A replica of Luna 9, the first spacecraft to land on the Moon

The first image taken of the far side of the Moon, returned by Luna 3

As part of human exploration of the Moon, numerous space missions have been undertaken to study Earth's natural satellite. Of the Moon landings, Luna 2 of the Soviet Union was the first spacecraft to reach its surface successfully,^[1] intentionally impacting the Moon on 13 September 1959. In 1966, Luna 9 became the first spacecraft to achieve a controlled soft landing,^[2] while Luna 10 became the first mission to enter orbit, and in 1968 Zond 5 became the first mission to carry lifeforms (tortoises) to close proximity of the Moon.

Between 1968 and 1972, crewed missions to the Moon were conducted by the United States as part of the Apollo program. Apollo 8 was the first crewed mission to enter orbit in December 1968, and it was followed by Apollo 10 in May 1969. Six missions landed humans on the Moon, beginning with Apollo 11 in July 1969, during which Neil Armstrong became the first person to walk on the Moon. Apollo 13 was intended to land; however, it was restricted to a flyby due to a malfunction aboard the spacecraft. All nine crewed missions returned safely to the Earth.

While the United States focused on the crewed Apollo program, the Soviet Union conducted uncrewed missions that deployed rovers and returned samples to the Earth. Three rover missions were launched, of which two were successful, and eleven sample return flights were attempted with three successes.

Missions to the Moon have been conducted by the following nations and organisations (in chronological order): the Soviet Union, the United States, Japan, the European Space Agency, China, India, Luxembourg, Israel, Italy, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates, Russia, and Mexico. The Moon has also been visited by five spacecraft not dedicated to studying it; four spacecraft have flown past it to gain gravity assistance, and a radio telescope, Explorer 49, was placed into selenocentric orbit in order to use the Moon to block interference from terrestrial radio sources.

Statistics

Mission milestone by country

Legend

  Milestone achieved
  Milestone not achieved

Country	Flyby	Orbit	Impact	Lander	Rover	Sample return	Crewed landing
United States
Soviet Union							—
China							—
India						—	—
Japan						—	—
Israel					—	—	—
Russia					—	—	—
ESA				—	—	—	—
Luxembourg		—		—	—	—	—
South Korea			—	—	—	—	—
Italy		—	—	—	—	—	—
UAE	—	—	—	—		—	—
Mexico	—	—	—	—		—	—

Missions by organization/company

Analysis of numbers of lunar missions

Country	Agency or company	Successful	Partial failure	Failure	Operational	Total	Total for country
USSR	Lavochkin	16	2	22	-	40	58
	Energia	2	-	16	-	18
USA	NASA	36	2	14	3	55	57
	USAF	1	-	1	-	2
China	CNSA	7	-	-	5	7	7
Japan	ISAS	2	-	2	-	4	5
	JAXA	1	-	-	-	1
India	ISRO	2	1	-	2	3	3
EU	ESA	1	-	-	-	1	1
Luxembourg	LuxSpace	1	-	-	-	1	1
South Korea	KARI	1	-	-	1	1	1
USA (private company)	Lockheed Martin	1	-	-	-	1	1
USA (private company)	Fluid & Reason	1	-	-	-	1	1
USA (private company)	Astrobotic Technology	-	-	-	1	1	1
Italy	ASI	1	-	-	-	1	1
Israel	SpaceIL	-	-	1	-	1	1
Russia	Roscosmos	-	-	1	-	1	1
UAE	UAESA	-	-	1	-	1	1
Japan (private company)	ispace	-	-	1	-	1	1

