Uvira
Ville de Uvira
Uvira is located in Democratic Republic of the Congo
Uvira
Uvira
Coordinates: 3°22′12″S 29°08′24″E / 3.37000°S 29.14000°E / -3.37000; 29.14000
Country Democratic Republic of the Congo
ProvinceSouth Kivu Province
Area
 • Urban
74 km2 (29 sq mi)
Elevation
746 m (2,448 ft)
Population
 (2020 estimate)[1]
 • Urban
590,000
 • Urban density8,000/km2 (21,000/sq mi)

Uvira is the capital city of the Uvira Territory in the South Kivu Province of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is situated between Lake Tanganyika and the Mitumba Mountains and covers an area of approximately 16km.[2][3]

Geographically located between 13°15' north latitude and 28°10' east longitude, it is bordered by the Mazuza River to the north, the Ruzizi River to the south, Lake Tanganyika to the east, and the Munanira Mountain to the west.[2][4] It is the economic and transportation hub of the Uvira Territory and is also home to the Roman Catholic Diocese of Uvira, a suffragan of the Archdiocese of Bukavu.[4] With an estimated population of 590,000 (2020), Uvira is renowned for its thriving trade, prosperous fishing industry, and cultural heritage.[5][6][7]

Geography

Uvira is located approximately at 29° 27' East longitude and 3° 24 South latitude. It is situated at the northernmost tip of Lake Tanganyika. Kalundu, a lake port located at the southern end of the city, serves as a connection point for boats heading to Kalemie in Tanganyika Province, Kigoma in Tanzania, Pulungu in Zambia, and Bujumbura, the largest city and former capital of Burundi. Surrounded by hills and mountains, the city is part of the Great Rift Valley region. Lake Tanganyika, one of the largest freshwater lakes in the world, supports thriving fishing and transportation industries.[7][8][9] The city is linked by road to Bukavu (the capital of South Kivu Province) and Bujumbura. The city is 120 km from Bukavu and 60 km from Fizi Territory.

Hydrology

Ruzizi River, July 2010

Uvira is characterized by the presence of several rivers and is rich in streams. The city is dominated by Lake Tanganyika, which borders it from the northeast and southeast. From the west, Uvira is crossed by various rivers, namely the Kamberulu River, Ruzizi River, Kakungwe River, Kibinda River, Kamanyola River, Kalimabenge River, Mulongwe River, and Kanvinvira River. The presence of Lake Tanganyika significantly influences the climate and weather patterns in the region, as large bodies of water have an impact on local temperatures and precipitation. Additionally, the lake's hydrological cycle, including evaporation and rainfall, plays a crucial role in determining the overall water resources available to Uvira and its surrounding areas.[10]

Climate

Kalundu port, Uvira, June 2021

Uvira experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. The city falls within the equatorial zone and maintains warm temperatures throughout the year. The average annual temperature in Uvira varies depending on the seasons and the relief. It is minimal during the dry season (20 °C to 30 °C) in the Ruzizi Plain and 15 °C to 25 °C in the High Plateau. The wet season in Uvira typically occurs from January to mid-May and from mid-September to December. During this time, the city receives a significant amount of rainfall, which sustains the lush vegetation and supports agricultural activities in the region. On the other hand, the dry season, from June to September, is characterized by lower rainfall and drier conditions. Temperatures during this period can be slightly cooler compared to the wet season.[10]

Geology

The region is part of the Albertine Rift, which is a branch of the Great Rift Valley system. This geological setting is characterized by tectonic activity, including faulting and volcanic activity. The presence of the nearby Itombwe Mountains indicates the volcanic origins of the area. The mountains are part of a volcanic chain formed by ancient eruptions. Additionally, the region has experienced seismic activity in the past due to the tectonic forces associated with the East African Rift System. Uvira and its surrounding areas includes various types of rocks, such as volcanic rocks, sedimentary rocks, and metamorphic rocks.[11][12]

Administrative divisions

According to the 2014 civil status statistics, Uvira is subdivided into 14 districts:[13]

Districts Population
1. Kabindula District 14,306
2. Kakombe District 24,174
3. Kalundu District 23,549
4. Kasenga District 19,449
5. Kavimvira District 19,549
6. Kibondwe District 4,947
7. Kilibula District 9,320
8. Kimanga District 13,656
9. Mulongwe District 22,998
10. Nyamianda District 11,230
11. Rombe I District 20,832
12. Rombe II District 16,046
13. Rugenge District 6,185
14. Songo District 19,118

History

Early history

The migratory dispersions undertaken by the Bavira prior to their eventual settlement in the Uvira Territory.

