Maximilian Schell
Schell in 1970
Born(1930-12-08)8 December 1930
Vienna, Austria
Died1 February 2014(2014-02-01) (aged 83)
Innsbruck, Austria
Citizenship
  • Austria
  • Switzerland
Occupations
  • Actor
  • screenwriter
  • director
  • producer
  • production manager
Years active1955–2014
Spouses
​
​
(m. 1985; div. 2005)​
    ​
    (m. 2013)​
    Children1
    RelativesMaria Schell (sister)

    Maximilian Schell (8 December 1930 – 1 February 2014) was an Austrian-born Swiss[1] actor, who also wrote, directed and produced some of his own films. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor for the 1961 American film Judgment at Nuremberg, his second acting role in Hollywood. Born in Austria, his parents were involved in the arts and he grew up surrounded by performance and literature. While he was still a child, his family fled to Switzerland in 1938 when Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany, and they settled in Zurich. After World War II ended, Schell took up acting and directing full-time. He appeared in numerous German films, often anti-war, before moving to Hollywood.

    Fluent in both English and German, Schell earned top billing in a number of Nazi-era themed films. Two earned him Oscar nominations: The Man in the Glass Booth (1975), for a character with two identities, and Julia (1977), portraying a member of a group resisting Nazism.

    His range of portrayals included personalities as diverse as Venezuelan leader Simón Bolívar, Russian emperor Peter the Great, and physicist Albert Einstein. For his role as Vladimir Lenin in the television film Stalin (1992) he won the Golden Globe Award. Schell also performed in a number of stage plays, including a celebrated performance as Prince Hamlet.[2]

    Schell was an accomplished pianist and conductor, performing with Claudio Abbado and Leonard Bernstein, and with orchestras in Berlin and Vienna. His elder sister was the internationally noted actress Maria Schell; he produced the documentary tribute My Sister Maria in 2002.

    Early life

    Schell was born in Vienna, Austria, the son of Margarethe (née Noe von Nordberg), an actress who ran an acting school, and Hermann Ferdinand Schell, a Swiss poet, novelist, playwright and pharmacy owner.[3][4] His parents were Roman Catholic.[4]

    Schell's father was never enthusiastic about young Maximilian becoming an actor like his mother, feeling that it could not lead to "real happiness". However, Schell was surrounded by acting in his early youth:

    I grew up in a theatre atmosphere and took it for granted. I remember the theatre, as a child, the way most people remember their mother's cooking. Acting was all around me, and so was poetry. I made my debut in the theatre at the age of three, in Vienna . . .[4]

    The Schell family fled from Vienna in 1938 to get "away from Hitler" after the Anschluss, when Austria was annexed by Nazi Germany. They resettled in Zurich, Switzerland.[5]

    In Zurich, Schell "grew up reading the classics", and when he was ten, wrote his first play.[4] Schell recalls that as a child, growing up surrounded by the theatre, he took acting for granted and did not want to become an actor at first: "What I wanted was to become a painter, a musician, or a playwright," like his father.[4]

    Schell later attended the University of Zurich for a year, where he also played soccer and was on the rowing team, along with writing for newspapers as a part-time journalist for income. Following the end of World War II, he moved to Germany where he enrolled in the University of Munich and studied philosophy and art history. During breaks, he would sometimes return home to Zurich or stay at his family's farm in the country so he could write in seclusion:

    My father and my uncle hunt deer there, but I do not like to hunt. I like to walk through the forest by myself. In 1948 and 1949, when I wrote part of my first novel, which I have never shown to anyone, I isolated myself in one of the hunting cabins for three months, without a telephone, without electricity, with heat only from a large open fireplace.[4]

    Schell then returned to Zurich, where he served in the Swiss Army for a year, after which he attended the sixth form of University College School, London, for one year before re-entering the University of Zurich for another year, and later, the University of Basel for six months. During that period, he acted professionally in small parts, in both classical and modern plays, and decided that he would from then on devote his life to acting rather than pursue academic studies:

    I then decided, either you are a scientist or an artist. . . . To me it is much more important . . . to admire and feel and be stimulated and inspired. . . Art comes out of chaos, not out of a mechanical analyzing. So as soon as I made up my mind, there was no sense any more in continuing to study and in getting a degree. It is like an award; it does not mean anything in itself. . . . A university degree is just a title. I don't think an artist should have a title. It was time for me to concentrate on acting.[4]

    Schell began acting at the Basel Theatre.[6]

    His elder sister Maria Schell was also an actor, as were their siblings, Carl (1927–2019)[7] and Immaculata "Immy" Schell (1935–1992).