Missions by date

Map of all soft landings on the lunar near side

legend

⚀ Cubesat or similar

Mission	Spacecraft	Launch date	Carrier rocket	Operator	Mission type	Outcome
Pioneer 0 (Able I)[3]	Pioneer 0	17 August 1958	Thor DM-18 Able I[3]	USAF	Orbiter	Launch failure
	First attempted launch beyond Earth orbit; failed to orbit due to turbopump gearbox malfunction resulting in first-stage explosion.[3] Reached apogee of 16 kilometres (10 mi).[4]
Luna E-1 No.1	Luna E-1 No.1	23 September 1958	Luna	OKB-1	Impactor	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated due to excessive vibration.[3][5]
Pioneer 1 (Able II)[3]	Pioneer 1	11 October 1958	Thor DM-18 Able I[3]	NASA	Orbiter	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to accelerometer failure. Later known as Pioneer 1.[3] Reached apogee of 113,800 kilometres (70,700 mi).[6]
Luna E-1 No.2	Luna E-1 No.2	11 October 1958	Luna	OKB-1	Impactor	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit; carrier rocket exploded due to excessive vibration.[3][5]
Pioneer 2 (Able III)	Pioneer 2	8 November 1958	Thor DM-18 Able I	NASA	Orbiter	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit; premature second-stage cutoff due to erroneous command by ground controllers; third stage failed to ignite due to broken electrical connection.[3] Reached apogee of 1,550 kilometres (960 mi).[7]
Luna E-1 No.3	Luna E-1 No.3	4 December 1958	Luna	OKB-1	Impactor	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit; seal failure in hydrogen peroxide pump cooling system resulted in core-stage underperformance.[3][5]
Pioneer 3	Pioneer 3	6 December 1958	Juno II	NASA	Flyby	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit; premature first-stage cutoff.[3] Reached apogee of 102,360 kilometres (63,600 mi).[8]
Luna 1 (E-1 No.4)	Luna 1	2 January 1959	Luna	OKB-1	Impactor	Partial failure
	Carrier rocket guidance problem resulted in failure to impact Moon, flew past in a heliocentric orbit.[9] Closest approach 5,995 kilometres (3,725 mi) on 4 January.[10] First spacecraft to fly by the Moon.
Pioneer 4	Pioneer 4	3 March 1959	Juno II	NASA	Flyby	Partial failure
	Second-stage overperformance resulted in flyby at greater altitude than expected, out of instrument range, with 58,983 kilometres (36,650 mi) of distance.[9] Closest approach at 22:25 UTC on 4 March. First U.S. spacecraft to leave Earth orbit.[11]
E-1A No.1	E-1A No.1	18 June 1959	Luna	OKB-1	Impactor	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit; guidance system malfunction.[9]
Luna 2 (E-1A No.2)	Luna 2	12 September 1959	Luna	OKB-1	Impactor	Successful
	Successful impact at 21:02 on 14 September 1959. First spacecraft to reach lunar surface.[12] The impact made the Soviet Union the 1st country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Luna 3 (E-2A No.1)	Luna 3	4 October 1959	Luna	OKB-1	Flyby	Successful
	Returned first images of the far side of the Moon.[13]
Pioneer P-3 Able IVB	Pioneer P-3	26 November 1959	Atlas-D Able	NASA	Orbiter	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit;[14] payload fairing disintegrated due to design fault.[9]
Luna E-3 No.1	Luna E-3 No.1	15 April 1960	Luna	OKB-1	Flyby	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit; premature third-stage cutoff.[15]
Luna E-3 No.2	Luna E-3 No.2	16 April 1960	Luna	OKB-1	Flyby	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit; rocket disintegrated ten seconds after launch.[15]
Pioneer P-30 (Able VA)	Pioneer P-30	25 September 1960	Atlas-D Able	NASA	Orbiter	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit; second-stage oxidizer system malfunction resulting in premature cutoff.[16][15]
Pioneer P-31 (Able VB)	Pioneer P-31	15 December 1960	Atlas-D Able	NASA	Orbiter	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit, exploded 68 seconds after launch, at an altitude of 12.2 kilometres (7.6 mi). Second stage ignited while first stage was still attached and burning.[17][15]
Ranger 3 (P-34)	Ranger 3	26 January 1962	Atlas LV-3 Agena-B	NASA	Impactor	Spacecraft failure
	Ranger 3 lander				Lander	Spacecraft failure
	Partial launch failure due to guidance problem; attempt to correct using spacecraft's engine resulted in it missing the Moon by 36,793 kilometres (22,862 mi).[18][19]
Ranger 4 (P-35)	Ranger 4	23 April 1962	Atlas LV-3 Agena-B	NASA	Impactor	Spacecraft failure
	Ranger 4 lander				Lander	Spacecraft failure
	Failed to deploy solar panels, ran out of power ten hours after launch; incidental impact on the far side of the Moon on 26 April. First spacecraft to impact the far side of the Moon.[18][20] The impact made the United States the 2nd country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Ranger 5 (P-36)	Ranger 5	18 October 1962	Atlas LV-3 Agena-B	NASA	Impactor	Spacecraft failure
	Ranger 5 lander				Lander	Spacecraft failure
	Solar panels erroneously disengaged from power system, failed 8+3⁄4 hours after launch when batteries were depleted.[18] Missed the Moon as course correction was not completed.[21]
Luna E-6 No.2	Luna E-6 No.2	4 January 1963	Molniya-L	OKB-1	Lander	Launch failure
	Failed to depart Low Earth orbit;[22] guidance system power failure prevented upper-stage ignition.[23]
Luna E-6 No.3	Luna E-6 No.3	3 February 1963	Molniya-L	OKB-1	Lander	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit; guidance failure.[23]
Luna 4 (E-6 No.4)	Luna 4	2 April 1963	Molniya-L	OKB-1	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	Failed to perform mid-course correction,[23] remained in high Earth orbit until given escape velocity by orbital perturbation.[24]
Ranger 6 (P-54)	Ranger 6	30 January 1964	Atlas LV-3 Agena-B	NASA	Impactor	Spacecraft failure
	Impacted on 2 February 1964, failed to return images due to power system failure.[25][26]
Luna E-6 No.6	Luna E-6 No.6	21 March 1964	Molniya-M	OKB-1	Lander	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit; third stage underperformed due to oxidiser valve failure.[25]
Luna E-6 No.5	Luna E-6 No.5	20 April 1964	Molniya-M	OKB-1	Lander	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit; power failure caused by broken connection resulted in premature third-stage cutoff.[25]
Ranger 7	Ranger 7	28 July 1964	Atlas LV-3 Agena-B	NASA	Impactor	Successful
	Impacted on 30 July 1964 at 13:25:48 UTC.[27]
Ranger 8	Ranger 8	17 February 1965	Atlas LV-3 Agena-B	NASA	Impactor	Successful
	Impacted on 20 February 1965 at 09:57:37 UTC.[28][29]
Kosmos 60 (E-6 No.9)	Kosmos 60	12 March 1965	Molniya-L	Lavochkin	Lander	Launch failure
	Upper stage failed to restart due to guidance system short circuit,[28] Failed to depart low Earth orbit.[30]
Ranger 9	Ranger 9	21 March 1965	Atlas LV-3 Agena-B	NASA	Impactor	Successful
	Impacted on 24 March 1965 at 14:08:20 UTC.[28][31]
Luna E-6 No.8	Luna E-6 No.8	10 April 1965	Molniya-L	Lavochkin	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	Third stage failed to ignite due to loss of oxidiser pressure, failed to orbit.[28]
Luna 5 (E-6 No.10)	Luna 5	9 May 1965	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	Loss of control after gyroscope malfunction,[28] failed to decelerate for landing and impacted the Moon at 19:10 UTC on 12 May 1965.[32]
Luna 6 (E-6 No.7)	Luna 6	8 June 1965	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	Engine failed to shut down after performing mid-course correction manoeuvre,[28] flew past the Moon in a heliocentric orbit.[33]
Zond 3 (3MV-4 No.3)	Zond 3	18 July 1965	Molniya	Lavochkin	Flyby	Successful
	Flew past the Moon on 20 July 1965 at a distance of 9,200 kilometres (5,700 mi).[34] Conducted technology demonstration for future planetary missions.[28]
Luna 7 (E-6 No.11)	Luna 7	4 October 1965	Molniya	Lavochkin	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	Attitude control failure shortly before landing prevented controlled descent; impacted the lunar surface 22:08:24 UTC on 7 October 1965.[28][35]