Uvira has a rich history, shaped by the convergence of different ethnic groups over time. According to Alfred Moeller de Laddersous, the region's first inhabitants were Bazoba fishermen, who established their presence around the shores of Lake Tanganyika.[14][15] In the 17th century, the Vira people journeyed from Lwindi (now Lwindi Chiefdom), near the Ulindi River in the mountainous hinterland, to settle near Lake Tanganyika.[15][16][17]

Following the Vira settlement, the Bahamba clan of the Fuliiru people arrived in the region, establishing themselves north of the Bavira, partly within Bavira territory. Notably, the Bahamba clan had their own paramount leader who operated independently from the Bavira paramount. Gradually, the Bahamba clan expanded their paramountcy, occupying considerable localities along the north-western coastline of the Ruzizi Plain, stretching from Uvira to Luvungi. The expansion led to the establishment of the Bahamba dynasty of Bafuliiru, which governed the various parts of the region. Inter-marriage between the Bavira and Bafuliiru clans occurred, further intertwining their cultures and forging social connections.[18][19]

Barundi and Banyarwanda immigration

In the latter half of the 19th century, the region experienced an influx of Barundi and Banyarwanda immigrants. The Barundi immigrants were predominantly Tutsis, accompanied by a smaller number of Hutus who were harbored in Ruzizi Plain by Fuliiru agriculturalists. They were later dispersed to various localities in Uvira.[20] Conversely, the majority of Banyarwanda immigrants were mostly Tutsi herders who were accommodated by Fuliiru chief in Mulenge and Upper Sange, incrementally establishing their presence.[21][22]

During the Rwandan Revolution and the Rwandan genocide, a significant number of refugees settled in various villages, districts, and ports of Uvira.[23][24][25][26]

Arab-Swahili slave trade

Between the 1850s and 1890s, Burundi's shoreline served as an entrepôt for the slave traffic coming from the eastern part of the Congo Free State. Arab-Swahili merchants, who were majorly warlords involved in the Indian Ocean slave trade, procured slaves from the area for the purpose of trading. They mainly operated in Uvira, Katanga, Nyangwe, Kasaï, Kabinda, Kirundu, and Baraka.[27][28][29]

Three men of Dugumbé ben Habib raiding the market of Nyangwe, July 15th, 1871

Father Van der Burgt noted in his Dictionary that in 1897–8, there were a few discreet slave dealers in Uzige (in the region of Usumbura), Bangwana (Islamized people from Unyamwezi or the Congo basin), Basumbwa, Bavira (from the country of Uvira), and Bayangayanga (peddlers from the southern part of Burundi, specialized in the trade of salt and iron). He added that a boy was worth two to four fundo or strings of beads, while a girl was worth twice as much (a fundo was valued at 0.30F at that time).[30] In Uvira, Arab-Swahili traders established commercial networks and often collaborated with local intermediaries to capture, enslave, and transport people. The native population also engaged in trade, exchanging slaves, ivory, iron objects, bark clothing, palm oil, bananas, grain, and cassava, which led to the development of a significant commercial center that traded products from all the interlacustrine kingdoms and chiefdoms.[28][31]

According to Richard Francis Burton:

"The Uvira trade is important, the place is very busy because of the abundance and the low price of food: it is a large warehouse of slaves, ivory, clothing of bark and iron objects of the northern region of the lake, and in the travel season, it is rare that a day passes without several canoes coming there to fetch goods and food. Rice is not grown there, but sorghum and maize are bought there".[31]

Following the Congo-Arab War, the slave trade began to decline. While the war did not entirely eradicate the slave trade, it significantly contributed to its decline. The conflict disrupted the existing networks and operations of Arab-Swahili slave traders, making it considerably more challenging for them to continue their slave-trading activities as before. Furthermore, with the arrival of the Force Publique, the Belgian colonial forces in the region, there was an increase in scrutiny and intervention against the slave trade. Motivated by their own economic interests and responding to international pressure, the Belgian colonial authorities actively sought to suppress the slave trade and implemented various anti-slavery measures advocated by abolitionists. These measures were further fueled by changing economic dynamics and the declining viability of traditional slave routes.[32][33][34][35]

European explorers

Uvira fortress entrance, Belgian Congo, 1910s

Throughout the 19th century, several European explorers carried out expeditions to Uvira. In 1857–1858, Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke embarked on a mission that brought them to Lake Tanganyika, while in 1871, Henry Morton Stanley joined David Livingstone at Ujiji, a town situated in the Kigoma-Ujiji District of the Kigoma Region in Tanzania, where they explored the mouth of the Ruzizi River. However, it was in 1898 that Lieutenant Chargeois established a post in Uvira opposite the one the Germans had established in Bujumbura, a year earlier in 1897. He was immediately joined by Catholic missionaries, notably the Reverend Father Victor Roelens.[36][37][38]