    Career

    Schell's film debut was in the German anti-war film Kinder, Mütter und ein General (Children, Mothers, and a General, 1955). It was the story of five mothers who confronted a German general at the front line, after learning that their sons, some as young as 15, had been "slated to be cannon fodder on behalf of the Third Reich." The film co-starred Klaus Kinski as an officer, with Schell playing the part of an officer-deserter.[8] The story, which according to one critic, "depicts the insanity of continuing to fight a war that is lost," would become a "trademark" for many of Schell's future roles: "Schell's sensitivity in his portrayal of a young deserter disillusioned with fighting became a trademark of his acting."[9]

    Schell subsequently acted in seven more films made in Europe before going to the U.S.[10] Among those was The Plot to Assassinate Hitler (also 1955). Later in the same year he had a supporting role in Jackboot Mutiny, in which he plays "a sensitive philosopher", who uses ethics to privately debate the arguments for assassinating Hitler.[9]

    In 1958 Schell was invited to the United States to act in the Broadway play, "Interlock" by Ira Levin, in which Schell played the role of an aspiring concert pianist.[11] He made his Hollywood debut in the World War II film, The Young Lions (1958), as the commanding German officer in another anti-war story, with Marlon Brando and Montgomery Clift. German film historian Robert C. Reimer writes that the film, directed by Edward Dmytryk, again drew on Schell's German characterisation to "portray young officers disillusioned with a war that no longer made sense."[9]

    In 1960, Schell returned to Germany and played the title role in William Shakespeare's Hamlet for German TV, a role that he would play on two more occasions in live theatre productions during his career. Along with Laurence Olivier, Schell is considered "one of the greatest Hamlets ever," according to one writer.[2] Schell recalled that when he played Hamlet for the first time, "it was like falling in love with a woman. ... not until I acted the part of Hamlet did I have a moment when I knew I was in love with acting."[4] Schell's performance of Hamlet was featured as one of the last episodes of the American comedy series Mystery Science Theater 3000 in 1999.

    Judgment at Nuremberg (1961)

    In Judgment at Nuremberg (1961)

    In 1959, Schell acted in the role of a defence attorney on a live TV production, Judgment at Nuremberg, a fictionalized re-creation of the Nuremberg War Trials, in an edition of Playhouse 90. His performance in the TV drama was considered so good that he and Werner Klemperer were among the only members of the original cast selected to play the same parts in the 1961 film version. He won the Academy Award for Best Actor, which was the first win for a German-speaking actor since World War II.[12]

    After winning the New York Film Critics award for his role, Schell recalled the pride he felt upon receiving a letter from his older sister Maria Schell, who was already an award-winning actress:

    I received the most wonderful letter from Maria. She wrote, 'Now, when you have my letter in your hand, a beautiful day is coming for you. I will be with you, proud, because I knew such recognition would come one day, leading to something even greater and better. . . . not only because you are close to me but because I count you among the truly great actors, and it is wonderful that besides that you are my brother.' Maria and I are very close.[4]

    According to Reimer, Schell gave a "bravura performance," where he tried to defend his clients, Nazi judges, "by arguing that all Germans share a collective guilt" for what happened.[9] Biographer James Curtis notes that Schell prepared for his part in the movie by "reading the entire forty-volume record of the Nuremberg trials."[13] Author Barry Monush describes the impact of Schell's acting:

    Again, on the big screen, he was nothing short of electrifying as the counselor whose determination to place the blame for the Holocaust on anyone else but his clients, and brings morality into question.[10][14]

