Chibcha
Muisca or Muysca
Muysc cubun
Pronunciationmʷɨsk kuβun
Native toColombia
RegionAltiplano Cundiboyacense
EthnicityMuisca
EraPre-Columbian[1]
Chibchan
  • Kuna-Colombian
    • Chibcha
DialectsDuit
only numerals
Language codes
ISO 639-2chb
ISO 639-3chb
Glottologchib1270
Chibchan languages. Chibcha itself was spoken in the southernmost area, in central Colombia

Chibcha, Mosca, Muisca,[2] Muysca (*/ˈmɨska/ *[ˈmʷɨska][3]), or Muysca de Bogotá[4] is a language spoken by the Muisca people of the Muisca Confederation, one of the many indigenous cultures of the Americas. The Muisca inhabited the Altiplano Cundiboyacense of what today is the country of Colombia.

The name of the language Muysc cubun in its own language means "language of the people", from muysca ("people") and cubun ("language" or "word"). Despite the disappearance of the language in the 17th century (approximately), several language revitalization processes are underway within the current Muisca communities. The Muisca people remain ethnically distinct and their communities are recognized by the Colombian state.[5]

Important scholars who have contributed to the knowledge of the Chibcha language include Juan de Castellanos, Bernardo de Lugo, José Domingo Duquesne and Ezequiel Uricoechea.

History

Distribution of Chibchan languages across southern Central and northwestern South America

In prehistorical times, in the Andean civilizations called preceramic, the population of northwestern South America migrated through the Darién Gap between the isthmus of Panama and Colombia. Other Chibchan languages are spoken in southern Central America and the Muisca and related indigenous groups took their language with them into the heart of Colombia where they comprised the Muisca Confederation, a cultural grouping.

Spanish colonization

As early as 1580 the authorities in Charcas, Quito, and Santa Fe de Bogotá mandated the establishment of schools in native languages and required that priests study these languages before ordination. In 1606 the entire clergy was ordered to provide religious instruction in Chibcha. The Chibcha language declined in the 18th century.[6]

In 1770, King Charles III of Spain officially banned use of the language in the region [6] as part of a de-indigenization project. The ban remained in law until Colombia passed its constitution of 1991.

Modern history

Modern Muisca scholars as Diego Gómez[7] have claimed that the variety of languages was much larger than previously thought and that in fact there was a Chibcha dialect continuum that extended throughout the Cordillera Oriental from the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy to the Sumapaz Páramo.[7] The quick colonization of the Spanish and the improvised use of traveling translators reduced the differences between the versions of Chibcha over time.[8]

Since 2008 a Spanish–Muysc cubun dictionary containing more than 3000 words has been published online. The project was partly financed by the University of Bergen, Norway.[9]

Greetings in Muysc cubun

The following greetings have been taken directly from written sources from the 16th century when the language was alive.

  • choâ - Hello, choâ mzone – how are you?
  • choâ mibizine - To greet several people
  • chogue – Fine!
  • mua,z, choa umzone – What about you? (And you are well?)
  • haspqua sihipquaco – Greetings!

Alphabet and rough pronunciation

PhonemeLetter
/i/i
/ɨ/y
/u/u
/e/e
/o/o
/a/a
/p/p
/t/t
/k/k
/b~β/b
/g~ɣ/g
/ɸ/f
/s/s
/ʂ/ch
/h/h
/tʂ/zh
/m/m
/n/n
/w/w
/j/ï
Numbers 1-10 and 20 in Chibcha