Mobutu era

During Mobutu Sese Seko's era, Uvira was the capital of the former South Kivu Subregion, a constituent part of the Kivu Region at the time. In 1989, when South Kivu was elevated to the status of a province, the capital was relocated to Bukavu. At present, Uvira is a city and the current capital of the Uvira Territory.[39]

Conflict and insecurity

Uvira has been afflicted by armed groups, militia groups, inter-communal tensions, and clashes for over three decades, resulting in violence, population displacement, and human rights abuses.[40][41][42]

During the First and Second Congo Wars, the region served as a major battleground for various armed groups, armies and militias, including the Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo (AFDL), Rwandan Patriotic Army (RPA), Forces Armées Burundaises (FAB), Rally for Congolese Democracy (RCD), Rally for Congolese Democracy-Goma (RCD-Goma), and various Mai-Mai militias. Uvira and its surrounding areas experienced violence and loss of civilian lives during these wars. On October 18, 1996, AFDL/RPA units reportedly killed at least 88 civilians in Kiliba, located just thirteen kilometers north of Uvira. Additionally, on the same day, AFDL/RPA units were responsible for the deaths of at least 51 civilians in Bwegera, situated in the Ruzizi Plain in the Bafuliiru Chiefdom. The Red Cross conducted mass burials for the victims.[43]

The capture of Uvira on 25 October 1996 saw renewed atrocities committed by AFDL/RPA/FAB units, including indiscriminate killings that resulted in the deaths of several hundred people, including Hutu refugees and Zairian civilians.[43]

During the Second Congo War, ANC/RPA/FAB operatives killed dozens of civilians in Uvira on August 6, 1998. Hundreds of victims were killed during confrontations with the RCD-Goma when they attempted to seek shelter or escape from the combat zone. Others were executed after the fighting ended during search operations. Women were also subjected to rape by the soldiers during these operations.[43]

The official end of the war came in July 2003 with the signing of the Global and All-Inclusive Agreement on Transition in Kinshasa.[44][45] However, despite the formal end of the war, the region continues to face sporadic outbreaks of violence, often involving armed groups, militias, and inter-communal tensions. These ongoing conflicts have resulted in further violence, population displacement, and human rights abuses in Uvira and its surrounding areas.[40][46][47][48]

In 2017, the CNPSC rebel group launched an attack on the city, which was repelled by the national army and MONUSCO forces.

Economy

Agriculture

Rice cultivation In the Ruzizi Plain
Uvira, February 2023

The city thrives in the primary sector due to its abundant natural resources and agricultural practices. The fertile lands of the region are conducive for growing and cultivating a variety of crops, such as maize, bush beans, cowpea, cassava, cabbage, potatoes, paddy rice, carrots, soybeans, amaranth, onions, bananas, and spring onions. Along with staple crops, Uvira's agricultural industry includes cash crops like coffee, tea, cocoa, and palm oil. Agriculture is mostly practiced in the Ruzizi Plain, a flat valley formed by the Ruzizi River that flows through various regions of Uvira Territory. Most of the farmers rely on small-scale family-based subsistence agriculture.[49][50][51] Various initiatives have been undertaken to support agricultural cooperatives and offer them training and resources to improve productivity and market access. Notable organizations include Nabahya Food Institute, IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture), and Regroupement des femmes entrepreneurs Umoja, which seek to enhance agricultural practices, boost yields, and establish viable income streams for farming communities. Agricultural products from Uvira are usually transported to Bukavu or exported to neighboring countries such as Burundi, Tanzania, Rwanda, and Zambia.[52][53]

Livestock

Livestock farming plays a key role in boosting the local economy, ensuring food security, and supporting the livelihoods of the population. This practice encompasses the rearing of cattle, goats, and poultry, with cattle farming emerging as a predominant form of livestock production in the region. Farmers engage in raising cattle primarily for meat, milk, and hides, which serve as valuable commodities. Cows and goats offer a significant source of protein through their meat, while their milk is either consumed locally or processed into various dairy products such as butter, cheese, and yogurt. The utilization of goat skin in the production of leather goods is abundant in the region, with many locals using it for traditional drums, clothes, and carpet binding. Additionally, poultry farming offers promising income opportunities for small-scale farmers. Both live birds and poultry products are sold in nearby markets. These sought-after products find their way to various districts, towns, and villages within Uvira or neighboring areas, including Lemera, Sange, Luvungi, Mulenge, Bwegera, Mukungubwe, Kanogo-Kihamba, Lubarika, Luberizi, and Bibangwa.[54][55][56]

