In the tables, the first two columns contain the Chinese character representing the classifier, in traditional and simplified versions when they differ. The next four columns give pronunciations in Standard (Mandarin) Chinese, using pinyin; Cantonese, in Jyutping and Yale, respectively; and Minnan (Taiwan). The last column gives the classifier's literal meaning (in quotes) and principal uses.

Nominal classifiers

Classifiers proper

Trad. Simp. Mandarin
(Pinyin)		 Cantonese (Jyutping) Cantonese
(Yale)		 Minnan Meaning and principal uses
把bǎ baa2ba2 pé "grip" — objects with handle-like parts (knives 刀, scissors 剪刀, swords 劍/剑, keys 鑰匙/钥匙, pistols 手槍/手枪, chairs 椅子, flaming torches or sticks 火)
本běn bun2bun2 pún "volume" — bound print matter (books 書/书, etc.)
埲 bung6bung6 walls 墻 (Cantonese only)
部bù bou6bou6 phō "part" — novels 小說/小说, movies 電影/电影, TV dramas etc.; vehicles (如：一部大巴）; Cantonese only: machines
冊/册册/冊cè caak3chaak3 tsheh volumes of books (冊 is more common in Traditional Chinese, 册 in Simplified)
層层céng cang4chang4 tsàn "layer" — cakes, optical discs, etc.; stories of buildings
場场chǎng coeng4cheung4 tiûnn "stage" — public spectacles, games 比賽/比赛, drama 戲/戏, film 電影/电影, etc.
處处chù cyu3chyu3 tshú "location", "site" — ruins 廢墟/废墟, construction site 工地, etc.
齣出chū ceot1cheut1 tshut "performance", "show" — plays 戲/戏, circus 馬戲/马戏, etc.
次cì ci3chi3 tshù "time" — opportunities 機會/机会, accidents 事故
道dào dou6dou6 tō linear projections (light rays 亮光, etc.), orders given by an authority figure 命令, courses (of food) 點心/点心, walls and doors 門/门, questions 題/题, number of times (for certain procedures) 工序
頂顶dǐng deng2deng2 tíng objects with protruding top (hats 帽子, etc.)
棟栋dòng dung6dung6 tòng "pillar" — buildings 房子
堵dǔ dou6dou6 tóo walls and encompassing fixtures 牆/墙
頓顿dùn doen6deun6 tǹg meals 飯/饭
朵duǒ do2/doe2do2/deu2 luí flowers 花, clouds 雲/云
發发fā faat3faat3 huat projectile weapons, such as bullets 子彈/子弹, artillery shells 炮彈/炮弹, rockets, guided missiles etc.
份fèn fan6fan6 hūn "copy" — newspapers 報紙/报纸, notarized document 公證/公证, contract 合同
封fēng fung1fung1 hong letters 信, mail, fax 傳真/传真
幅fú fuk1fuk1 pak "width" — paintings 畫兒/画儿; curtains; tapestries; photographs or prints (particularly when mounted and displayed on a wall)
桿杆gǎn gon3gon3 kuáinn objects with "pole" (spears 槍/枪, balance scales, steelyard balance)
個个ge (gè) go3go3 ê individual things, people — generic measure word (usage of this classifier in conjunction with any noun is generally accepted if the person does not know the proper classifier)
根gēn gan1gan1 kun thin, slender, pole, stick objects (needles 針/针, pillars 支柱, telegraph poles, matchsticks, etc.); strands 絲/丝(e.g. hair 頭髮/头发)
號号hào hou6hou6 people, workmen (一百多号人/一百多號人); business deals (几号买卖/幾號買賣)[1][2][3][4]
家jiā gaa1ga1 gathering of people (families 人家, companies 公司, etc.), establishments (shops 商店, restaurants 酒店, hotels 飯店/饭店)
架jià gaa3ga3 aircraft 飛機/飞机, pianos 琴, machines 儀器/仪器
間间jiān gaan1gaan1 king rooms 屋子, 房; Cantonese only: stores, companies
件jiàn gin6gin6 kiānn matters (affairs 事情), clothing 衣裳, etc.
屆届jiè gaai3gaai3 kài recurring, often annual, conferences 會/会, class years in a school (e.g. Class of 2006) 畢業生/毕业生
卷juǎn gyun2gyun2 kńg "roll" — film 膠卷/胶卷, toilet paper 手紙/手纸
棵kē fo2fo2 trees (樹/树) and other such flora
顆颗kē fo2fo2 "kernel" — small objects (beans, hearts 心, pearls 珠子, teeth 牙齒/牙齿, diamonds 鑽石/钻石, etc.) pillows, and objects appearing to be small (distant stars 星星 and planets 星球)
[[口]]kǒu hau2hau2 people in villages 人, family members; wells 井; blade 刀
類类lèi leoi6leui6 luī objects of the same type or category — affair 事情, circumstance 情況/情况
粒lì lap1lap1 lia̍p "grain", small objects such as a grain of rice 米
輛辆liàng loeng2leung2 wheeled vehicles: automobiles 汽車/汽车, bicycles 自行車/自行车, etc.
列liè lit6lit6 "array" — trains 火車/火车
輪轮lún leon4leun4 "round" — competition 比賽/比赛, discussions 會談/会谈; moon 明月
枚méi mui4mui4 small, flat objects (coins, medals, stamps);