    Producer-director Stanley Kramer assembled a star-studded ensemble cast which included Spencer Tracy and Burt Lancaster.[15] They "worked for nominal wages out of a desire to see the film made and for the opportunity to appear in it," notes film historian George McManus.[16] Actor William Shatner remembers that, prior to the actual filming, "we understood the importance of the film we were making."[17] It was nominated for eleven Academy Awards, winning two. In 2011, Schell appeared at a 50th anniversary tribute to the film and his Oscar win, held in Los Angeles at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, where he spoke about his career and the film.[18]

    Independent filmmaker

    Beginning in 1968 Schell began writing, producing, directing and acting in a number of his own films: Among those were The Castle (1968), a German film based on the novel by Franz Kafka, about a man trapped in a bureaucratic nightmare. Soon after he made Erste Liebe (First Love) (1970), based on a novel by Ivan Turgenev. The film was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.

    Schell's next film, The Pedestrian (1974), is about a German tycoon "haunted by his Nazi past". In this film, notes one critic, "Schell probes the conscience and guilt in terms of the individual and of society, reaching to the universal heart of responsibility and moral inertia."[19] It was nominated for the Best Foreign Language Film Oscar[20] and was a "great and commercial success in Germany," notes Roger Ebert.[21]

    Schell then produced, directed and acted as a supporting character in End of the Game (1975), a German crime thriller starring Jon Voight and Jacqueline Bisset. A few years later he co-wrote and directed the Austrian film Tales from the Vienna Woods (1979). He had previously (1977) directed a stage production of the original play of that name by Ödön von Horváth at the National Theatre in London.

    World War II themes

    Drawing of Schell after he won an Oscar for Judgment at Nuremberg (1961). Artist: Nicholas Volpe

    During his career, as one of the few German-speaking actors working in English-language films, Schell was top billed in a number of Nazi-era themed films, including Counterpoint (1968), The Odessa File (1974), The Man in the Glass Booth (1975), A Bridge Too Far (1977), Cross of Iron (1977) and Julia (1977). For the latter film, directed by Fred Zinnemann, Schell was again nominated for an Oscar for his supporting role as an anti-Nazi activist.[22]

    In a number of films Schell played the role of a Jewish character: as Otto Frank, Anne Frank's father, in The Diary of Anne Frank (1980); as the modern Zionist father in The Chosen (1981); in 1996, he played an Auschwitz survivor in Through Roses, a German film, written and directed by Jürgen Flimm;[22] and in Left Luggage (1998) he played the father of a Jewish family.

    In The Man in the Glass Booth (1975), adapted from the stage play by Robert Shaw, Schell played both a Nazi officer and a Jewish Holocaust survivor, in a character with a double identity. Roger Ebert describes the main character, Albert Goldman, as "mad, and immensely complicated, and he is hidden in a maze of identities so thick that no one knows for sure who he really is."[21][23] Schell, who at that period in his career saw himself primarily as a director, felt compelled to accept the part when it was offered to him:

    It's just that once in a long while a role comes along that I simply can't turn down. This was a role like that — how could I say no to it?[21]

    Schell's acting in the film has been compared favorably to his other leading roles, with film historian Annette Insdorf writing, "Maximilian Schell is even more compelling as the quick-tempered, quicksilver Goldman than in his previous Holocaust-related roles, including Judgment at Nuremberg and The Condemned of Altona". She gives a number of examples of Schell's acting intensity, including the courtroom scenes, where Schell's character, after supposedly being exposed as a German officer, "attacks Jewish meekness" in his defense, and "boasts that the Jews were sheep who didn't believe what was happening." The film eventually suggests that Schell's character is in fact a Jew, but one whose sanity has been compromised by "survivor guilt."[24] Schell was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor for his performance.

    Character actor

    Schell in 2006

    To avoid being typecast, Schell also played more diverse characters in numerous films throughout his career: he played a museum treasure thief in Topkapi (1964); the eponymous Venezuelan revolutionary in Simón Bolívar (1969); a 19th-century ship captain in Krakatoa, East of Java (1969); a Captain Nemo-esque scientist/starship commander in the science fiction film, The Black Hole (1979); the Russian emperor in the television miniseries, Peter the Great (1986), opposite Laurence Olivier, Vanessa Redgrave and Trevor Howard, which won an Emmy Award; a comedy role with Marlon Brando in The Freshman (1990); Reese Witherspoon's surrogate grandfather in A Far Off Place; a treacherous Cardinal in John Carpenter's Vampires (1998); as Frederick the Great in a TV film, Young Catherine (1991); as Vladimir Lenin in the TV series, Stalin (1992), for which he won the Golden Globe Award;[25] a Russian KGB colonel in Candles in the Dark (1993); the Pharaoh in Abraham (1994); and Tea Leoni's father in the science fiction thriller, Deep Impact (1998).