Fishing

Fishing boats along Lake Tanganyika in Uvira, May 2016

Given the region's proximity to Lake Tanganyika, which is the second-deepest lake in the world and rich in aquatic resources, fish farming emerged as a significant economic activity. It is practiced by Vira and Fuliiru fishermen, as well as by the Bembe people who rear a variety of fish, including tilapia, catfish, kapenta (known to the locals as ndakala or sambaza), protopterus (commonly known as njombo in the city), Astatotilapia burtoni (known as Kijoli), clarias (known as kambale), Tanganyika killifish, sleek lates, Lake Tanganyika sprat, and Nile perch. Fish farming contributes to food security, alleviating malnutrition, and improving the nutritional status of communities, particularly those living in rural areas or in nearby cities and towns such as Sange, Luvungi, and Kiliba. It also provides income-generating opportunities for local farmers and entrepreneurs who sell their fish in local markets, restaurants, and even neighboring regions.[55][57]

Craftsmanship

A small market of art objects in Uvira

The area is known for its rich cultural heritage and skilled Fuliiru and Vira artisans, who create a wide range of handcrafted products. These artisans specialize in woodworking, pottery, basket weaving, metalwork, and textile production. The crafted products are sold by national companies such as SNCC (Société Nationale des chemins de fer du Congo), SNEL and REGIDESO. These companies offer finely carved sculptures, furniture, and household items made from locally sourced timber, as well as bowls, jugs, tools, utensils, jewelry, fabrics, garments, and accessories.[39]

Transport

The city benefits from its close geographical location, which enables it to engage in internal and external trade with Burundi, Tanzania, Zambia, Rwanda, the city of Bukavu, Kalemie, and the Fizi Territory. Itinerant trade, commuting, and freight forwarding are primarily conducted by the local population. The main public markets include Kalundu, Maendeleo, Kalimabenge, Soko Congolese "Zairians," Kasenga, Kanvimvira, and Kilomoni.[55]

The primary communication channels that facilitate traffic with the outside world are:

  • The lake route ensures the transportation of people and goods on Lake Tanganyika, connecting neighboring and foreign countries such as Burundi, Tanzania, and Zambia. This route is serviced by boats and ships.[55]
  • The land route connects Uvira-Bukavu, and another section links Uvira to Bujumbura. There is also a route connecting Uvira to Kalemie via the Fizi Territory.[55]

Demographics

Uvira is home to a diverse population consisting of native ethnic groups of Bantu origin, including Vira, Fuliru, Bembe, Zoba, Lega, Shi, Nyindu, Luba and Bangubangu. The city also has a significant foreign population, with individuals from Burundi, Rwanda, Zambia, Tanzania, Europe, China, and India. Among the native groups, the Vira people, who speak Kivira, are a significant population occupying the Bavira Chiefdom from Makobola to Kawizi. The Fuliru people predominantly inhabit the mountainous regions along the Uvira-Bukavu road axis and constitute the majority population in the north, while the Bembe people reside in the southern part of Uvira and occupy the Kakungwe, Kimanga, and Kalundu districts.[39]

Population by district (September 2010)

Uvira consists of 14 districts, with Kakombe having the highest population density. It has a workforce of 24,407 residents, accounting for 12.5% of the city's total population. Mulongwe District has the second-highest population with 20,531 inhabitants, representing 10.5%, and Kibondwe District comes in third with 3,687 residents, which represents 1.9%.[39]

The vast majority of the city's residents are nationals, with a workforce of 194,669 people making up 99.8% of the population. Foreigners constitute just 0.2%, and most of them reside in the Kilibula District, representing 26.7% of the foreign population. Burundians form the largest group of foreign nationals, accounting for 55.2%, with Rwandans coming in second at approximately 37.5%. This is primarily due to their proximity to the city, which enables daily travel through affordable means.[39]

Mulongwe District has no foreign population. Women and men each make up almost half of the workforce, with around 98,390 women and 96,696 men. The city's population in 2009 was estimated to be 171,409, including 484 foreign residents.[39]