small, round jewelry (rings 戒指, diamonds 鑽石/钻石);

projectiles (bombs 炸彈/炸弹, grenades 手榴彈/手榴弹, rockets, satellites); eggs 蛋

門门mén mun4mun4 "gate" — areas of knowledge (courses 課/课, languages 語言/语言, majors 專業/专业, etc.), also for artillery pieces 大砲/大炮.
面miàn min6min6 "surface" — flat objects (mirrors 鏡子/镜子, flags 旗子, etc.)
名míng ming4ming4 honorific, or persons with perceived higher social rank (doctors 醫生/医生, lawyers 律師/律师, politicians, royalty, etc.); in formal occasions or in literary Chinese, also used for any type of person (not necessarily high-ranking, e.g. mother 母親)
盤盘pán pun4pun4 puânn flat objects (video cassettes 錄影帶/录影带, etc.); literally means "dishes" and can be used for a plate of food
泡pào, pāo paau1paau1 classifiers for liquid extractions (tea 茶, urine 尿)
匹pǐ pat1pat1 horses 馬/马 and other mounts; also rolls/bolts of cloth 布
坺 pet6pet6 (Cantonese only) small pile of thick, viscous substance — mud, feces, etc.
篇piān pin1pin1 phinn written work: papers 論文/论文, articles 文章, novels etc.
片piàn pin3pin3 phìnn "slice" — flat objects, cards, slices of bread 麵包/面包, etc.
樖 po1po1 (Cantonese only) trees (樹/树) and other such flora
起qǐ hei2hei2 case, instance (两起大脑炎); batch, group (分两起出发)[5][6][7][8]
扇shàn sin3sin3 doors 門/门, windows 窗戶/窗户.
首shǒu sau2sau2 songs 歌, poems 詩/诗, music 曲子, etc.
水shuǐ seoi2seui2 washings/rinsings (这件衬衫洗了三水了)[9][10]
艘sōu sau2sau2 ships 船
所suǒ so2so2 for buildings whose purposes are explicitly stated, e.g. hospitals 醫院/医院. Otherwise can use "座"
臺/台台tái toi4toi4 tâi heavy objects, esp. machines (TVs 電視機/电视机, computers 電腦/电脑, etc.); performances (theatre 話劇/话剧, etc.)
堂táng tong4tong4 periods of classes 課/课 (e.g. "I have two classes today"), suites of furniture
趟tàng tong3tong3 trips (usually repetitive), scheduled transportation services — flights 班機/班机
題题tí tai4tai4 tî test/exam questions
挺tǐng ting5, ting2 ting5 thán machine guns 機槍
條条tiáo tiu4tiu4 tiâu "strip"; long, narrow, flexible objects — (fish 魚/鱼, dogs 狗, trousers 褲子/裤子, etc.), also for roads 路 and rivers 河, pertaining to human lives, e.g. "兩條人命" two (human) lives, "一條心", lit. "one heart" (to work as one), classifiers for certain things like counter-measures, etc.
頭头tóu tau4tau4 "head" — domesticated animals 家畜 (pigs 豬/猪, cows 牛, etc.), hair (only used alongside a modifier)
尾wěi mei5mei5 bué "tail" — fish 魚/鱼 (ancient)
位wèi wai2wai2 uī polite classifier for people (attached to positions, not names) — workers 工人, director 主任
項项xiàng hong6hong6 hāng "item" — items, projects — initiative 倡議/倡议, ordinances 法令, statements 聲明/声明
宿xiǔ suk1suk1 nights, overnight stays (住一宿)[11][12][13]
樣样yàng joeng6yeung6 general items of differing attributes
𠹻 zam6jam6 (Cantonese only) odor 味
則则zé zak1jak1 sections of text — notice 消息, jokes 笑話/笑话, news 新聞/新闻, etc.
盞盏zhǎn zaan2jaan2 light fixtures (usually lamps 燈/灯), pot of tea etc.
張张zhāng zoeng1jeung1 tiunn "sheet" — flat objects (paper 紙/纸, tables 桌子, etc.), faces 臉/脸, bows, paintings 圖畫/图画, tickets 票, constellations, blankets, bedsheets 床單/床单; Cantonese only: chairs 凳
隻只zhī zek3jek3 one of a pair (hands 手, legs); animals (birds 鳥/鸟, cats 貓/猫, etc.)
支zhī zi1ji1 fairly long, stick-like objects (pens 筆/笔, chopsticks, roses, rifles 槍/枪, etc.), fleets 舰队/艦隊
枝zhī zi1ji1 ki alternative form of 支 ("stalk"): can be used for rifles 槍/枪 and flowers
種种zhǒng zung2jung2 tsióng types or kinds of objects (animals 動物/动物)
株zhū zyu1jyu1 trees 樹/树
柱zhù cyu5chyu5 incense 香
尊zūn zyun1jyun1 statues 像
座zuò zo6jo6 tsō large mansion 大厦; mountains 山;