    From the 1990s until late in his career, Schell appeared in many German-language made-for-TV films, such as the 2003 film Alles Glück dieser Erde (All the Luck in the World) opposite Uschi Glas and in the television miniseries Die Rückkehr des Tanzlehrers (2004), which was based on Henning Mankell's novel The Return of the Dancing Master. In 2006 he appeared in the stage play of Arthur Miller's Resurrection Blues, directed by Robert Altman, which played in London at the Old Vic.[26] In 2007, he played the role of Albert Einstein on the German television series Giganten (Giants), which enacted the lives of people important in German history.[9][27]

    With his sister, actress Maria Schell, in 1959

    Documentaries

    Schell also served as a writer, producer and director for a variety of films, including the documentary film Marlene (1984), with the participation of Marlene Dietrich. It was nominated for an Oscar, received the New York Film Critics Award and the German Film Award. Originally, Dietrich, then 83 years of age, had agreed to allow Schell to interview and film her in the privacy of her apartment. However, after he began filming, she changed her mind and refused to allow any actual video footage of her be shown. During a videotaped interview, Schell described the difficulties he had while making the film.[28]

    Schell creatively showed only silhouettes of her along with old film clips during their interview soundtrack.[9] According to one review, "the true originality of the movie is the way it pursues the clash of temperament between interviewer and star. . . . he draws her out, taunting her into a fascinating display of egotism, lying and contentiousness."[29][30]

    Schell produced My Sister Maria in 2002, an intimate documentary about his sister, the noted actress Maria Schell.[31] In the film, he chronicles her life, career and eventual diminished capacity due to illness. The film, made three years before her death, shows her mental and physical frailty, leading to her withdrawing from the world.[9] In 2002, upon the completion of the film, they both received Bambi Awards, and were honored for their lifetime achievements and in recognition of the film.[2]

    Personal life

    Leonard Bernstein and Schell during a TV series in 1983

    During the 1960s Schell had a three-year-long affair with Soraya Esfandiary-Bakhtiary, former second wife of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the final Shah of Iran. He also was rumored to have been engaged to the first African-American Supermodel Donyale Luna in the mid 1960s. In 1971 he had an affair with Neile Adams, according to her.[32] In 1985, he met the Russian actress Natalya Andrejchenko, whom he married in June 1985; their daughter Nastassja was born in 1989.[33] After 2002, separated from his wife (whom he divorced in 2005), Schell had a relationship with the Austrian art historian Elisabeth Michitsch. In 2008 he became romantically involved with German opera singer Iva Mihanovic, who was 48 years his junior. They eventually married on 20 August 2013.

    Schell was a semi-professional pianist for much of his life. He had a piano when he lived in Munich and said that he would play for hours at a time for his own pleasure and to help him relax: "I find I need to rest. An actor must have pauses in between work, to renew himself, to read, to walk, to chop wood."[4]

    Conductor Leonard Bernstein claimed that Schell was a "remarkably good pianist." In 1982 on a program filmed for the U.S. television network PBS, Schell read from Beethoven's letters to the audience before Bernstein conducted the Vienna Philharmonic playing Beethoven symphonies.