Culture

Sport

Stade de l'Unité d'Uvira, October 2021

Uvira is a prominent sporting hub in the region, boasting two basketball courts and several football fields. It is home to the city's biggest and most popular stadium, Stade de l'Unité d'Uvira, as well as Stade Epanza. These stadiums serve as gathering places for sports enthusiasts, political election campaigns, public speaking, football matches, athletics competitions, and various sporting events. Despite having these facilities, Uvira is home to only three women's football teams.[39]

In addition to its sporting infrastructure, Uvira offers various recreational venues, such as performance halls like Baraza la Parokya and the chapel school, as well as the grand hall of the Mulongwe parish. Moreover, the city is dotted with bars, clubs, dancing clubs, cabarets, and bistros. Uvira's coastal areas, especially Saga I and Saga II beaches, are also a hit among visitors.[39][58]

Media

The city served as a vital crossroads for diverse media outlets, providing the local population with essential news, information, and entertainment in Swahili, Lingala, and French.[39]

Some of the prominent media outlets in the city include:

  • Vodacom: Vodacom is a major telecommunications company in the region, providing mobile and internet services. While not a media outlet in the traditional sense, it plays a crucial role in enabling communication and access to digital content for residents in Uvira.
  • Zain: Zain offers mobile and internet services in the area. Similar to Vodacom, it plays a vital role in facilitating communication and connectivity for individuals and businesses.
  • Orange RDC (formerly Congo Chine Télécoms; CCT): CCT provides mobile services and connectivity to the local population.
  • U-Com: U-Com offers various communication services, including mobile and internet, in Uvira and surrounding areas.
  • Télécel: Télécel is a mobile network operator that provides cellular services to residents of Uvira. It enables communication and access to mobile data services.

The city is also enriched by the presence of several local media outlets:

  • Pylon (antenna) of Tigo: The Pylon is probably a broadcasting infrastructure that facilitates the transmission of Tigo's telecommunications services, including voice and data, in the region.
  • RTNC station of Uvira: RTNC (Radiotélévision nationale congolaise) is the national public broadcaster in the DRC. The RTNC station in Uvira likely broadcasts news, cultural programs, and other content of national interest to the local community.
  • Radio Mitumba: Radio Mitumba is a local radio and television station in Uvira that provides news, entertainment, and cultural programming.
  • Radio Tuungane: Radio Tuungane is also local radio station in Uvira that serves as a platform for news, community discussions, and entertainment.
  • Radio Télévision Lukula: Radio Télévision Lukula is a local radio and television station that broadcasts a variety of content, including news, music, and cultural programming.
  • Radio Le Messager du Peuple: Radio Le Messager du Peuple is a local radio station in Uvira that focuses on news, community information, and religious programming.

Education

The education system in Uvira, like many parts of the Uvira Territory, faces numerous challenges, including a shortage of qualified teachers, limited resources, overcrowded classrooms, and inadequate funding. Despite these obstacles, the community places great value on education, and students and families strive to maximize the available educational opportunities. Non-governmental organizations and international partners also collaborate to support and enhance the education sector in Uvira and other regions in the country.[59][60][61][62]

Uvira boasts a range of educational institutions, encompassing nursery schools, primary schools, secondary schools, and vocational training centers. Moreover, the city hosts several higher and university education institutions, namely:[63][64]

  • Université Evangélique en Afrique (UEA)
  • Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural d'Uvira (ISDR-UVIRA)
  • Institut Supérieur de Technique Médical (ISTM-UVIRA)
  • Institut Supérieur de Commerce (ISC-Uvira)
  • Institut Supérieur des Technologies et de Commerce (ISTEC)

Health facilities

Health facilities in the region includes:

  • Hôpital Général de Référence d'Uvira
  • Centre Medicale Sos Village Uvira
  • Hôpital Général de Reference de Kasenga
  • Rutasoka Clinic
  • Saint Luc
  • CSDT Kavimvira
  • Uvira Mental Health Center (Centre National pour le Bien-être Emotionel, also referred to as Centre de Santé Mentale d’Uvira), serve primarily residents in Uvira Territory, Fizi Territory and Walungu Territory (Kamanyola), although individuals living outside the region may also receive care.[65][66]
  • Fondation Mukende

See also

Further reading

  • Chubaka, Bishikwabo (1987). "Aux origines de la ville d'Uvira selon les exporateurs et les pionniers de la colonisation belge au Zaire (1840-1914)". Civilisations. 37 (1): 83–126. JSTOR 41968746.