Measure words/massifiers

Trad. Simp. Mandarin
(Pinyin)		 Cantonese (Jyutping) Cantonese
(Yale)		 Meaning and principal uses
把bǎ baa2ba2 "handful" (beans, flour, rice, sand);

"bunch"/"bundle" (chopsticks, matches, sticks);

"bunch"/"hand" (bananas, carrots, flowers, scallions)

班bān baan1baan1 classifier for scheduled transport services (trains 火車/火车, bus 公交, subway 地鐵/地铁, etc.); group of people; class as in pupils 學生/学生
幫帮bāng bong1bong1 group of people (children 孩子, friends 朋友, etc.);

"gang", band of (bandits 匪徒, bad men 壞蛋/坏蛋, etc.)

包bāo baau1baau1 "packet" (cookies 餅乾/饼干, cigarettes 香煙/香烟, French fries 薯條/薯条, screws, etc.)
杯bēi bui1bui1 "cup" — container (cup, glass, mug, beaker, etc.) of liquid
輩辈bèi bui3bui3 "generation", "lifetime" (people 人)
筆笔bǐ bat1bat1 large quantities of money (money 錢/钱, funds 資金/资金, account items 賬目/账目)
串chuàn cyun3chyun3 "string" — sequence of numbers 號碼/号码; pearls 珍珠; grapes 葡萄, skewer/stick (kebabs, satays, etc.)
床chuáng cong4chong4 "bed" — blankets 毯子, sheets, quilt
沓dá daap6daap6 a "stack" of (e.g. paper, or any other paper-like things)
袋dài doi6doi6 "bag" — sackfuls, pouchfuls, bagfuls, pocketfuls (flour 麵粉/面粉, French fries 薯條/薯条, cements 水泥, etc.)
啖dàn daam6daam6 (Cantonese only) "mouthful" — amount of food
啲/尐 di1di1 (Cantonese only) "some", "a bit" — general massifier. Only used in the form 一啲, or without a number (e.g. after demonstratives).
滴dī dik6dik6 "droplet" (water 水, blood 鮮血/鲜血, other such fluids)
點点diǎn dim2dim2 ideas 意見/意见, suggestions; can also mean "a bit" (often used to denote amount) — e.g. courage 膽量/胆量
段duàn dyun6dyun6 "length" — cables 電線/电线, roadways 路, part as in a drama 臺詞/台词, etc.
堆duī deoi3deui3 "pile" — trash 垃圾, sand 沙子, etc.
對对duì deoi3deui3 "pair" — "couple" 夫妻, "partner" 搭檔/搭档, ring 戒指, earrings 耳環/耳环, bracelet 手鐲/手镯; Cantonese only: pair of objects which naturally come in pairs (e.g. chopsticks 筷子, shoes 鞋, etc.)
服fú fuk6fuk6 "dose" (medicine 藥/药)
副fù fu3fu3 "set" — objects which come in pairs (gloves 手套, insole, couplets, etc.) also for spectacles/glasses 眼鏡/眼镜, mahjong 麻將/麻将, Chinese chess 象棋; pack of cards 牌
股gǔ gu2gu2 flows (of air 氣/气, smell 香味, influence 潮流, etc.)
嚿𫩥 (nonstandard)
嚿 (official)		 gau6gau6 (Cantonese only) "piece of", "chunk of" — rock, soap, ginger, charcoal, rice, etc.
管guǎn gun2gun2 "tube" — toothpaste and things that comes in tubes
罐guàn gun3gun3 for canned beverages (e.g. soda), milk powder, sardine, etc.; also for air tank, nitrogen tank, etc.
行háng hong4hong4 "row" — objects which form lines (words 詞/词, etc.); occupations in a field (idiom, spoken language); 行 could also be pronounced as xíng, see below.
盒hé hap6hap6 objects in a small "box" or case (e.g. mooncakes, tapes)
戶/户户hù wu6wu6 households (户 is common in handwritten Traditional Chinese) — household 人家
壺壶hú wu4wu4 liquids (usually drink) in a "pot" (tea, or sometimes rice wine) or kettle (usually water)
伙huǒ fo2fo2 bands of people such as gangs or hoodlums (when heard it as classifier from news it is mostly derogatory); group of people (non-derogatory in some dialect)
劑剂jì zai1jai1 "dose" (medicine 藥/药)
節节jié zit3jit3 "section" of bamboo 竹子, sugarcane, etc.; branch of tree; a class period at school 課/课; columnar batteries, carriages of train (look like a section of bamboo)
句jù geoi3geui3 "sentences" 句子, quotes 引用, lines 臺詞/台词, etc.
[[口]]kǒu hau2hau2 "mouthful" — amount of food
塊块kuài faai3faai3 "chunk", "lump", "piece" — land 地, stones 石頭/石头, cake 蛋糕 (piece/slice), bread (not slices) 麵包/面包, candy 糖, tofu 豆腐, etc.; yuan (widely used in spoken language)