    In 1983, he and Bernstein co-hosted an 11-part TV series, Bernstein/Beethoven, featuring nine live symphonies, along with discussions between Bernstein and Schell about Beethoven's works.[34]

    On other occasions, Schell worked with Italian conductor Claudio Abbado and the Berlin Philharmonic, which included a performance in Chicago of Igor Stravinsky's Oedipus Rex and another in Jerusalem of Arnold Schoenberg's A Survivor from Warsaw.[5] Schell also produced and directed a number of live operas, including Richard Wagner's Lohengrin for the Los Angeles Opera. He worked on the film project Beethoven's Fidelio, with Plácido Domingo and Kent Nagano.[2]

    Schell was a guest professor at the University of Southern California and was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from Spertus Institute for Jewish Learning and Leadership in Chicago.[2]

    Sexual abuse allegations

    In 2023, his niece Marie Theres Relin (daughter of Maria Schell), wrote in a book that she was abused and lost her virginity to an "uncle" in 1980, when she was 14. She later confirmed to the media that the uncle was Maximilian Schell.[35] Shortly thereafter, Schell's daughter Nastassja said to the media that she had known about this, and that she herself had also been sexually abused by her father as a child.[36][37]

    Death

    Schell died at the age of 83 on 1 February 2014, in Innsbruck, Austria, after a "sudden and serious illness".[38] The German television news service Tagesschau reported that he had been receiving treatment for pneumonia.[39] His funeral was attended by Waltraud Haas, Christian Wolff, Karl Spiehs, Lawrence David Foldes, Elisabeth Endriss and Peter Kaiser. His grave is in Preitenegg/Carinthia (Austria) where the family home was located and where he and his sister lived the rest of their lives.

    Filmography

    Title Year Role Notes
    Kinder, Mütter und ein General 1955 Deserteur
    The Plot to Assassinate Hitler 1955 Member of the Kreisau Circle
    Ripening Youth 1955 Jürgen Sengebusch
    The Girl from Flanders 1956 Alexander Haller
    The Marriage of Doctor Danwitz 1956 Dr. Oswald Hauser
    A Heart Returns Home 1956 Wolfgang Thomas
    The Last Ones Shall Be First 1957 Lorenz Darrandt
    The Young Lions 1958 Captain Hardenberg
    Ein wunderbarer Sommer 1958 Josef Ospel
    Hamlet 1961 Hamlet Television film. Used in an episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000
    Judgment at Nuremberg 1961 Hans Rolfe Academy Award for Best Actor
    Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama
    New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor
    Nominated – BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role
    Nominated – Laurel Award for Top Male Dramatic Performance
    Five Finger Exercise 1962 Walter
    The Condemned of Altona 1962 Franz von Gerlach
    The Reluctant Saint 1962 Giuseppe
    Topkapi 1964 Walter Harper
    Return from the Ashes 1965 Stanislaus Pilgrin
    The Doctor and the Devil 1965
    The Deadly Affair 1967 Dieter Frey
    The Desperate Ones 1967 Marek
    Counterpoint 1968 General Schiller
    The Castle 1968 'K.'
    Heidi 1968 Richard Sessemann Television film
    Krakatoa, East of Java 1968 Captain Hanson
    Simón Bolívar 1969 Simón Bolívar
    Erste Liebe 1970 Father San Sebastián International Film Festival Silver Seashell
    Nominated – Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film[40]
    Paulina 1880 1972 Michele Cantarini
    Pope Joan 1972 Adrian
    The Pedestrian 1973 Andreas Giese Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film