Luna 8 (E-6 No.12)	Luna 8	3 December 1965	Molniya	Lavochkin	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	Landing airbag punctured, resulting in loss of attitude control shortly before planned touchdown,[28] impacted Moon on 6 December 1965 at 21:51:30 UTC.[36]
Luna 9 (E-6 No.13)	Luna 9	31 January 1966	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Lander	Successful
	First spacecraft to land successfully on the Moon. Touchdown on 3 February 1966 at 18:45:30 UTC.[37] Returned data until 6 February at 22:55 UTC.[38]
Kosmos 111 (E-6S No.204)	Kosmos 111	1 March 1966	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Launch failure
	Upper stage lost attitude control and failed to ignite;[38] spacecraft never left low Earth orbit.[39]
Luna 10 (E-6S No.206)	Luna 10	31 March 1966	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Successful
	Entered orbit at 18:44 UTC on 3 April 1966, becoming the first spacecraft to orbit the Moon.[40] Continued to return data until 30 May.[38]
Surveyor 1	Surveyor 1	30 May 1966	Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D	NASA	Lander	Successful
	Landed in Oceanus Procellarum on 2 June 1966 at 06:17:36 UTC.[38] Returned data until loss of power on 13 July.[41]
Explorer 33 (AIMP-D)	Explorer 33	1 July 1966	Delta E1	NASA	Orbiter	Launch failure
	Magnetospheric probe; rocket imparted greater velocity than had been planned, leaving spacecraft unable to enter orbit.[38] Repurposed for Earth orbit mission which was completed successfully.[42]
Lunar Orbiter 1	Lunar Orbiter 1	10 August 1966	Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D	NASA	Orbiter	Partial failure
	Orbital insertion at around 15:36 UTC on 14 August. Deorbited early due to lack of fuel and to avoid communications interference with the next mission, impacted the Moon at 13:30 UTC on 29 October 1966.[43]
Luna 11 (E-6LF No.101)	Luna 11	21 August 1966	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Partial failure
	Entered orbit on 28 August 1966. Failed to return images; other instruments operated correctly.[38] Conducted gamma ray and X-ray observations to study the composition of the Moon, investigated the lunar gravitational field, the presence of meteorites in the lunar environment and the radiation environment at the Moon. Ceased operation on 1 October 1966 after power was depleted.[44]
Surveyor 2	Surveyor 2	20 September 1966	Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D	NASA	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	One thruster failed to ignite during mid-course correction manoeuvre, resulting in loss of control.[38] Impacted the Moon at 03:18 UTC on 23 September 1966.[45]
Luna 12 (E-6LF No.102)	Luna 12	22 October 1966	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Successful
	Entered orbit on 25 October 1966 and returned data until 19 January 1967.[46] Completed photography mission intended for Luna 11.[38]
Lunar Orbiter 2	Lunar Orbiter 2	6 November 1966	Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Entered orbit at about 19:51 UTC on 10 November 1966 to begin photographic mapping mission. Impacted on the far side of the lunar surface following deorbit burn on 11 October 1967 at end of mission.[47]
Luna 13 (E-6M No.205)	Luna 13	21 December 1966	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Lander	Successful
	Successfully landed in Oceanus Procellarum at 18:01 UTC on 24 December 1966.[38] Returned images from the surface and studied the lunar soil.[48] Operated until depletion of power at 06:31 UTC on 28 December.[38]
Lunar Orbiter 3	Lunar Orbiter 3	5 February 1967	Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 February 1967. Deorbited at end of mission and impacted the Moon on 9 October 1967.[49]
Surveyor 3	Surveyor 3	17 April 1967	Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D	NASA	Lander	Successful
	Landed at 00:04 UTC on 20 April 1967 and operated until 3 May.[50][51] Visited by Apollo 12 astronauts in 1969, with some parts removed for return to Earth.[52]
Lunar Orbiter 4	Lunar Orbiter 4	4 May 1967	Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Entered orbit at 21:54 UTC on 8 May 1967, operated until 17 July. Decayed from orbit, with lunar impact occurring on 6 October 1967.[50][53]
Surveyor 4	Surveyor 4	14 July 1967	Atlas LV-3C Centaur-D	NASA	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	Contact with spacecraft lost at 02:03 UTC on 17 July, two and a half minutes before scheduled landing.[50] NASA determined that the spacecraft may have exploded, otherwise it impacted the Moon.[54]
Explorer 35 (AIMP-E)	Explorer 35 (AIMP-E)	19 July 1967	Delta E1	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Magnetospheric probe, studying the Moon and interplanetary space. Deactivated on 27 June 1973.[55] Presumed to have impacted the Moon during the 1970s.[56]
Lunar Orbiter 5	Lunar Orbiter 5	1 August 1967	Atlas SLV-3 Agena-D	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Final mission in the Lunar Orbiter series, entered selenocentric orbit on 5 August at 16:48 UTC and conducted a photographic survey until 18 August. Deorbited and impacted the Moon on 31 January 1968.[57]
Surveyor 5	Surveyor 5	8 September 1967	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D	NASA	Lander	Successful
	Landed in Mare Tranquillitatis at 00:46:44 UTC on 11 September. Last signals received at 04:30 UTC on 17 December 1967.[58]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L	Soyuz 7K-L1 No.4L	27 September 1967	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Spacecraft failure
	Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to reach orbit after a blocked propellant line caused one of the first-stage engines to not ignite.[50]
Surveyor 6	Surveyor 6	7 November 1967	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D	NASA	Lander	Successful
	Landed in Sinus Medii at 01:01:04 UTC on 10 November.[50] Made brief flight from lunar surface at 10:32 UTC on 17 November, followed by second landing after travelling 2.4 metres (7 ft 10 in). Last contact at 19:14 UTC on 14 December.[59]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L	Soyuz 7K-L1 No.5L	22 November 1967	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Launch failure
	Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; unable to achieve orbit after second-stage engine failed to ignite.[50]
Surveyor 7	Surveyor 7	7 January 1968	Atlas SLV-3C Centaur-D	NASA	Lander	Successful
	Final Surveyor mission.[60] Landed 29 kilometres (18 mi) from Tycho crater at 01:05:36 UTC on 10 January. Operated until 21 February 1968.[61]
Luna E-6LS No.112	Luna E-6LS No.112	7 February 1968	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit after third stage ran out of fuel.[61]
Luna 14 (E-6LS No.113)	Luna 14	7 April 1968	Molniya-M	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Successful
	Tested communications for proposed crewed missions and studied the mass concentration of the Moon. Entered orbit on 10 April at 19:25 UTC.[62]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L	Soyuz 7K-L1 No.7L	22 April 1968	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Launch failure
	Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after second-stage engine incorrectly commanded to shut down. Spacecraft was recovered using its prototype launch escape system.[61]
Zond 5 (7K-L1 No.9L)	Zond 5	14 September 1968	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Successful
	Two tortoises and other life forms on board a technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Made a closest approach of 1,950 kilometres (1,210 mi) on 18 September, and circled the Moon before returning to Earth. Landed in the Indian Ocean on 21 September at 16:08 UTC, becoming the first Lunar spacecraft to be recovered successfully and carried the first Earth life to travel to and around the Moon.[63]