捆kǔn kwan2kwan2 sets of bundled objects, usually pole-, rope- or stick-like stuffs (e.g. matchsticks 火柴, straw, wire, etc.)
倆俩liǎ loeng5leung5 sometimes used informally instead of 两个 (liǎng ge), to mean "two" (especially two things or people that are close to one another)
摞luò (luǒ) lo3, lo6lo3, lo6 set of objects either be "stacked" (a stack of, e.g. books 書/书) or be piled (a pile of, e.g. bricks 磚/砖)
縷缕lǚ leoi5leui5 "strand" — hair, smoke 煙/烟, wind 風/风
排pái paai4paai4 "row" — seats 座位, lanterns 燈籠/灯笼, aspen, etc.
批pī pai1pai1 "shipment" — used when a large number of people (e.g. pupils) coming (e.g. entrance) or leaving (e.g. graduate) during the same period; also used for large amount of commodity, mass-produced objects (products 產品/产品, laptops, etc.) or supplies.
瓶píng ping4ping4 objects in "bottle", vial, or flask. usually not too large so that people could takes by hands (e.g. lemonade, water, troche, etc.)
期qī kei4kei4 (issues of) periodicals 期刊, magazine 雜誌/杂志
群qún kwan4kwan4 "group" (people, students 學生/学生, etc.), "herd" (e.g. birds 鳥/鸟, horse 馬/马, etc.)
仨sā saam1saam1 sometimes used informally instead of 三个 to mean "three", "three of"
束shù cuk1chuk1 "bundle" of flowers 花; light 光, laser.
雙双shuāng soeng1seung1 "pair" — chopsticks 筷子, shoes 鞋, etc.
套tào tou3tou3 "set" — books 書/书, teaware 茶具, collectibles, clothes 衣裳, etc.
聽(听)听tīng ting1ting1 for canned beverages (e.g. soda, cola)
"tin" ("听" is common and informal in handwriting Traditional Chinese) — A recent loanword that have involved in Mandarin from Cantonese
團团tuán tyun4tyun4 "ball" — (balls of yarn 毛線/毛线, cotton, etc.)
坨tuó to4to4 "lump" — mud 泥, feces 糞便/粪便
碗wǎn wun2wun2 for food in "bowl" (e.g. soup 湯/汤, rice 米飯/米饭, congee 粥, wonton 餛飩/馄饨)
些xiē se1se1 "some" — general massifier. Only used in the form 一些, or without a number (e.g. after demonstratives).
行xíng hang4hang4 groups of people traveling together, such as a trade commission or diplomats and aides visiting a foreign country: "国王一行人离开巴黎后十分兴奋" (having left Paris, the king and entourage were very excited). Note: almost only used in the form 一行人. — 行 is also read háng, see above.
匝zā zaap3jaap3 number of revolutions
扎zhā zaa1ja1 In Cantonese usage, this is used in lieu of shù (束), e.g. a bundle of flowers
"jar", "jug" — beverages such as beer, soda, juice, etc. (A recent loan-word from English, it may be considered informal or slang.)
陣阵zhèn zan6jan6 "gust", "burst" — events with short durations (e.g. lightning storms, gusts of wind 風/风, etc.)
注zhù zyu3jyu3 a "pour" of water, tea (liquid); a "bet" — lottery 彩票
組组zǔ zou2jou2 "set" — general mass-classifier for sets of objects (sets of, e.g. batteries 電池/电池, planets 行星, variables 變量/变量, data 数据/數據, objects 對象/对象, words 詞/词, or any sensible thing you want to name). A set is usually assumed to have two or more objects.
But there are also exceptions: depends on what object the classifier is used for, the quantity of objects in sets may be assumed without context. When assumed, the classifier usually falls back to play a similar role to either 雙/双, 副 or 對/对: for example, when used for certain objects that come in pairs, e.g. 搭檔/搭档, represented as 一組搭檔/一组搭档 (一對搭档/一对搭档 is valid), here the quantity in each set is assumed to be two (i.e. one pair). Note that when used for other naturally paired things, like chopsticks 筷子, represented as *一組筷子/一组筷子; here the quantity of objects is unspecified if no context specific it, as people never use 組/组 for chopsticks as a natural in-pair object classifier (That is, except for certain objects like 搭檔/搭档, the classifier 組/组 won't fallback to 雙/双, 副 et al. when used for objects in pairs.)