References

  1. ↑ PopulationStat.com
  2. 1 2 Kigogo, Passy Walumbuka (2009). "Analyse d'impact qu'ont les médias de proximité sur l'éducation des jeunes en cité d'Uvira" (in French). Uvira, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Institut Supérieur de Développement Rural d'Uvira. Retrieved 2023-09-03.
  3. ↑ Weis, George (1958). "Le pays d'Uvira: étude de géographie régionale sur la bordure occidentale du lac Tanganika" (PDF) (in French). Brussels, Belgium: Académie des sciences coloniales. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
  4. 1 2 "Territoire de UVIRA - Province du Sud Kivu" (PDF). repositories.lib.utexas.edu (in French). Austin, Texas. 2004. Retrieved 2023-09-02.
  5. ↑ Bafunyembaka, Bacishoga. "Etat de Lieu de La Culture de Haricot Dans Trois Territoires de Fizi, Mwenga et Uvira" [Status of bean cultivation in three territories of Fizi, Mwenga and Uvira] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Catholique de Bukavu. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  6. ↑ "Papers Presented at the Symposium on Biology, Stock Assessment and Exploitation of Small Pelagic Fish Species in the African Great Lakes Region". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  7. 1 2 Christian, Amisi Manala; Okito, Gabriel Mukabo; Papy, Lubunga Dunia; Assani, Kwibe (January 2020). "Commercialization of Fish and their Consumption Rate by the Population of Uvira, South Kivu, DR Congo" (PDF). International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  8. ↑ "Uvira : manifestation contre la fermeture de la pêche sur le Lac Tanganyika". Radio Okapi (in French). 2023-05-11. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  9. ↑ Journal.africa, Le (2023-05-19). "Uvira et Fizi-RDC: la mesure portant la suspension de la pêche dans le lac Tanganyika légèrement piétinée". LE JOURNAL.AFRICA (in French). Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  10. 1 2 "Memoire Online - La problématique des accusations des viols et violences sexuelles en territoire d'Uvira. Cas de la cité d'Uvira - Arc-Ange Mariamu Kabulimbo". Memoire Online. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  11. ↑ Tuluka, Georges Mavonga (2010). "Seismic Hazard Assessment and Volcanogenic Seismicity fro the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Surrounding Areas, Western Rift Valley of Africa". Johannesburg, South Africa: University of the Witwatersrand. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  12. ↑ "Memoire Online - La problématique des accusations des viols et violences sexuelles en territoire d'Uvira. Cas de la cité d'Uvira - Arc-Ange MARIAMU KABULIMBO". Memoire Online. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  13. ↑ "Chapitre II. Approche Methodologique". www.africmemoire.com. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  14. ↑ Moeller, Alfred (1936). Les grandes lignes des migrations des Bantus de la province orientale du Congo Belge (PDF) (in French). Belgium: G. van Campenhout. p. 136.
  15. 1 2 Sebakunzi, Ntibibuka (January 1998). "Le rôle du site dans l'extension de la cité d'Uvira" (PDF). persee.fr (in French). Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  16. ↑ Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (2003). The Great Lakes of Africa: Two Thousand Years of History. Brooklyn, New York City: Zone Books. p. 165. ISBN 9781890951344.
  17. ↑ Weis, George (1959). Le Pays d'Uvira, étude de géographie régionale sur la bordure occidentale du lac Tanganika (in French). Gembloux, Belgium: Éditions J. Duculot. p. 142.
  18. ↑ Chubaka, Bishikwabo (1987). "Aux Origines De La Ville D'uvira Selon Les Explorateurs Et Les Pionniers De La Colonisation Belge Au Zaire (1840-1914)". Civilisations. 37 (1): 83–126. ISSN 0009-8140. JSTOR 41968746.
  19. ↑ Culture et société, Volume 4 (in French). Ministère de la Jeunesse, des Sports et de la Culture, Centre de Civilisation Burundaise. 1981. pp. 108–120.
  20. ↑ Ansoms, A.; Marysse, S., eds. (March 23, 2011). Natural Resources and Local Livelihoods in the Great Lakes Region of Africa: A Political Economy Perspective. London, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 38. ISBN 9780230304994.
  21. ↑ Depelchin, jacques (1974). From Pre-capitalism to Imperialism: A History of Social and Economic Formations in Eastern Zaire (Uvira Zone, C. 1800-1965). Stanford, California: Stanford University. pp. 80–90.
  22. ↑ Pottier, Johan (September 26, 2002). "Re-Imagining Rwanda: Conflict, Survival and Disinformation in the Late Twentieth Century". academic.oup.com. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. p. 16. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  23. ↑ Kapapi, John (March 28, 2019). Lies of the Tutsi in Eastern Congo/Zaire: A Case Study: South Kivu (Pre-Colonial to 2018). Bloomington, Indiana. pp. 14–15. ISBN 9781796022896.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  24. ↑ Namujimbo, Déo (August 2014). Je reviens de l'enfer: Reportage de guerre à l'est de la RD Congo - (août-septembre 1998) (in French). Paris, France: Éditions L'Harmattan. p. 14. ISBN 9782336353289.