The muysccubun alphabet consists of around 20 letters. The Muisca didn't have an "L" in their language. The letters are pronounced more or less as follows:[10][11][12]

a – as in Spanish "casa"; ka – "enclosure" or "fence"
e – as in "action"; izhe – "street"
i – open "i" as in "'inca" – sié – "water" or "river"
o – short "o" as in "box" – to – "dog"
u – "ou" as in "you" – uba – "face"
y – between "i" and "e"; "a" in action – ty – "singing"
b – as in "bed", or as in Spanish "haba"; – bohozhá – "with"

between the vowels "y" it is pronounced [βw] – kyby – "to sleep"

ch – "sh" as in "shine", but with the tongue pushed backwards – chuta – "son" or "daughter"
f – between a "b" and "w" using both lips without producing sound, a short whistle – foï – "mantle"

before a "y" it's pronounced [ɸw] – fyzha – "everything"

g – "gh" as in "good", or as in Spanish "abogado"; – gata – "fire"
h – as in "hello" – huïá – "inwards"
ï – "i-e" as in Beelzebub – ïe – "road" or "prayer"
k – "c" as in "cold" – kony – "wheel"
m – "m" as in "man" – mika – "three"

before "y" it's pronounced [mw], as in "Muisca" – myska – "person" or "people"
in first position before a consonant it's pronounced [im] – mpkwaká – "thanks to"

n – "n" as in "nice" – nyky – "brother" or "sister"

in first position followed by a consonant it's pronounced [in] – ngá – "and"

p – "p" as in "people" – paba – "father"

before "y" it's pronounced [pw] as in Spanish "puente" – pyky – "heart"

s – "s" as in "sorry" – sahawá – "husband"

before "i" changes a little to "sh"; [ʃ] – sié – "water" or "river"

t – "t" as in "text" – yta – "hand"
w – "w" as in "wow!" – we – "house"
zh – as in "chorizo", but with the tongue to the back – zhysky – "head"

The accentuation of the words is like in Spanish on the second-last syllable except when an accent is shown: Bacata is Ba-CA-ta and Bacatá is Ba-ca-TA.

In case of repetition of the same vowel, the word can be shortened: fuhuchá ~ fuchá – "woman".[11]

In Chibcha, words are made of combinations where sometimes vowels are in front of the word. When this happens in front of another vowel, the vowel changes as follows:[13] a-uba becomes oba – "his (or her, its) face"
a-ita becomes eta – "his base"
a-yta becomes ata – "his hand" (note: ata also means "one")

Sometimes this combination is not performed and the words are written with the prefix plus the new vowel: a-ita would become eta but can be written as aeta, a-uba as aoba and a-yta as ayta

Numbers

Counting 1 to 10 in Chibcha is ata, boza, mica, muyhyca, hyzca, taa, cuhupqua, suhuza, aca, hubchihica.[9] The Muisca only had numbers one to ten and the 'perfect' number 20; gueta, used extensively in their complex lunisolar Muisca calendar. For numbers higher than 10 they used additions; quihicha ata ("ten plus one") for eleven. Higher numbers were multiplications of twenty; guehyzca would be "five times twenty"; 100.

Structure and grammar

Subject

The subjects in Chibcha do not have genders or plurals. to thus can mean "male dog", "male dogs", "female dog" or "female dogs". To solve this, the Muisca used the numbers and the word for "man", cha, and "woman", fuhuchá, to specify gender and plural:[14]

  • to cha ata – "one male dog" (literally: "dog" "male" "one")
  • to cha mika – "three male dogs" ("dog male three")
  • to fuhuchá myhyká – "four female dogs"

Personal pronoun

Muysccubun[15]PhoneticEnglish
hycha/hɨʂa/I
mue/mue/thou / you (singular) – informal and formal use
as(y)/asɨ/ or /as/he / she / it / they
chie/ʂie/we
mie/mie/you (plural)

Possessive pronoun

The possessive pronoun is placed before the word it refers to.

Muysccubun[14][16]English
zh(y)- / i-my
(u)m-your
a-his / her / its / their
chi-our
mi-your (plural)
  • i- is only used in combination with ch, n, s, t or zh; i-to = ito ("my dog")
  • zh- becomes zhy- when followed by a consonant (except ï); zh-paba = zhypaba ("my father")
  • in case of a ï, the letter is lost: zh-ïohozhá = zhohozhá ("my buttocks")
  • m- becomes um- when followed by a consonant; m-ïoky = umïoky ("your book")
  • zhy- and um- are shortened when the word starts with w; zhy-waïá & um-waïá = zhwaïá & mwaïá ("mi mother" & "your mother")
  • when the word starts with h, zhy- and um- are shortened and the vowel following h repeated; zhy-hué & um-hué = zhuhué & muhué ("my sir" & "your sir")

Verbs

The Muisca used two types of verbs, ending on -skua and -suka; bkyskua ("to do") and guitysuka ("to whip") which have different forms in their grammatical conjugations.[15] bkyskua is shown below, for verbs ending on -suka, see here.