Measurement units

Trad. Simp. Mandarin
(Pinyin)		 Cantonese (Jyutping) Cantonese
(Yale)		 Meaning
Time
秒miǎo miu5miu5 "second"
分fēn fan1fan1 "minute"
刻kè hak1 haak1hak1 haak1 "quarter","15 minutes" (mainly in certain dialects, such as Shanghainese, and translations)
天tiān tin1tin1 "day"
日rì jat6yat6 "day"
年nián nin4nin4 "year"
載载zǎi zoi2 zoi3joi2 joi3 "year" (ancient)
歲岁suì seoi3seoi3 "year of age"
Weight/mass
克kè hak1 haak1hak1 haak1 "gram"
兩两liǎng loeng2leung2 50 grams(1/10 jīn), used to be 1/16 jīn
加崙/加侖加仑jiālùn gaa1 leon2gaa1 leun2 gallon
斤jīn gan1gan1 "catty", "pound", 1/2 kilograms
公斤gōngjīn gung1 gan1gung1 gan1 "metric jīn", kilogram
千克qiānkè cin1 hak1/haak1chin1 hak1/haak1 "kilogram"
噸吨dūn deon1deun1 "ton"
Length/distance
公分gōngfēn gung1 fan1gung1 fan1 "metric fēn",centimetre
厘米límǐ lei4 mai5lei4 mai5 "centimetre" (More common in Mainland China and Hong Kong)
寸cùn cyun3chyun3 Chinese "inch" (1⁄3 of a decimetre)
吋cùn cyun3chyun3 British inch
尺chǐ ce2/cek3che2/chek3 Chinese "foot" (1⁄3 of a metre)
呎chǐ cek3chek3 British foot
英尺yīngchǐ jing1 cek3ying1 chek3 British foot
公尺gōngchǐ gung1 cek3gung1 chek3 "metric chǐ", metre
米mǐ mai5mai5 "metre"
里lǐ lei5lei5 "lǐ", (500 metres)
哩lǐ le1/lei5/li1le1/lei5/li1 British mile/Statute mile (5280 British feet)
英里yīnglǐ jing1 lei5ying1 lei5 British mile/Statute mile
海里hǎilǐ hai5 lei5hai5 lei5 "nautical mile" (1852 meters, about 6076 British feet)
公里gōnglǐ gung1 lei5gung1 lei5 "kilometre" (1000 metres)
天文單位天文单位tiānwéndānwèi tin1 man4 daan1 wai2tin1 man4 daan1 wai2 "astronomical unit"
光年guāngnián gwong1 nin4gwong1 nin4 "light year"
秒差距miǎochājù miu5 caa1 geoi6miu5 cha1 geui6 "parsec"
Money
圓/元圆/元yuán jun4yun4 "yuán", "¥" (main unit of currency)
(either form can be used in Traditional Chinese text)
塊块kuài faai3faai3 "block", yuán (a slang term, like "quid" or "buck")
蚊wén man1man1 "dollar", yuán (Cantonese slang)
角jiǎo gok3gok3 "jiǎo", "dime", "tenpence"
毛máo mou4mou4 "máo", "dime", "tenpence" (slang)
毫háo hou4hou4 "dime", "tenpence" (Cantonese slang)
分fēn fan1/fan6fan1/fan6 "fēn", "cent", "penny"