  25. ↑ Rever, Judi (February 18, 2020). In Praise of Blood: The Crimes of the Rwandan Patriotic Front. Toronto, Ontario: Random House of Canada. ISBN 9780345812100.
  26. ↑ Binet, Laurence (May 18, 2016). Rwandan Refugee Camps in Zaire and Tanzania 1994-1995. Paris, France: Médecins Sans Frontières.
  27. ↑ Bennett, Norman Robert, ed. (1968). Leadership in Eastern Africa: Six Political Biographies. Boston, Massachusetts: Boston University Press. p. 154.
  28. 1 2 Burton, Sir Richard Francis (November 6, 2016). Delphi Collected Works of Sir Richard Francis Burton (Illustrated). East Sussex, United Kingdom: Delphi Classics. ISBN 9781786560551.
  29. ↑ Burton, Sir Richard Francis (1860). The Lake Regions of Central Africa: A Picture of Exploration · Volume 2. Manhattan, New York, NY: Harper & brothers. p. 340.
  30. ↑ Depelchin, Jacques (1974). From Pre-capitalism to Imperialism: A History of Social and Economic Formations in Eastern Zaire. Stanford, California, United States: Stanford University. pp. 166–170.
  31. 1 2 Sebakunzi, Ntibibuka (January 1998). "Le rôle du site dans l'extension de la cité d'Uvira" (PDF). persee.fr. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  32. ↑ "RD Congo. Sur les traces du sultanat perdu". Afrique XXI (in French). 2023-03-20. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  33. ↑ "L'héritage arabo-swahili dans l'est de la RD Congo". Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale - Tervuren - Belgique (in French). Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  34. ↑ "La traite oubliée des négriers musulmans". www.lhistoire.fr (in French). Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  35. ↑ Luffin, Xavier (2007). "Cinq actes de soumission en swahili en caractères arabes du Marungu (1884-1885)". Annales Aequatoria. 28: 169–199. ISSN 0254-4296. JSTOR 25836910.
  36. ↑ Burton, Sir Richard Francis (November 6, 2016). Delphi Collected Works of Sir Richard Francis Burton (Illustrated). East Sussex, United Kingdom: Delphi Classics. ISBN 9781786560551.
  37. ↑ Swayne, George Carless; Speke, John Hanning (1868). Lake Victoria: A Narrative of Explorations in Search of the Source of the Nile. Edinburgh, Scotland: W. Blackwood and Sons.
  38. ↑ Stanley, Henry Morton (February 2002). How I Found Livingstone in Central Africa. Mineola, New York: Dover. pp. 420–430. ISBN 9780486419534.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Nyembo, Théodore Bahimba (2011). "Mission des institutions d'enseignement supérieur et universitaire et les attentes de la population en cité d'Uvira, RDC" [Mission of higher education and university institutions and the expectations of the population in the city of Uvira, DRC] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Catholique de Bukavu. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  40. 1 2 "La guerre du Congo se rallume à Uvira, sur les rives du lac Tanganyika". Le Monde.fr (in French). 2002-11-07. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  41. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | La Rébellion d'Août 1998 et les Groupes Touchés". Refworld. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  42. ↑ "DR Congo: 1,900 Civilians Killed in Kivus Over 2 Years". Human Rights Watch. 2019-08-14. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  43. 1 2 3 "Second Congo War – Attacks on other civilian populations – South Kivu". Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  44. ↑ "Global and Inclusive Agreement on Transition in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Pretoria Agreement) | UN Peacemaker". peacemaker.un.org. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  45. ↑ "Global and Inclusive Agreement on Transition in the DR Congo: Inter-Congolese Dialogue - Political negotiations on the peace process and on transition in the DRC - Democratic Republic of the Congo | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2002-12-16. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  46. ↑ "DRC: At least 1000 IDPs due to violence around Uvira". DRC: At least 1000 IDPs due to violence around Uvira | Crisis24. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  47. ↑ "DR Congo: Sexual violence - Opening of a legal clinic in Uvira - Democratic Republic of the Congo | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2010-02-26. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  48. ↑ "Human rights in Democratic Republic of the Congo". Amnesty International. Retrieved 2023-06-11.