Zond 6 (7K-L1 No.12L)	Zond 6	10 November 1968	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Spacecraft failure
	Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Carrying turtles, making this the second mission of Earthlings to travel in close proximity of the Moon, the flyby was on 14 November with a closest approach of 2,420 kilometres (1,500 mi).[64] Reentered Earth's atmosphere on 17 November; recovery was unsuccessful after parachutes were prematurely jettisoned.[61]
Apollo 8	Apollo 8	21 December 1968	Saturn V	NASA	Crewed orbiter	Successful
	First crewed mission to the Moon; entered orbit around the Moon with four-minute burn beginning at 09:59:52 UTC on 24 December. Completed ten orbits of the Moon before returning to Earth with an engine burn at 06:10:16 UTC on 25 December. Landed in the Pacific Ocean at 15:51 UTC on 27 December.[65]
Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L	Soyuz 7K-L1 No.13L	20 January 1969	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Launch failure
	Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Failed to orbit after one of the four second-stage engines shut down prematurely. Third-stage engine also shut down prematurely. The spacecraft was recovered using its launch escape system.[66]
Luna E-8 No.201	Luna E-8 No.201	19 February 1969	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Launch failure
	Lunokhod				Rover	Launch failure
	First launch of the Lunokhod rover. Launch vehicle disintegrated 51 seconds after launch and exploded.[67]
Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3	Soyuz 7K-L1S No.3	21 February 1969	N1	OKB-1	Orbiter	Launch failure
	First launch of N1 rocket; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. First stage prematurely shut down 70 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed 50 kilometres (31 mi) from launch site. Spacecraft landed some 35 kilometres (22 mi) from the launch pad after successfully using its launch escape system.[67]
Apollo 10	Apollo 10	18 May 1969	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Apollo 10 Lunar Module				Orbiter	Successful
	Dress rehearsal for Apollo 11. Lunar Module with two astronauts on board descended to a distance of 14.326 kilometres (8.902 mi) above the lunar surface.[68]
Luna E-8-5 No.402	Luna E-8-5 No.402	14 June 1969	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Launch failure
	Luna E-8-5 No.402 Return Craft				Sample Return	Launch failure
	Intended to land on the Moon and return lunar soil sample. Did not reach Earth orbit after fourth stage failed to ignite.[66]
Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5	Soyuz 7K-L1S No.5	3 July 1969	N1	OKB-1	Orbiter	Launch failure
	Intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth. All first-stage engines shut down 10 seconds after launch; launch vehicle crashed and exploded on the launch pad. Spacecraft landed safely 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) from the launch site after using launch escape sequence.[67]
Luna 15 (E-8-5 No.401)	Luna 15	13 July 1969	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	Luna 15 Return Craft				Sample Return	Launch failure
	Reached lunar orbit at 10:00 UTC on 17 July. Descent retro-rocket burn started at 15:47 UTC on 21 July. Contact lost three minutes after de-orbit burn; probably crashed on the Moon.[67]
Apollo 11	Apollo 11	16 July 1969	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Apollo 11 Lunar Module				Lander/Launch Vehicle	Successful
	First crewed landing on the Moon. The Lunar Module Eagle landed at 20:17 UTC on 20 July 1969.
Zond 7 (7K-L1 No.11L)	Zond 7	7 August 1969	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Successful
	Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions. Carried four turtles in a lunar flyby on 10 August, with a closest approach of 1,200 kilometres (750 mi); returned to Earth and landed in Kazakhstan at 18:13 UTC on 14 August.[67]
Kosmos 300 (E-8-5 No.403)	Kosmos 300	23 September 1969	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Launch failure
	Kosmos 300 Return Craft				Sample return	Launch failure
	Third attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to oxidiser leak. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere about 4 days after launch.[67]
Kosmos 305 (E-8-5 No.404)	Kosmos 305	22 October 1969	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Launch failure
	Kosmos 305 Return Craft				Sample Return	Launch failure
	Fourth attempt at lunar sample return. After reaching low Earth orbit, the fourth-stage engine failed to fire for trans-lunar injection due to control system malfunction. Spacecraft re-entered Earth's atmosphere within one orbit after launch.[67]
Apollo 12	Apollo 12	14 November 1969	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Apollo 12 Lunar Module				Lander/Launch Vehicle	Successful
	Second crewed lunar landing.
Luna E-8-5 No.405	Luna E-8-5 No.405	6 February 1970	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Launch failure
	Luna E-8-5 No.405 Return Craft				Sample return	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit
Apollo 13	Apollo 13	11 April 1970	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure
	Apollo 13 Lunar Module				Lander/Launch Vehicle	Successful
	Lunar landing aborted following Service Module oxygen tank explosion en route to the Moon; flew past the Moon (free-return trajectory) and returned the crew safely to Earth.
Luna 16 (E-8-5 No.406)	Luna 16	12 September 1970	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Successful
	Luna 16 Return Craft				Sample return	Successful
	First robotic sampling mission.
Zond 8 (7K-L1 No.14L)	Zond 8	20 October 1970	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Flyby	Successful
	Technology demonstration for planned crewed missions; returned to Earth successfully.
Luna 17 (E-8 No.203)	Luna 17	10 November 1970	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Successful
	Lunokhod 1				Rover	Successful
	Luna 17 deployed Lunokhod 1.
Apollo 14	Apollo 14	31 January 1971	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Apollo 14 Lunar Module				Lander/Launch Vehicle	Successful
	Third crewed lunar landing.
Apollo 15	Apollo 15	26 July 1971	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Apollo 15 Lunar Module				Lander/Launch Vehicle	Successful
	Lunar Roving Vehicle				Rover	Successful
	Fourth crewed lunar landing, and first to use the Lunar Roving Vehicle.
PFS-1	PFS-1	26 July 1971	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	PFS-1 was deployed from Apollo 15.
Luna 18 (E-8-5 No.407)	Luna 18	2 September 1971	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	Luna 18 Return Craft				Sample return	Spacecraft failure
	Failed during descent to lunar surface.
Luna 19 (E-8LS No.202)	Luna 19	28 September 1971	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Successful
	Entered an orbit around the Moon on 2 October 1971 after two midcourse corrections on 29 September and 1 October.
Luna 20 (E-8-5 No.408)	Luna 20	14 February 1972	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Successful
	Luna 20 Return Craft				Sample return	Successful
	Luna 20 soft landed on the Moon in a mountainous area known as the Terra Apollonius (or Apollonius highlands) near Mare Fecunditatis (Sea of Fertility), 120 km from where Luna 16 had landed.
Apollo 16	Apollo 16	16 April 1972	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Apollo 16 Lunar Module				Lander/Launch Vehicle	Successful
	Lunar Roving Vehicle				Rover	Successful
	5th crewed lunar landing.
PFS-2	PFS-2	16 April 1972	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	PFS-2 deployed from Apollo 16.
Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1	Soyuz 7K-LOK No.1	23 November 1972	N1	OKB-1	Orbiter	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit; intended to orbit the Moon and return to Earth.