Conjugations

MuysccubunEnglish
kykato do
Present tense or imperfect
MuysccubunEnglish
ze bkyskuaI do or did
um bkyskuayou (singular) do or did
a bkyskuahe / she / it does or did
chi bkyskuawe do/did
mi bkyskuayou do/did
a bkyskuathey do/did
Perfect and pluperfect
MuysccubunEnglish
ze bkyI did or have done
um bkyyou (singular) did or " "
a bkyhe / she / it did or has done
chi bkywe did or have done
mi bkyyou did or " "
a bkythey did or " "
Future tense
MuysccubunEnglish
ze bkyngaI shall do
um bkyngayou will do
a bkyngahe / she / it " "
chi bkyngawe shall do
mi bkyngayou will do
a bkyngathey " "

Imperatives

MuysccubunEnglish
kyûdo (singular)
kyuuado (plural)
Volitive modality
MuysccubunEnglish
cha kyiamay I do
ma kyiamay you do
kyiamay he / she / it do
chi kyiamay we do
mi kyiamay you do
kyiamay they do

Selection of words

This list is a selection from the online dictionary and is sortable. Note the different potatoes and types of maize and their meaning.[9]

MuysccubunEnglish
aba"maize"
aso"parrot"
ba"finger" or "finger tip"
bhosioiomy"potato [black inside]" (species unknown)
chihiza"vein" (of blood) or "root"
cho"good"
chyscamuy"maize [dark]" (species unknown)
chysquyco"green" or "blue"
coca"finger nail"
fo"fox"
foabaPhytolacca bogotensis, plant used as soap
fun"bread"
funzaiomy"potato [black]" (species unknown)
fusuamuy"maize [not very coloured]" (species unknown)
gaca"feather"
gaxie"small"
gazaiomy"potato [wide]" (species unknown)
guahaia"dead body"
guexica"grandfather" and "grandmother"
guia"bear" or "older brother/sister"
hichuamuy"maize [of rice]" (species and meaning unknown)
hosca"tobacco"
iome"potato" (Solanum tuberosum)
iomgy"flower of potato plant"
iomza"potato" (species unknown)
iomzaga"potato [small]" (species unknown)
muyhyza"flea" (Tunga penetrans)
muyhyzyso"lizard"
nygua"salt"
nyia"gold" or "money"
phochuba"maize [soft and red]" (species and meaning unknown)
pquaca"arm"
pquihiza"lightning"
quye"tree" or "leaf"
quyecho"arrow"
quyhysaiomy"potato [floury]" (species unknown)
quyiomy"potato [long]" (species unknown)
saca"nose"
sasamuy"maize [reddish]" (species unknown)
simte"owl [white]"
soche"white-tailed deer"
suque"soup"
tyba"hi!" (to a friend)
tybaiomy"potato [yellow]" (species unknown)
xiua"rain" or "lake"
usua"white river clay"
uamuyhyca"fish"; Eremophilus mutisii
xieiomy"potato [white]" (species unknown)
xui"broth"
ysy"that", "those"
zihita"frog"
zoia"pot"
zysquy"head" or "skull"

