語言人類學

語言人類學()是人類學的分支,將語言學研究方法運用於人類學問題上,將符號或特殊語言形式與過程連結到社會文化過程的詮釋。

歷史發展

人類學式的語言學

最早的理論典範原本被稱為語言學(linguistics),雖然當這門學科及相關的研究領域發展成熟之後,稱為 「人類學式的語言學」(anthropological linguistics)。這個領域專門研究這個次學科所獨有的一些主題:對於被視為注定要滅絕的語言所做的語言學記錄(有一些北美原住民語言成為這個次學科學者所關注的焦點),例如:

語言人類學

在1960年代,戴爾·海姆斯主要負責發起第二種理論典範,將「語言人類學」(linguistic anthropology)這個名稱固定下來,雖然他也創造了「言談民族誌」(ethnography of speaking,或「溝通民族誌」 ethnography of communication)這個術語,來描述他為這個學術領域所設想的架構。這包含運用新的科技發展,包括新形態的錄音設備。

海姆斯也引介了一種新的分析單位。有鑑於在第一種理論典範聚焦於表面上獨特的「語言」(引號表示當代的語言人類學家將「一個語言」的概念視為一種理想建構,從而掩蓋了這個語言內部的複雜性,以及「跨越」所謂的語言界線的複雜性);第二種理論典範的分析單位是「言談事件」(speech event)。(言談事件是一個事件,由發生在這個事件之中的言談所界定的,例如,一場晚宴並不是一個言談事件,而是一個言談情境,在這種情境下,言談可能會發生,也可能不會發生。)有許多學者專注於在這些言談事件中,參與者對他們的語言表現型態所提出的解釋。 [1][2]

海姆斯也開創了語言人類學的一種研究方法,民族詩學

海姆斯希望將語言人類學更密切連結到人類學這個母學科。語言人類學這個名稱必定強調它的首要身份是與人類學,而「人類學式的語言學」傳達一種感覺,它的首要身份是「語言學」,如今這在大多數的大學是一門獨立學科(而不是在法蘭茲·鮑亞士和薩皮爾的時代)。然而,海姆斯的企圖心卻是事與願違的;語言人類學這個理論典範,事實上標誌著它跟人類學的其他分支學科進一步的疏遠。

透過語言學方法與資料所從事的人類學議題研究

在1980年代後期興起的第三種理論典範,並不是繼續追求來自一個讓人類學感到陌生的學科(語言學)的各項議題,語言人類學家有系統地專注於自己母學科人類學所提出的各項議題,但運用了語言學的資料和方法。在這第三種理論典範的熱門研究議題,包括社會身份認同的調查研究、普遍共同具有的意識形態,以及在個人和團體之間的互動中,論述的建構與運用方式。


研究興趣領域

當代語言人類學研究延續了上述的三個理論典範。有幾個領域關連到第三種典範,也就是對於人類學議題的研究,這是當代語言人類學家特別專注的領域。

身分認同

語言人類學的作品有許多從語言學角度探討社會文化認同的議題。語言人類學家庫利克(Don Kulick)在巴布亞紐幾內亞一個名為迦普恩(Gapun)的村落,依據對許多場景的分析,研究語言與認同的關係。[3]庫利克探討了迦普恩的兒童如何使用兩種語言──傳統語言「塔伊阿普」(Taiap)只在自己村落使用,從而標示了一種根本賦予的(primordially)迦普恩人身分認同。另一種語言則是巴布亞皮欽語(在紐幾內亞盛行的官方語言)。 (語言人類學家使用「標示」(indexical)這個字的意思是指標性。[4]


參閱


註釋

  1. Bauman, Richard. 1977. Verbal Art as Performance. American Anthropologist 77:290-311.
  2. Hymes, Dell. 1981 [1975] Breakthrough into Performance. In In Vain I Tried to Tell You: Essays in Native American Ethnopoetics. D. Hymes, ed. Pp. 79-141. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
  3. Kulick, Don. 1992. Language Shift and Cultural Reproduction: Socialization, Self and Syncretism in a Papua New Guinea Village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  4. Silverstein, Michael. 1976. Shifters, Linguistic Categories, and Cultural Description. In Meaning in Anthropology. K. Basso and H.A. Selby, eds. Pp. pp. 11-56. Albuquerque: School of American Research, University of New Mexico Press.


引用文獻

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進階閱讀

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