Apollo 17	Apollo 17	7 December 1972	Saturn V	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Apollo 17 Lunar Module				Lander/Launch Vehicle	Successful
	Lunar Roving Vehicle				Rover	Successful
	Sixth and last crewed lunar landing and last use of the Lunar Roving Vehicle; the orbiting command module included five mice.
Luna 21 (E-8 No.204)	Luna 21	8 January 1973	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Successful
	Lunokhod 2				Rover	Successful
	Deployed Lunokhod 2.
Explorer 49 (RAE-B)	Explorer 49	10 June 1973	Delta 1913	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Radio astronomy spacecraft, operated in selenocentric orbit to avoid interference from terrestrial radio sources.
Mariner 10	Mariner 10	3 November 1973	Atlas SLV-3D Centaur-D1A	NASA	Flyby	Successful
	Interplanetary spacecraft, mapped lunar north pole to test cameras.
Luna 22 (E-8LS No.206)	Luna 22	29 May 1974	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Orbiter	Successful
	Inserted into a circular lunar orbit on 2 June 1974
Luna 23 (E-8-5M No.410)	Luna 23	16 October 1975	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Partial failure
	Luna 23 Return Craft				Sample Return	Precluded
	Tipped over upon landing, precluding any sample return attempt. Functioned for three days on surface.
Luna E-8-5M No.412	Luna E-8-5M No.412	16 October 1975	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Launch failure
	Luna E-8-5M No.412 Return Craft				Sample Return	Launch failure
	Failed to orbit.
Luna 24 (E-8-5M No.413)	Luna 24	9 August 1976	Proton-K/D	Lavochkin	Lander	Successful
	Luna 24 Return Craft				Sample Return	Successful
	Entered orbit on 11 August 1976 and landed in Mare Crisium at 16:36 UTC on 18 August. Sample capsule launched at 05:25 UTC on 19 August and recovered 96+1⁄2 hours later.[69] Returned 170.1 grams (6.00 oz) of lunar regolith.[70] Final mission to the Moon from the Soviet Union.
ISEE-3 (ICE/Explorer 59)	ISEE-3	12 August 1978	Delta 2914	NASA	Flyby	Successful
	Five flybys in 1982 and 1983 en route to comet 21P/Giacobini–Zinner.
Hiten (MUSES-A)	Hiten	24 January 1990	Mu-3S-II	ISAS	Orbiter	Successful
	Hagoromo				Orbiter	Spacecraft failure
	Designed for flyby, placed into selenocentric orbit during extended mission after failure of Hagoromo. Deorbited and impacted in USGS quadrangle LQ27 on 10 April 1993.[71] Hagoromo was deployed from Hiten. The impact made Japan the 3rd country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Geotail	Geotail	24 July 1992	Delta II 6925	ISAS/NASA	Flyby	Successful
	Series of flybys to regulate high Earth orbit.
WIND	WIND	1 November 1994	Delta II 7925-10	NASA	Flyby	Successful
	Made two flybys on 1 December 1994 and 27 December 1994 to reach the Earth–Sun L1 Lagrangian point.
Clementine (DSPSE)	Clementine	25 January 1994	Titan II (23)G Star-37FM	USAF/NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Completed Lunar objectives successfully; failed following departure from selenocentric orbit.
HGS-1	HGS-1	24 December 1997	Proton-K/DM3	Hughes	Flyby	Successful
	Communications satellite; made two flybys in May and June 1998 en route to geosynchronous orbit after delivery into wrong orbit.
Lunar Prospector (Discovery 3)	Lunar Prospector	7 January 1998	Athena II	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	The mission ended on July 31, 1999
Nozomi (PLANET-B)	Nozomi	3 July 1998	M-V	ISAS	Flyby	Successful
	Two flybys en route to Mars.
WMAP	WMAP	30 June 2001	Delta II 7425-10	NASA	Flyby	Successful
	Flyby on 30 July 2001 to reach the Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point.
SMART-1	SMART-1	27 September 2003	Ariane 5G	ESA	Orbiter	Successful
	Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ26 at end of mission on 3 September 2006. The impact made ESA member states the 4th to reach the surface of the Moon.
STEREO	STEREO A	25 October 2006	Delta II 7925-10L	NASA	Flyby	Successful
	STEREO B					Successful
	Both component spacecraft entered heliocentric orbit on 15 December 2006.
ARTEMIS	ARTEMIS P1	17 February 2007	Delta II 7925	NASA	Orbiter	Operational
	ARTEMIS P2				Orbiter	Operational
	Two THEMIS spacecraft moved to selenocentric orbit for extended mission; entered orbit July 2011.
SELENE	Kaguya	14 September 2007	H-IIA 2022	JAXA	Orbiter	Successful
	Okina				Orbiter	Successful
	Ouna				Orbiter	Successful
	Deployed Okina and Ouna satellites. Kaguya and Okina impacted the Moon at end of mission.[72] Ouna completed operations on 29 June 2009[73] but remains in selenocentric orbit.
Chang'e 1	Chang'e 1	24 October 2007	Long March 3A	CNSA	Orbiter	Successful
	Impacted Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ21 on 1 March 2009, at end of mission. The impact made China the 6th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Chandrayaan-1	Chandrayaan-1	22 October 2008	PSLV-XL C11	ISRO	Orbiter	Successful
	Moon Impact Probe				Impactor	Successful
	Succeeded through mission. Orbit lasted 312 days, short of intended 2 years; However mission achieved most of its intended objectives. Terminated in 2009, remains in selenocentric orbit; discovered water ice on the Moon.[74] Moon Impact Probe was deployed from the orbiter. It successfully impacted Moon's Shackleton Crater in the USGS quadrangle LQ30 at 20:31 on 14 November 2008 releasing underground debris that could be analyzed by the orbiter for presence of water/ice. With this mission, India became the first to impact the Lunar south pole and the 5th nation to reach the lunar surface.
Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter	Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter	18 June 2009	Atlas V 401	NASA	Orbiter	Operational
	Entered orbit on June 23, 2009
LCROSS	LCROSS	18 June 2009	Atlas V 401	NASA	Impactor	Successful
	Observed impact of Centaur upper stage that launched it and LRO, then impacted itself. Impacts in USGS quadrangle LQ30.
Chang'e 2	Chang'e 2	1 October 2010	Long March 3C	CNSA	Orbiter	Successful
	Following completion of six month Lunar mission, departed selenocentric orbit for Earth–Sun L2 Lagrangian point;[75] subsequently flew by asteroid 4179 Toutatis.[76]
GRAIL	Ebb (GRAIL-A)	10 September 2011[77][78]	Delta II 7920H	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Flow (GRAIL-B)				Orbiter	Successful
	Impacted the Moon in USGS quadrangle LQ01 on 17 December 2012 at end of mission.[79]
LADEE	LADEE	7 September 2013	Minotaur V	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Mission ended on 18 April 2014, when the spacecraft's controllers intentionally crashed LADEE into the far side of the Moon.
Chang'e 3	Chang'e 3	1 December 2013	Long March 3B	CNSA	Lander	Operational
	Yutu				Rover	Successful
	Entered orbit on 6 December 2013 with landing at 13:12 UTC on 14 December. Yutu rover was deployed from Chang'e 3.
Chang'e 5-T1	Chang'e 5-T1	23 October 2014	Long March 3C	CNSA	Orbiter	Successful
	Chang'e 5-T1 Return Capsule				Orbiter	Successful
	Demonstration of re-entry capsule for Chang'e 5 sample-return mission at lunar return velocity.
Manfred Memorial Moon Mission	Manfred Memorial Moon Mission	23 October 2014	Long March 3C	LuxSpace	Flyby / Impactor (post mission)	Successful
	Attached to third stage of CZ-3C used to launch Chang'e 5-T1. Impacted the Moon on 4 March 2022. The impact made Luxembourg the 8th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
TESS	TESS	18 April 2018	Falcon 9 Full Thrust	NASA	Flyby	Successful
	Flyby on 17 May 2018 to designated high Earth orbit.[80]
Queqiao	Queqiao relay satellite	21 May 2018	Long March 4C	CNSA	Relay Satellite	Operational
	Entered designated Earth–Moon L2 orbit on 14 June in preparation of Chang'e 4 far-side lunar lander in December 2018.
Longjiang	Longjiang-1	21 May 2018	Long March 4C	CNSA	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure
	Longjiang-2				Orbiter	Successful
	Launched on the same rocket as Queqiao. Longjiang-1 never entered Moon orbit,[81] while Longjiang-2 operated in lunar orbit until 31 July 2019, when it impacted the lunar surface.[82]
Chang'e 4	Chang'e 4	7 December 2018	Long March 3B	CNSA	Lander	Operational
	Yutu-2				Rover	Operational
	First spacecraft to soft land on the far side of the Moon (South Pole–Aitken basin). Landed 3 January 2019 and deployed the Yutu-2 rover.[83][84] Cottonseeds sprouted in the lander in a biological experiment, the first plants to sprout on the Moon.[85]
Beresheet	Beresheet	22 February 2019	Falcon 9	SpaceIL	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	First Israeli and first privately funded lunar lander mission. Technology demonstration. Instrumentation included a magnetometer and laser retroreflector.[86][87] Spacecraft crashed into the lunar surface after main engine failure during descent from lunar orbit phase.[88] The impact made Israel the 7th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Chandrayaan-2	Chandrayaan-2 Orbiter	22 July 2019	LVM3	ISRO	Orbiter	Operational
	Vikram				Lander	Spacecraft Failure
	Pragyan				Rover	Precluded
	Entered orbit on 20 August 2019. Lander separated from orbiter but crashed during a landing attempt on 6 September 2019, attributed to a software glitch. Both lander and rover were lost. Orbiter remained operational.[89]
Chang'e 5	Chang'e 5 Orbiter	23 November 2020	Long March 5	CNSA	Orbiter	Operational
	Chang'e 5 Lander				Lander	Successful
	Chang'e 5 Ascender				Launch Vehicle	Successful
	Chang'e 5 Returner				Sample Return	Successful
	First lunar sample return mission from China, which returned 1.731 kg (61.1 oz) of lunar samples on 16 December 2020. The orbiter received a mission extension and is currently in a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) of the Moon.[90]
CAPSTONE	⚀ CAPSTONE	28 June 2022[91]	Electron	NASA	Orbiter	Operational
	Lunar orbiting CubeSat that will test and verify the calculated orbital stability planned for the Gateway space station.
Danuri (Korea Pathfinder Lunar Orbiter)	Danuri	4 August 2022[91]	Falcon 9	KARI	Orbiter[92][93]	Operational
	Lunar Orbiter by the Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI) of South Korea. The orbiter, its science payload and ground control infrastructure are technology demonstrators. The orbiter will also be tasked with surveying lunar resources such as water ice, uranium, helium-3, silicon, and aluminium, and produce a topographic map to help select future lunar landing sites.
Artemis 1	Artemis 1 Orion MPCV CM-002	16 November 2022[94]	SLS Block 1	NASA	Orbiter	Successful
	Uncrewed test of Orion spacecraft in lunar flyby and lunar Distant retrograde orbit.
LunaH-Map	⚀ LunaH-Map	16 November 2022	SLS Block 1	NASA	Orbiter	Partial failure
	It was designed to search for evidence of lunar water ice inside permanently shadowed craters using its neutron detector.
Lunar IceCube	⚀ Lunar IceCube	16 November 2022	SLS Block 1	NASA	Orbiter	Spacecraft failure
	It was intended to use its infrared spectrometer to detect water and organic compounds in the lunar surface and exosphere.
ArgoMoon	⚀ ArgoMoon	16 November 2022	SLS Block 1	ASI	Flybys	Operational
	It is designed to image the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage and will collect telemetry validating the nanotechnology on board the platform in the hostile environment of deep space.
LunIR	⚀ LunIR	16 November 2022	SLS Block 1	Lockheed Martin	Flyby	Successful
	It is to flyby the Moon and collect its surface thermography.
Near-Earth Asteroid Scout	⚀ Near-Earth Asteroid Scout	16 November 2022	SLS Block 1	NASA	Flyby	Spacecraft failure
	It is a solar sail that will flyby a near-Earth asteroid.
EQUULEUS	⚀ EQUULEUS	16 November 2022	SLS Block 1	JAXA	Flybys	Operational
	It will image the Earth's plasmasphere, impact craters on the Moon's far side, and small trajectory maneuvers near the Moon.
OMOTENASHI	⚀ OMOTENASHI	16 November 2022	SLS Block 1	JAXA	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	It was a lunar surface probe attempting to semi-hard land using solid rocket motors. Carrier and solid motor was to impact. Communication failure occurred and the probe missed and flew by the Moon.
BioSentinel	⚀ BioSentinel	16 November 2022	SLS Block 1	NASA	Flyby	Successful
	CubeSat spacecraft on an astrobiology mission that will use budding yeast to detect, measure, and compare the impact of deep space radiation on DNA repair over long time beyond low Earth orbit.
CubeSat for Solar Particles	⚀ CubeSat for Solar Particles	16 November 2022	SLS Block 1	NASA	Flyby	Spacecraft failure
	CubeSat to orbit the Sun to study the dynamic particles and magnetic fields.
Team Miles	⚀ Team Miles	16 November 2022	SLS Block 1	Fluid & Reason	Flyby	Successful
	CubeSat that will demonstrate navigation in deep space using innovative plasma thrusters.
Hakuto-R Mission 1	Hakuto-R	11 December 2022	Falcon 9 Block 5	ispace	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	SORA-Q			Tomy/JAXA/Dodai	Rover	Precluded
	Lunar lander technology demonstration.[95] Contact lost during final stage of landing and deemed a failure. Cause of failure determined to be a software bug associated with the altitude estimation system.[96]
Emirates Lunar Mission	Rashid	11 December 2022	Falcon 9 Block 5	UAESA/MBRSC	Rover	Precluded
	Lunar rover demonstration. Launched aboard ispace's Hakuto-R lander.[97] Lost with Hakuto-R. The impact made the United Arab Emirates the 9th country to reach the surface of the Moon.
Lunar Flashlight	⚀ Lunar Flashlight	11 December 2022	Falcon 9 Block 5	NASA	Flyby	Spacecraft failure
	Initially scheduled to be launched on the Artemis 1 mission, moved to a Falcon 9 Block 5 after not making it for the payload integration deadline. NASA announced later that it would not make its planned orbit or monthly flybys due to thruster issues.[98][99]
Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer	Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer	14 April 2023	Ariane 5 ECA	ESA	Flyby	En route
	Will fly by the Moon in August 2024 en route to Ganymede.
Chandrayaan-3	Chandrayaan-3	14 July 2023	LVM3	ISRO	Orbiter	Successful
	Vikram lander				Lander	Successful
	Pragyan rover				Rover	Successful
	Launched on 14 July 2023, Orbit insertion on 5 August 2023, Lander separated from propulsion module on 17 August 2023, landed on 23 August 2023.18:02 IST, (12:32 UTC) and deployed the Pragyan rover. First spacecraft to soft land near the lunar South Pole. Later during extended operations, the Propulsion Module returned back to Earth's orbit.
Luna 25	Luna 25	10 August 2023	Soyuz-2.1b/Fregat	Roscosmos	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	Launched on 10 August 2023, Orbital insertion on 16 August 2023, failed orbital maneuver on 19 August 2023 set the spacecraft on the crash course with the Moon's surface. Loss of communication was confirmed by Roscosmos on 20 August 2023. The impact made Russia the 10th country to reach lunar surface.
SLIM	SLIM	6 September 2023	H-IIA	JAXA	Lander	In Orbit
	LEV-1				Hopper	In Orbit
	LEV-2 (Sora-Q)			Tomy / JAXA / Doshisha University	Rover	In Orbit
	Launched alongside XRISM as a co-passenger on 7 September 2023. Attempted lunar swing-by, followed by lunar orbital phase on 25 December 2023 concluding with a pin-pointed landing attempt on 24 January 2024. LEV-1 and LEV-2 will be deployed from SLIM shortly before landing.
Peregrine Mission One	Peregrine	8 January 2024	Vulcan Centaur VC2	Astrobotic Technology	Lander	Spacecraft failure
	Colmena × 5			UNAM	Rovers	Precluded
	⚀ Iris			CMU	Rover	Precluded
	Part of CLPS. Peregrine lander's reaction thrusters' leak deemed the spacecraft uncontrollable for soft landing, at its current trajectory it would crash on the Moon.

