Maonan
Native toChina
RegionNorthern Guangxi, Southern Guizhou[1]: 33 
Ethnicity107,000 (2000)[2]
Native speakers
30,000 (2005)[2]
Language codes
ISO 639-3mmd
Glottologmaon1241
ELPMaonan
Maonan is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The Maonan language (Chinese: 毛南语; pinyin: Máonán yǔ) is a Kam–Sui language spoken mainly in China by the Maonan people, specifically in northern Guangxi and southern Guizhou.[1]: 33 [3] Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County, Hechi, northern Guangxi, holds a concentrated number of speakers.[1]

Demographics

Approximately half of all Maonan people are capable of speaking Maonan. In addition to this, many Maonan also speak Chinese or a Zhuang language. About 1/3 of all people who self-identify as Maonan are concentrated in the southern Guizhou province. They speak a mutually unintelligible dialect commonly called Yanghuang, which is more commonly known as the Then language in Western literature. The Maonan do not have a writing system.

Other than Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County in Guangxi, Maonan is also spoken in the following locations.[3]

Phonology

Maonan is a tonal language with 8 tones (Lu 2008:90–91),[1] featuring an SVO clause construction (Lu 2008:169).[1] (See Proto-Tai language#Tones for an explanation of the tone numbers.) For example:

ex:

man2

3SG

na4

eat

kʰaːu3

wine

man2 na4 kʰaːu3

3SG eat wine

"S/He drinks wine."

ex:

man2

3SG

paːi1

go

hɯ1

market

man2 paːi1 hɯ1

3SG go market

"S/He goes to the market."

Syntax

Maonan displays a head-first modification structure, i.e. the modifier occurring after the word being modified (Lu 2008:170).[1] For example:

ex:

kʰaːu3

wine

ɦu4ljaːŋ4

broomcorn

kʰaːu3 ɦu4ljaːŋ4

wine broomcorn

"broomcorn wine"

ex:

mu5

pig

laːu4

big

mu5 laːu4

pig big

"big pig"

ex:

nok7

bird

vin1

fly

nok7 vin1

bird fly

"flying bird"

Occasionally, a head-final modification structure is also possible with the involvement of a possessive particle (P.P.) ti5. For example:

ex:

jaːn1

house/family

ndaːu1

1PL

ti5

POSS.PTCL

bo4

buffalo

jaːn1 ndaːu1 ti5 bo4

house/family 1PL POSS.PTCL buffalo

"Our family's buffalo"

(cf. the more common bo4 jaːn1 ndaːu1) (Lu 2008:173-174).[1]

Writing system

The Maonan writing system was established in 2010. It is based on 26 Latin letters to facilitate standard keyboard input.[4] The letters z, j, x, s, h are attached to the end of each syllable as tonal markers, representing tones 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 respectively. The first tone is not written. Syllables ending in -b, -d, -g, -p, -t, -k do not distinguish tone either. The writing system is being used among a limited number of Maonan intellectuals.[5] For example:

ex:

Writing:

IPA:

Gloss:

Hez

ɦe²

1SG

suen

suːn¹

teach

ngz

ŋ²

2SG

nhieij

ˀnjai³

buy

hux

ɦu⁴

rice

gangs

kaːŋ⁵

stitch

deih

dai⁶

bag

tuet

tuːt⁷'

take off

mad

maːt⁸'

sock

Writing: Hez suen ngz nhieij hux gangs deih tuet mad

IPA: ɦe² suːn¹ ŋ² ˀnjai³ ɦu⁴ kaːŋ⁵ dai⁶ tuːt⁷' maːt⁸'

Gloss: 1SG teach 2SG buy rice stitch bag {take off} sock

Meaning: "I teach you (how) to buy rice, stitch bags and take off (your) socks."

See also

Further reading

  • Zhang, Jingni 张景霓 (2017). Huanjiang Maonanzu yuyan shiyong xianzhuang ji qi yanbian 环江毛南族语言使用现状及其演变. Beijing: Science Press 科学出版社. OCLC 1050506673.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Lu, Tian Qiao (2008). A Grammar of Maonan. Boca Raton, Florida: Universal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-59942-971-7.
  2. 1 2 Maonan at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  3. 1 2 Guangxi Minority Languages Orthography Committee. 2008. Vocabularies of Guangxi ethnic languages [广西民族语言方音词汇]. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House [民族出版社].
  4. ↑ Maonan website: http://maonan.org/wenzi/HagLeaMauhnanh.asp?boardid=24
  5. ↑ Maonan website: http://maonan.org/wenzi/shengdiao.asp
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