    Nominated – Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film
    The Odessa File 1974 Eduard Roschmann
    The Rehearsal 1974
    The Man in the Glass Booth 1975 Arthur Goldman Nominated – Academy Award for Best Actor
    Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama
    Der Richter und sein Henker 1975 Robert Schmied on Audiotape Voice, Uncredited role
    San Sebastián International Film Festival Silver Seashell
    The Day That Shook the World 1975 Djuro Sarac
    St. Ives 1976 Dr. John Constable
    Cross of Iron 1977 Hauptmann von Stransky
    A Bridge Too Far 1977 SS-Obergruppenführer and General of the Waffen-SS Wilhelm Bittrich
    Julia 1977 Johann New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor
    Nominated – Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor
    Nominated – Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor
    Nominated – National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actor
    Players 1979 Marco
    Geschichten aus dem Wienerwald 1979 Theatre Visitor Uncredited
    Avalanche Express 1979 Col. Nikolai Bunin
    Together? 1979 Giovanni
    The Black Hole 1979 Dr. Hans Reinhardt
    The Diary of Anne Frank 1980 Otto Frank Television film
    Arch of Triumph 1980
    The Chosen 1981 Professor David Malter
    The Phantom of the Opera 1983 Sándor Korvin/The Phantom of the Opera Television film
    Les Îles 1983 Fabrice
    Man Under Suspicion 1984 Lawyer Landau
    The Assisi Underground 1985 Col. Müller Television film 175 minutes
    Peter the Great 1986 Peter the Great TV miniseries
    Laughter in the Dark 1986
    An American Place 1988 Alfred Steiglitz
    The Rose Garden 1989 Aaron
    The Freshman 1990 Larry London
    Young Catherine 1991 Frederick the Great
    Labyrinth 1991
    Miss Rose White 1992 Mordecai Weiss Television film
    Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie
    Stalin 1992 Vladimir Lenin Television film
    CableACE Award for Supporting Actor in a Movie or Miniseries
    Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Series, Miniseries or Television Film
    Nominated – Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie
    A Far Off Place 1993 Colonel Mopani Theron
    Justice 1993 Isaak Kohler
    Candles in the Dark 1993 Colonel Arkush Television film
    Also director
    Abraham 1994 Pharaoh Television film
    Little Odessa 1994 Arkady Shapira
    The Thorn Birds: The Missing Years 1996 Cardinal Vittorio TV miniseries
    The Vampyre Wars 1996 Rodan
    Through Roses 1997 Carl Stern
    Telling Lies in America 1997 Dr. Istvan Jonas
    The Eighteenth Angel 1998 Father Simeon
    Left Luggage 1998 Mr. Silberschmidt
    Vampires 1998 Cardinal Alba
    Deep Impact 1998 Jason Lerner
    Joan of Arc 1999 Brother Jean le Maistre TV miniseries
    On the Wings of Love 1999 Hochberg
    I Love You, Baby 2000 Walter Ekland
    Fisimatenten 2001 Poser
    Festival in Cannes 2001 Viktor Kovner
    Coast to Coast 2003 Casimir Television film
    Der Fürst und das Mädchen 2003–2007 Fürst Friedrich von Thorwald TV series
    Die Rückkehr des Tanzlehrers 2004 Fernando Hereira Television film
    Die Liebe eines Priesters 2005 Pater Christoph Television film
    The House of Sleeping Beauties 2006 Kogi
    The Shell Seekers 2006 Lawrence Sterne TV miniseries
    Die Rosenkönigin 2007 Karl Friedrich Weidemann Television film
    The Brothers Bloom 2008 Diamond Dog
    Flores negras 2009 Jacob Krinsten
    Les brigands 2015 Mr. Escher (final film role; filmed in 2012)

