | 反应物B | 类型 | 催化剂 | 备注 | |||
武兹反应(Wurtz reaction) | 1855 | R-X | sp³ | R-X | sp³ | 自身 | 以鈉消除反应物的卤原子 | ||
格拉泽偶联反应(Glaser coupling) | 1869 | RC≡CH | sp | RC≡CH | sp | 自身 | Cu | 氧气作H受体 | |
乌尔曼反应(Ullmann reaction) | 1901 | Ar-X | sp² | Ar-X | sp² | 自身 | Cu | 高温 | |
冈伯格-巴克曼反应 | 1924 | Ar-H | sp² | Ar-N2X | sp² | 自身 | 需碱参与 | ||
Cadiot-Chodkiewicz偶联反应 | 1957 | RC≡CH | sp | RC≡CX | sp | 交叉 | Cu | 需碱参与 | |
Castro-Stephens偶联反应 | 1963 | RC≡CH | sp | Ar-X | sp² | 交叉 | Cu | ||
吉尔曼试剂偶联反应(Gilman reagent coupling) | 1967 | R2CuLi | R-X | 交叉 | |||||
Cassar反应 | 1970 | 烯烃 | sp² | R-X | sp³ | 交叉 | Pd | 需碱参与 | |
熊田偶联反应(Kumada coupling) | 1972 | Ar-MgBr | sp²/sp³ | Ar-X | sp² | 交叉 | Pd或Ni | ||
赫克反应(Heck reaction) | 1972 | 烯烃 | sp² | R-X | sp² | 交叉 | Pd | 需碱参与 | |
薗头偶联反应(Sonogashira coupling) | 1975 | RC≡CH | sp | R-X | sp³/sp² | 交叉 | Pd和Cu | 需碱参与 | |
根岸偶联反应(Negishi coupling) | 1977 | R-Zn-X | sp³/sp²/sp | R-X | sp³/sp² | 交叉 | Pd或Ni | ||
施蒂勒反应(Stille coupling) | 1978 | R-SnR3 | sp³/sp²/sp | R-X | sp³/sp² | 交叉 | Pd | ||
铃木反应(Suzuki reaction) | 1979 | R-B(OR)2 | sp² | R-X | sp³/sp² | 交叉 | Pd | 需碱参与 | |
Hiyama偶联反应 | 1988 | R-SiR3 | sp² | R-X | sp³/sp² | 交叉 | Pd | 需碱参与 | |
Buchwald–Hartwig偶联反应 | 1994 | R2N-R SnR3 | sp | R-X | sp² | 交叉 | Pd | N-C偶联反应 | |
福山偶联反应(Fukuyama coupling) | 1998 | RCO(SEt) | sp2 | R-Zn-I | sp3 | 交叉 | Pd | ||
偶联反应一览. 参考文献见子页面 |
参见
参考资料
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