Future missions

There are several future lunar missions planned or proposed by various nations and organisations.

Funded and are under development

Robotic

Mission	Spacecraft	Launch date	Carrier rocket	Operator	Mission type
IM-1	Nova-C	February 2024[100]	Falcon 9 B5	Intuitive Machines	Lander
	⚀ EagleCam[101]			ERAU	Deployable camera
	First Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[102]
Doge-1	⚀ Doge-1[103]	February 2024[100]	Falcon 9 B5	GEC	Orbiter
	12U CubeSat, the mission is being paid for entirely with the cryptocurrency Dogecoin. First Canadian lunar mission.
Queqiao 2	Queqiao relay satellite 2	March 2024[104][105]	Long March 8	CNSA	Relay Satellite
	Tiandu-1[106]			Deep Space Exploration Laboratory	Orbiter
	Tiandu-2[106]				Orbiter
	Relay satellite to support future missions of the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program targeting south pole region.[107]
Chang'e 6	Chang'e 6 Lander	May 2024[108]	Long March 5	CNSA	Lander
	Chang'e 6 Orbiter				Orbiter
	Chang'e 6 Ascent Vehicle				Ascent Vehicle
	⚀ ICECUBE-Q[109]			SUPARCO	Orbiter
	First sample-return from the South Pole–Aitken basin on the far side of the Moon.[110] ICECUBE-Q will be Pakistan's first lunar mission.
IM-2	Nova-C	Q2 2024[111]	Falcon 9 B5	Intuitive Machines	Lander
	Khon1				Relay Satellite
	µNova				Hopper
	MAPP			Lunar Outpost Nokia	Rover
	AstroAnt[112]			MIT	Rover
	Yaoki[113]			Dymon	Rover
	Second Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[102] MAPP and µNova will test a new Nokia lunar communication system.
SHERPA-ES mission[114]	SHERPA-ES	Q2 2024[111]	Falcon 9 B5	Spaceflight Industries	Gravity Asist
	Lunar Trailblazer			NASA	Orbiter
	Lunar flyby towards geostationary orbit, payload delivery.
Blue Ghost M1	Blue Ghost Lander	Q3 2024[115]	Falcon 9 B5	Firefly Aerospace	Lander
	Lunar lander, carrying NASA-sponsored experiments and commercial payloads to Mare Crisium.[116][117]
Griffin Mission 1[118]	Griffin lander	November 2024	Falcon Heavy	Astrobotic Technology	Lander
	Will host the VIPER Rover.
VIPER[119]	VIPER	November 2024	Falcon Heavy	NASA	Rover
	Will prospect for lunar resources in the south pole region, especially for water ice.
IM-3	Nova-C	2024[120][121]	Falcon 9 B5	Intuitive Machines	Lander
	Khon2				Relay Satellite
	CADRE x3			NASA	Rovers
	Lunar vertex				Rover
	Third Nova-C. Payloads delivery for NASA's CLPS and for private customers.[102] Lunar Vertex mission.
Hakuto-R Mission 2	Hakuto-R	2024[122]	Falcon 9 B5	ispace	Lander
	Ispace rover			Ispace Europe	Rover
	Rover for collecting lunar resources and other commercial payloads.
Starship Demo mission	Starship HLS	2025[123]	Starship	SpaceX	Lander
	Uncrewed demo mission of Starship HLS.
DESTINY+	DESTINY+	2025[124]	Epsilon S	JAXA	Flyby
	Lunar flyby toward asteroid 3200 Phaethon.
PPE and HALO[125]	PPE	NET 2025[123]	Falcon Heavy	NASA Northrop Grumman	Space station assembly
	HALO
	First two modules of Lunar Gateway.
Lunar Polar Exploration Mission	LUPEX lander	2026[126]	H3	ISRO	Lander
	LUPEX rover			JAXA	Rover
	Lander and rover, part of Chandrayaan programme.[127]
Artemis 3 Starship HLS delivery	Starship HLS	2026	Starship	SpaceX	Lander
	Roo-ver[128]			Australian Space Agency	Rover
	Delivery of Starship HLS for Artemis 3 mission.
APEX 1.0	APEX 1.0	2026[129]	TBD	ispace U.S. Draper	Lander
	Lunar lander. ispace Mission 3, and mission CP-12 of the CLPS program.
Blue Ghost M2[130]	Blue Ghost lander	2026	TBD	Firefly Aerospace	Lander
	Elytra orbital vehicle				Orbiter
	Second mission of Firefly Aerospace, part of CLPS, includes 2 stage variant of blue ghost.
Lunar Pathfinder	Lunar Pathfinder	2026	TBD	ESA	Relay Satellite
	Lunar communications satellite to support future lunar missions.
Chang'e 7	Chang'e 7 Orbiter	2026[131]	Long March 5	CNSA	Orbiter
	Chang'e 7 Lander				Lander
	Chang'e 7 Rover				Rover
	Chang'e 7 Hopper				Hopper
	Payloads include an orbiter, south pole lander, rover, and a mini flying probe to look for the presence of water-ice.[131]
Starship cargo mission	Starship HLS	2026	Starship	SpaceX	Lander
	First SpaceX lunar cargo mission, yet to be announced by SpaceX itself.
FLEX[132]	FLEX	2026	Starship	Astrolab	Rover
	Large Lunar rover, can accommodate cargo and 2 astronauts.
Astrobotic mission 3[133]	TBA	2026	Falcon Heavy	Astrobotic	Lander
	⚀ LunaGrid-Lite CubeRover				Rover
	Third lunar mission by Astrobotic, will land at lunar south pole. LunaGrid-Lite mission.
Canadian lunar rover mission	Canadensys Lunar Rover	2026	TBD	Canadensys CSA	Rover
	First Canadian lunar rover. Will fly as part of NASA's Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative.[134]
ZeusX	ZeusX service module	Q4 2027	TBD	Qosmosys	Orbiter
	ZeusX lunar lander				Lander
	LIBER				Rover
	First lunar landing attempt for Singapore, lander can carry up to 800 kg to lunar surface.
Luna 26	Luna 26	2027[135]	Soyuz-2.1b / Fregat	Roscosmos	Orbiter
	Orbiter, part of the Luna-Glob programme.[136]Will scout for Luna 27 landing site.
Luna 27	Luna 27	2028[135]	Angara A5 / Fregat	Roscosmos	Lander
	Lander, part of Luna-Glob programme.
Luna 27 (Backup)	Luna 27	2028	Angara A5 / Fregat	Roscosmos	Lander
	Backup for Luna 27, will launch a few months after Luna 27.
Chang'e 8	Chang'e 8 Orbiter	2028[137]	Long March 5	CNSA	Orbiter
	Chang'e 8 Lander				Lander
	Chang'e 8 Rover				Rover
	Chang'e 8 Robot				Hopper
	South pole lander.[138] Testing technology for using local resources and manufacturing with 3D printing.[139]
SpaceX GLS-1[140]	Dragon XL	2028	Falcon Heavy	SpaceX	Resupply vehicle
	First resupply mission to Lunar Gateway.
Uncrewed Blue Moon Demo mission	Blue Moon HLS	2028	New Glenn	Blue Origin	Lander
	Cislunar Transporter	2028	New Glenn	Lockheed Martin	Transfer vehicle
	Demo mission of Blue Moon lander system in preparation for crewed landing in 2029.
Artemis 4 Starship HLS delivery	Starship HLS	2028	Starship	SpaceX	Lander
	Delivery of Starship HLS for Artemis 4 mission.
Artemis 5 Blue Moon HLS delivery	Blue Moon HLS	2028	New Glenn	Blue Origin	Lander
	Cislunar Transporter	2028	New Glenn	Lockheed Martin	Transfer vehicle
	Delivery of Blue Moon HLS for Artemis 5 mission.
Argonaut M1[141]	Argonaut Lander	2030	Ariane 64	ESA	Lander
	Robotic Lander system. Will act as resupply vehicle for future Moonbase.

