These are lists of incumbents (individuals holding offices or positions), including heads of states or of subnational entities.

A historical discipline, archontology, focuses on the study of past and current office holders.

Incumbents may also be found in the countries' articles (main article and "Politics of") and the list of national leaders, recent changes in 2020 in politics and government, and past leaders on State leaders by year and Colonial governors by year.

Various articles group lists by title, function or topic: e.g. abdication, assassinated persons, cabinet (government), chancellor, ex-monarchs (20th century), head of government, head of state, lieutenant governor, mayor, military commanders, minister (and ministers by portfolio below), order of precedence, peerage, president, prime minister, Reichstag participants (1792), secretary of state.

Heads of international organizations

Heads of state or government

Africa

Eastern Africa

Horn of Africa

Middle Africa

Northern Africa

Southern Africa

Western Africa

Americas

Caribbean

Central America

North America

South America

Asia

Central Asia

Eastern Asia

Southeastern Asia

South Asia

Western Asia

Europe

Eastern Europe

Northern Europe

Central Europe

Southern Europe

Western Europe

Oceania

Australasia

Melanesia

Micronesia

Polynesia

Religious leaders

Christian

Catholic Church

Anglican Communion

Other denominations

Judaism

Islam

Hinduism

Buddhist

Other lists

Ministers by portfolio

Municipal leaders

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