Comparison to other Chibchan languages

Muysccubun Duit
Boyacá		 Uwa
Boyacá
N. de Santander
Arauca		 Barí
N. de Santander		 Chimila
Cesar
Magdalena		 Kogui
S.N. de
Santa Marta		 Kuna
Darién Gap		 Guaymí
Panama
Costa Rica		 Boruca
Costa Rica		 Maléku
Costa Rica		 Rama
Nicaragua		 English Notes
chie tia siʔ chibai má saka sö sö tebej tlijii tukan Moon [17][18][19][20]
ata atia úbistia intok ti-tasu/nyé kwati éˇxi dooka one [21][22]
muysca dary tsá ngäbe ochápaká nkiikna person
man
people		 [23][24]
aba eba á maize [25][26]
pquyquy tò heart [27]
bcasqua yút purkwe to die [28][29]
uê háta ju uu house [30][31]
cho mex morén good [32][33]
zihita yén pek-pen frog [29][34]

Surviving words and education

Words of Muysccubun origin are still used in the department of Cundinamarca, of which Bogotá is the capital, and the department of Boyacá, with capital Tunja. These include curuba (Colombian fruit banana passionfruit), toche (yellow oriole), guadua (a large bamboo used in construction) and tatacoa ("snake"). The Muisca descendants continue many traditional ways, such as the use of certain foods, use of coca for teas and healing rituals, and other aspects of natural ways, which are a respected part of culture in Colombia.

As the Muisca did not have words for imported technology or items in early colonial times, they borrowed them from Spanish, such as "shoe"; çapato,[35] "sword"; espada,[36] "knife"; cuchillo[37] and other words.

The only public school in Colombia currently teaching Chibcha (to about 150 children) is in the town of Cota, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) by road from Bogotá. The school is named Jizcamox (healing with the hands) in Chibcha.[38]

Toponyms

Most of the original Muisca names of the villages, rivers and national parks and some of the provinces in the central highlands of the Colombian Andes are kept or slightly altered. Usually the names refer to farmfields (ta), the Moon goddess Chía, her husband Sué, names of caciques, the topography of the region, built enclosures (ca) and animals of the region.[39]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Chibcha at MultiTree on the Linguist List
  2. ↑ Uricoechea 1854.
  3. ↑ González de Pérez 2006, pp. 63.
  4. ↑ Gómez 2020.
  5. ↑ Las raíces muiscas que sobreviven en Suba. Radio Nacional de Colombia.
  6. 1 2 "Chibcha Dictionary and Grammar". World Digital Library. Retrieved 2013-05-23.
  7. 1 2 Gómez 2013.
  8. ↑ Gamboa Mendoza, Jorge. (2016) El cacicazgo muisca en los años posteriores a la Conquista: del psihipqua al cacique colonial. instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia.
  9. 1 2 3 Gómez 2008–2022.
  10. ↑ Saravia, 2015, p. 10
  11. 1 2 Saravia, 2015, p. 11
  12. ↑ González de Pérez, 2006, pp. 57–100.
  13. ↑ Saravia, 2015, p. 12
  14. 1 2 Saravia, 2015, p. 14
  15. 1 2 (in Spanish) Muysca – Spanish Dictionary
  16. ↑ Saravia, 2015, p. 15
  17. ↑ (in Spanish) Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: chie
  18. ↑ Casimilas Rojas, 2005, p. 250
  19. ↑ Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 30
  20. ↑ Quesada & Rojas, 1999, p. 93
  21. ↑ (in Spanish) Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: ata
  22. ↑ Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 38
  23. ↑ (in Spanish) Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: muysca
  24. ↑ Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 25
  25. ↑ (in Spanish) Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009-2017 Muysccubun: aba
  26. ↑ Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 37
  27. ↑ (in Spanish) Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: pquyquy
  28. ↑ (in Spanish) Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: bcasqua
  29. 1 2 Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 36
  30. ↑ (in Spanish) Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: uê
  31. ↑ Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 31
  32. ↑ (in Spanish) Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: cho
  33. ↑ Reichel-Dolmatoff, 1947, p. 18
  34. ↑ (in Spanish) Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 Muysccubun: zihita
  35. ↑ (in Spanish) Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 "Shoe" in muysccubun
  36. ↑ (in Spanish) "Sword" in muysccubun
  37. ↑ (in Spanish) Diccionario muysca – español. Gómez, Diego F. 2009–2017 "Knife" in muysccubun
  38. ↑ https://repository.javeriana.edu.co/bitstream/handle/10554/52000/Proceso%20de%20revitalización%20lingüística%20de%20la%20Lengua%20Muisca%20de%20la%20comunidad%20de%20Cota%20%281%29.pdf?sequence=1
  39. ↑ (in Spanish) Etymology Municipalities Boyacá – Excelsio.net