    Other awards and nominations

    See also

    References

    1. ↑ Johnstone, Iain (1977). The Arnhem Report: The story behind A Bridge Too Far. Allen. ISBN 0352397756. I'm Swiss, but I was born in Austria.
    2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Maximilian Schell: The Actor of the Millenium", Bohème Magazine Online, 2003
    3. ↑ "Maximilian Schell Biography (1930-)". www.filmreference.com.
    4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ross, Lillian and Helen. The Player: A Profile of an Art, Simon & Schuster (1961) pp. 231–239
    5. 1 2 "Artists of Holocaust Symphony: 'The Train' " Archived 10 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine, 22 November 2004
    6. ↑ "Maximillian Schell bio at Yahoo! Movies".
    7. ↑ Schell*, Michèle (7 June 2019). "Der Schweizer Schauspieler Carl Schell ist gestorben" – via NZZ.
    8. ↑ "Kinder, Mutter und Ein General (1955)", New York Times, accessed, 29 September 2013
    9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Reimer, Robert C. and Carol J., The A to Z of German Cinema, Rowman and Littlefield (2008) pp. 258–260
    10. 1 2 Monush, Barry. The Encyclopedia of Hollywood Film Actors, Applause Theatre and Cinema Books (2003) pp. 666–667
    11. ↑ Interlock, Playbill, 6 February 1958
    12. ↑ Maximilian Schell winning Best Actor. Oscars. 11 October 2011 – via YouTube., video clip, 2 minutes
    13. ↑ Curtis, James. Spencer Tracy: A Biography, Random House (2011) p. 783
    14. ↑ Das Urteil von Nürnberg. TARONIPP. 29 August 2010 – via YouTube., video clip, 4 minutes
    15. ↑ Judgment at Nuremberg Official Trailer #1 - Burt Lancaster Movie (1961) HD. Rotten Tomatoes Classic Trailers. 5 October 2012 – via YouTube., videa trailer, 3 minutes
    16. ↑ Mcmanus, George. A Conservative Christian Reviews the Greatest Movies Ever Made, Xulon Press (2003) p. 94
    17. ↑ Shatner, William. Up Till Now: The Autobiography, Macmillan (2008) p. 76
    18. ↑ "OSCAR ALUMNI: Maximilian Schell to Appear at Academy Tribute Tuesday", The Hollywood Reporter, 11 October 2011
    19. ↑ New York Magazine, 22 April 1974 p. 14
    20. ↑ "The 46th Academy Awards (1974) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 3 December 2011.
    21. 1 2 3 Ebert, Roger. "Interview with Maximilian Schell", 17 August 1975
    22. 1 2 Bock, Hans-Michael; Bergfelder, Tim. The Concise Cinegraph: Encyclopedia of German Cinema, Berghahn Books (2009) p. 417
    23. ↑ The Man in the Glass Booth. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 19 October 2022 – via YouTube., video trailer, 2.5 minutes
    24. ↑ Insdorf, Annette. Indelible Shadows: Film and the Holocaust, 3rd ed., Cambridge Univ. Press (2003) p. 171
    25. ↑ Maximilian Schell Wins Best Supporting Actor TV Series - Golden Globes 1993. AwardsShowNetwork. 26 January 2011 – via YouTube., video, 2 minutes
    26. ↑ "Resurrection Blues review".
    27. ↑ Albert Einstein - Giants (1/4). RichardDavidPrecht. 18 December 2009 – via YouTube., 10 min. video clip
    28. ↑ Maximilian Schell on Marlene Dietrich. 9 June 2013. Archived from the original on 27 December 2015 – via YouTube., 6-minute video
    29. ↑ New York Magazine, 1 December 1986 p. 166
    30. ↑ Marlene Documentary by Maximilian Schell. pickypicnic. 27 November 2009 – via YouTube., video clip, 2 minutes
    31. ↑ Meine Schwester Maria (Trailer) [My Sister Maria] (with english subtitles) (in German). dani77744. 29 May 2012 – via YouTube., video, 1 minute
    32. ↑ Malone, Aubrey (2015). Hollywood's Second Sex. McFarland. ISBN 9780786479788.
    33. ↑ "Maximilian Schell obituary". the Guardian. 2 February 2014.
    34. ↑ Leonard Bernstein Discussing Beethoven's 6th and 7th Symphony. Derek Stoughton. 14 January 2011 – via YouTube., video clip, 9 minutes
    35. ↑ "Nichte wirft Maximilian Schell vor, sie mit 14 sexuell missbraucht zu haben" (Niece accuses Maximilian Schell of sexually abusing her when she was 14), Spiegel, 2023
    36. ↑ "Neue Missbrauchsvorwürfe gegen Maximilian Schell" (New abuse accusations against Maximilian Schell), Süddeutsche Zeitung, 09/30/2023
    37. ↑ "Auch Tochter wirft Maximilian Schell sexuellen Missbrauch vor" (Daughter also accuses Maximilian Schell of sexual abuse, Der Standard, 09/30/2023
    38. ↑ "Oscar-Winning Actor Maximilian Schell Dies at 83". Associated Press in the New York Times. 1 February 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2014. Schell's agent, Patricia Baumbauer, said Saturday he died overnight at a hospital in Innsbruck following a "sudden and serious illness," the Austria Press Agency reported.
    39. ↑ Maximillian Schell is Dead at Tagesschau (German language). Retrieved 1 February 2014
    40. ↑ "The 43rd Academy Awards (1971) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
    41. ↑ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (PDF) (in German). p. 1495. Retrieved 17 January 2013.
    42. ↑ ""Honorary members of the Bernhard Wicki Memorial Fund"". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2013.
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