Verbal classifiers

See Chinese classifier → Verbal classifiers.

Trad. Simp. Mandarin
(Pinyin)		 Cantonese (Jyutping) Cantonese
(Yale)		 Meaning and uses
遍biàn bin3 pin3bin3 pin3 the number of times an action has been completed, emphasizing the action's length and effort. e.g. 改了三遍，把课文读一遍
場场chǎng coeng4cheung4 a length of an event taking place within another event. e.g. 哭一场，演一场，（一場戲，一場表演）
次cì ci3chi3 times (unlike 遍, 次 refers to the number of times regardless of whether or not it was completed). e.g. 每次，上一次，下一次，试了五次，（三次机会，第一次用，第两次出国）
頓顿dùn deon6deun6 actions without repetition. e.g. 打一顿，骂一顿，（一顿大，一顿骂）
回huí wui4wui4 occurrences (used colloquially). e.g. 潇洒一回，来一回，走一回（過場）
聲声shēng seng1/sing1seng1/sing1 cries, shouts, etc. e.g. 砰的一声，哗一声，滴滴两声，（一声响，一声呼唤）
趟tàng tong3tong3 trips, visitations, etc. e.g. 走一趟，去一趟，（一趟下来）
下xià haa5/haa6ha5/ha6 brief and often sudden actions (much more common in Cantonese than in northern dialects). e.g. 咔嚓一下，噌的一下，跳兩下，按五下. also used as weakened injunctive mood. e.g. 來一下，幫我一下.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wēi Zhǔbiān (危东亚), ed.; et al. (1995), A Chinese-English Dictionary, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, p. 1144, ISBN 9787560007397 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  2. ↑ John S. Barlow (1995), A Chinese-Russian-English Dictionary, University of Hawaiʻi Press, p. 392, ISBN 0-8248-1729-X
  3. ↑ Wú Jǐngróng (吴景荣), ed.; et al. (2006), New Age Chinese-English Dictionary, The Commercial Press, p. 612, ISBN 9787100043458 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  4. ↑ "MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary". www.mdbg.net. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  5. ↑ Wēi Zhǔbiān (危东亚), ed.; et al. (1995), A Chinese-English Dictionary, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, pp. 775–776, ISBN 9787560007397 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  6. ↑ John S. Barlow (1995), A Chinese-Russian-English Dictionary, University of Hawaiʻi Press, p. 505, ISBN 0-8248-1729-X
  7. ↑ Wú Jǐngróng (吴景荣), ed.; et al. (2006), New Age Chinese-English Dictionary, The Commercial Press, p. 1207, ISBN 9787100043458 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  8. ↑ "MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary". www.mdbg.net. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  9. ↑ John S. Barlow (1995), A Chinese-Russian-English Dictionary, University of Hawaiʻi Press, p. 480, ISBN 0-8248-1729-X
  10. ↑ "MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary". www.mdbg.net. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
  11. ↑ Wēi Zhǔbiān (危东亚), ed.; et al. (1995), A Chinese-English Dictionary, Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, p. 1144, ISBN 9787560007397 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  12. ↑ Wú Jǐngróng (吴景荣), ed.; et al. (2006), New Age Chinese-English Dictionary, The Commercial Press, p. 1744, ISBN 9787100043458 {{citation}}: |author= has generic name (help)
  13. ↑ "MDBG Chinese-English Dictionary". www.mdbg.net. Retrieved 2022-10-08.
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