Bibliography

  • Casilimas Rojas, Clara Inés (2005). "Expresión de la modalidad en la lengua uwa" (PDF). Amerindia (in Spanish). 29/30: 247–262. Retrieved 2016-07-11.
  • Gamboa Mendoza, Jorge (2016). Los muiscas, grupos indígenas del Nuevo Reino de Granada. Una nueva propuesta sobre su organizacíon socio-política y su evolucíon en el siglo XVI [The Muisca, indigenous groups of the New Kingdom of Granada. A new proposal on their social-political organization and their evolution in the 16th century] (video) (in Spanish). Museo del Oro. Archived from the original on 2021-12-13. Retrieved 2016-07-11.
  • Gamboa Mendoza, Gamboa (2013). El cacicazgo muisca en los años posteriores a la Conquista: del psihipqua al cacique colonial. Instituto Colombiano de Antropología e Historia.
  • Gómez, Diego F (2008–2022). "Diccionario muysca – español" (in Spanish). muysca.cubun.org.
  • Gómez, Diego F (2013). Comparación léxica entre el muysca de Bogotá y el uwa central. Muysca: memoria y presencia. Bogotá (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de Colombia.
  • Gómez, Diego F (2020). "Los folletos muyscas de la Biblioteca Bodleiana (1603): los textos más tempranos de la lengua general del Nuevo Reino de Granada". Revista internacional de lingüística iberoamericana (in Spanish). Iberoamericana Editorial Vervuert. 36: 195–216.
  • González de Pérez, María Stella (2006). Aproximación al sistema fonético-fonológico de la lengua muisca (in Spanish). Bogotá Instituto Caro y Cuervo. pp. 53–119.
  • Quesada Pacheco, Miguel Ángel; Rojas Chaves, Carmen (1999). Diccionario boruca – español, español – boruca (in Spanish). Universidad de Costa Rica. pp. 1–207. ISBN 9789977675480. Retrieved 2016-07-11.
  • Reichel-Dolmatoff, Gerardo (1947). "La lengua chimila" [The Chimila language]. Journal de la Société des Américanistes (in Spanish). 36: 15–50. Retrieved 2016-07-11.
  • Uricoechea, Ezequiel (1854). Memoria sobre las antigüedades neo granadinas (in Spanish). Librería de F. Schneider.
  • Saravia, Facundo Manuel (2015). Curso de aproximación a la lengua chibcha o muisca - Nivel 1 [Introduction course to the Chibcha or Muisca language - Level 1] (PDF) (in Spanish). Fundación Zaquenzipa. pp. 1–81. Retrieved 2016-07-11.

Further reading

  • Arango, Teresa (1954). Precolombia: Introducción al estudio del indígena colombiano [PreColombia: Introduction to the Study of Colombian Indigenous People] (in Spanish). Madrid: Sucesores de Rivadeneyra.
  • Botiva Contreras, Álvaro; Herrera, Leonor; Groot, Ana Maria; Mora, Santiago (1989). "Colombia prehispánica: regiones arqueológicas" [Pre-Hispanic Colombia: Archeological Regions] (in Spanish). Instituto colombiano de Antropología Colcultura. Retrieved 2016-07-11.
  • Martín, Rafael; Puentes, José (2008). Culturas indígenas colombianas [Indigenous Cultures of Colombia].
  • Triana, Miguel (1922). La civilización Chibcha (in Spanish). pp. 1–222. Retrieved 2016-07-11.
  • Wiesner García, Luis Eduardo (2014). "Etnografía muisca" [Muisca Ethnography]. Central Andean Region (in Spanish). Bogotá: Instituto Colombiano de Cultura Hispánica. IV: 2. Retrieved 2016-07-11.
Chibcha language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.