Crewed

Agency or company	Name	Spacecraft	Launch date	Launch vehicle	Notes
NASA CSA	Artemis 2	Orion	September 2025[123]	SLS Block 1	Crewed test of the Orion spacecraft on a free-return trajectory around the Moon.
NASA	Artemis 3	Orion, Starship HLS	September 2026[123]	SLS Block 1	Deliver the "first woman and next man" to the Moon.
SpaceX	dearMoon project	Starship	2020s[142]	Starship	Space tourism and art project; free-return trajectory and Earth re-entry of the Starship.
NASA	Artemis 4	Orion, Starship HLS	September 2028[143]	SLS Block 1B	First flight of Block 1B configuration. Deliver I-HAB and conduct second Artemis crewed lunar landing.
NASA	Artemis 5	Orion, Blue Moon HLS	September 2029[144]	SLS Block 1B	Crewed Gateway and Surface expedition. Delivery of ESPRIT and Lunar Terrain Vehicle.
NASA	Artemis 6	Orion, TBD	September 2030[144]	SLS Block 1B	Lunar landing with delivery of Crew and Science Airlock module.
CNSA	Chinese crewed lunar mission 1	Next-gen spacecraft, Crewed lander	2030[145]	Long March 10	Two launches of the LM-10 to put a pair of astronauts on the Moon for a 6-hour stay.[107]

Proposed but full funding still unclear

Robotic

The following robotic space probe missions have been proposed but their full funding is unclear or not yet been requested:

Agency or company	Mission	Name of spacecraft	Proposed launch	Notes
Turkish Space Agency	AYAP-1		2024	Turkey will perform a hard landing on the Moon.
SpaceIL	Beresheet 2[146]	Orbiter	2025	One orbiter, Two landers.
		Lander 1
		Lander 2
Airvantis	Garatéa-L		2025[147]	Proposed lunar CubeSat, Partnership between UKSA and ESA.
OHB IAI	LSAS lander		2025	proposed commercial lander, will rideshare with a Geostationary satellite.
Parsec	Parsec lunar satellites		2025	Parsec lunar communication constellation.[148]
ESA	Lunar Meteoroid Impact Observer		2026	Proposed CubeSat to observe asteroid impacts on Far side of Moon.
Australian Space Agency	Lunar Trailblazer		2026	Under study for possible rover mission
Delft University of Technology	Lunar zebro		2026	Small swarming rover, radiation measurements
CNSA Roscosmos	ILRS 1-5		2026 - 2035	5 crucial missions planned for comprehensive establishment of ILRS to complete the in-orbit and surface facilities
Turkish Space Agency	AYAP-2	Lander	2028	Soft landing mission
		Rover
ISRO	Chandrayaan-4		2028	Proposed Sample-return mission, part of Chandrayaan programme.
Roscosmos	Luna 28		2030[149]	Proposed Sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, may include small rover.
Roscosmos	Luna 29	Luna 29 Lander	2030s[135]	Proposed Sample-return mission, part of Luna-Glob program, Will include Luna-Grunt rover.
		Luna-Grunt rover
KARI	Phase 2 of the Korean lunar exploration program		2030 [150]	Lander and rover
Roscosmos	Zeus		2030	Nuclear Propelled Space Tug, might deliver payloads to the moon
NASA	BOLAS		TBD	2 tethered CubeSats on a very low lunar orbit.[151]
Magellan Aerospace	Autonomous Impactor for Lunar Exploration		TBD	Impactor for LEAP
NASA	Lunar Crater Radio Telescope		TBD	Radio telescope made by 4 rovers
LiftPort Group	Lunar space elevator		TBD	Creating a reusable, replaceable and expandable Lunar elevator to open up the resources present on the Moon
ESC Aerospace	LVICE²		TBD	Measuring the concentration of micrometeorites[152]

Unrealized concepts

See also

• List of lunar probes
• List of artificial objects on the Moon
• List of extraterrestrial orbiters
• List of missions to Mars
• List of missions to Venus
• Timeline of Solar System exploration
• List of rovers on extraterrestrial bodies

References

External links

• Interactive map of many of the successful Moon landings to date