  49. ↑ "The Congo Coffee Atlas: A Market Intelligence And Reference To Bolster Visibility And Support Linkages" (PDF). squarespace.com. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  50. ↑ Assani, Joseph Njonjo (2013). "Contribution des nouvelles technologies de soja au bien-etre des ménages agricoles cas de la plaine de Ruzizi" [Contribution of new soybean technologies to the well-being of agricultural households case of the Ruzizi Plain] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Catholique de Bukavu. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  51. ↑ Zamukulu, Patient; Ayagirw, Rodrigue; Ndeko, Adrien; Bagula, Espoir; Mondo, Jean; Ganza, Deckas; Musale, Dieudonné Katunga; Mushagalusa, Gustave Nachigera (2019-09-30). "Constraints and opportunities of agriculture-livestock integration in Mushinga in eastern DR Congo" (PDF). elewa.org (in French). Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  52. ↑ "nabahyafoodinstitute.org". nabahyafoodinstitute.org. Retrieved 2023-06-16.
  53. ↑ Iragi, Gentil Kaboyi; Rusaati, Butoto Imani wa; Nfizi, Innocent Byamungu; Masumbuko, Cephas Ndabaga; Gendusa, Patience Arusi; Furaha, Astrid Matendo; Kang, Jun-Won (2021-07-03). "Ethnomedicinal study of plants used in the Uvira Territory (Democratic Republic of Congo)". Forest Science and Technology. 17 (3): 144–154. doi:10.1080/21580103.2021.1963327. S2CID 237565603.
  54. ↑ Zamukulu, Patient; Ayagirwe, Rodrigue; Ndeko, Adrien; Bagula, Espoir; Mondo, Jean; Ganza, Deckas; Musale, Dieudonné Katunga; Mushagalusa, Gustave Nachigera (September 30, 2019). "Contraintes et opportunités de l'intégration agriculture-élevage à Mushinga dans l'Est de la RD Congo" (PDF). elewa.org (in French). Retrieved 2023-06-17.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 Nyembo, Théodore Bahimba (2011). "Mission des institutions d'enseignement supérieur et universitaire et les attentes de la population en cité d'Uvira, RDC" [Mission of higher education and university institutions and the expectations of the population in the city of Uvira, DRC] (in French). Bukavu, South Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Université Catholique de Bukavu. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
  56. ↑ "Uvira (Bwegera), sud Kivu : La Monusco appuie les communautés locales dans la lutte contre les violences communautaires - Democratic Republic of the Congo | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int. 2018-10-22. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
  57. ↑ Christian, Amisi Manala; Okito, Gabriel Mukabo; Papy, Lubunga Dunia; Assani, Kwibe (January 2020). "Commercialization of Fish and their Consumption Rate by the Population of Uvira, South Kivu, DR CONGO" (PDF). ijisrt.com. United Kingdom: International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology. Retrieved 2023-06-17.
  58. ↑ E, Ngabo (2022-05-31). "UVIRA : L'organisation Women of Faith assiste les déplacés". Kivu Times. Retrieved 2023-06-15.
  59. ↑ Nentobo, Ghislaine (March 2022). "Analyse de la Situation en Matiere d'Education Acceleree: Republique Democratique du Congo" (PDF). Inter-agency Network for Education in Emergencies (in French). Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  60. ↑ "Sud-Kivu: 6921 élèves participent aux épreuves hors session de l'Examen d'État à Uvira". ACP (in French). 2023-05-09. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  61. ↑ "Uvira: L'organisation Save the Children facilite l'atelier de présentation des résultats des recherches menées sur la qualité des environnements d'apprentissage et l'éducation dans le contexte de cires auprès des écoles bénéficiaires du projet BRICE en territoires d'Uvira et Fizi". Kivu Times. 2022-02-03. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  62. ↑ "Uvira : pas de rentrée scolaire à la suite de la présence excessive des militaires à Bijombo". Radio Okapi (in French). 2022-09-06. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  63. ↑ "Dr Mulamba Marc: Territoire D'Uvira RDC". Dr Mulamba Marc. 2014-07-11. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  64. ↑ Bahimba Nyembo, Théodore. "Memoire Online - Mission des institutions d'enseignement supérieur et universitaire et les attentes de la population en cité d'Uvira, RDC". Memoire Online. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  65. ↑ "Centre de Sante Mentale D'Uvira". www.idealist.org. Retrieved 2023-06-09.
  66. ↑ "Centre de Sante Mentale D'Uvira a Kawizi". Centre de Sante Mentale D'Uvira a Kawizi (in French). 2018-01-22. Retrieved 2023-06-09.

3°24′S 29°09′E / 3.400°S 29.150°E / -3.400; 29.150

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