Kahurangi National Park
View towards Mt Patriarch, Wangapeka Track
Interactive map of Kahurangi National Park
Nearest townTākaka
Coordinates41°15′S 172°7′E / 41.250°S 172.117°E / -41.250; 172.117
Area4,529 km2 (1,749 sq mi)
Established1996
Governing bodyDepartment of Conservation

Kahurangi National Park in the northwest of the South Island of New Zealand is the second largest of the thirteen national parks of New Zealand. It was gazetted in 1996 and covers 4,529 square kilometres (1,749 sq mi), ranging from the Buller River near Murchison in the south, to the base of Farewell Spit in Golden Bay in the north. The park has no single dominant landform, but includes an unusually wide variety of landscapes, including mountain ranges, rivers, gorges, raised peneplains and karst features such as caves and arches. Many of the landforms within the park are considered to be nationally or internationally significant.

The park includes the Heaphy Track, a popular tramping and mountain biking track that is classified as one of New Zealand's Great Walks. Another multi-day tramping track in the park is the Wangapeka Track. In addition to tramping, rafting and caving are popular activities.

The park is managed by the Department of Conservation. Much of what was the North-west Nelson Forest Park formed the basis of the new park. Kahurangi Point, regarded as the boundary between the West Coast and Tasman Regions, is located in the park, as is Mount Owen.

History

Use by Māori

There is archaeological evidence that Māori used the Kahurangi coastline as a national trade route from around 1380 CE.  Excavation of a settlement near estuary of the Heaphy River revealed flakes of pounamu from the Arahura region, and obsidian that had been sourced from Mayor Island / Tūhua in the Bay of Plenty.[1]

Early Pākehā history

Early Europeans to visit the area were sealers. The seal colonies along the Kahurangi coast were almost exterminated within two decades. The establishment of the New Zealand Company’s settlement at Nelson in 1841 led to exploitation of timber, flax and coal resources in the region.[1]

The special character of flora and fauna in the region was recognised prior to 1920. One particular example is the Gouland Downs, an area with unusual geology and vegetation, situated at around 600m elevation to the west of Mt Perry.[2] The Gouland Downs was one of eleven sanctuaries designated by the Department of Internal Affairs in the year ending 31 March 1916.[3] In 1918, the Department of Lands and Survey reported that 16,000 acres (6,500 ha) of Crown land, including the Gouland Downs, had been reserved under the Scenery Preservation Act 1903. The protected area was reported to be rare and valuable, and included the habitat of kākāpō, kiwi, weka, and other native birds.[4]

In 1970, approximately 360,000 ha (890,000 acres) of land were gazetted as the North West Nelson Forest Park as part of the amalgamation of eight forest parks in the region, under the management of the New Zealand Forest Service. At the time, many of the tracks in the park were overgrown. The Forest Service started on a programme of work to promote recreation in the park, including cutting new tracks and building huts.[5][6]

Park establishment

An environmental lobby group, the Maruia Society, advocated for the establishment of a new national park in the area from the 1980s. In 1987, the management of the North West Nelson Forest Park was transferred to the newly formed Department of Conservation.[7] The following year, an area of 86,946 ha (214,850 acres) within the Forest Park was designated as the Tasman Wilderness Area under the National Parks Act 1980 section 14, as an important step towards the formation of a new national park.[1][8][9]

Although the area does not have the iconic geographic features of previously established New Zealand national parks, at the time of its creation there was increasing interest in protecting biodiversity and geodiversity.[10] Creation of a new national park was recommended by the Conservation Authority in 1993, but the Kahurangi National Park was not established until 1996. The new park was based largely on the area that had previously been the North West Nelson Forest Park, along with the Tasman Wilderness Area.[6] At the time of approval, the new national park was the 13th national park to be established in New Zealand, and protected 452,000 ha (1,120,000 acres) of land. In his announcement about the establishment of the park, the Minister of Conservation, Denis Marshall said: "It consists of extensive areas of native forest and limestone and marble landscape which has international significance".[11]

For the opening, a ministerial party led by the prime minister, Jim Bolger, Denis Marshall, and Nick Smith (MP for the Tasman electorate) was flown by helicopter to Balloon Hut. From there, they walked out via Flora Hut.[12][13]

Addition of Mōkihinui River catchment

The Mōkihinui River is a river on the West Coast about 40 kilometres north of Westport.[14] The river catchment area is a largely unmodified landscape of open tussock, podocarp-beech forests, and the pristine river itself. The area was highly rated for its biodiversity values, but prior to 2019, it was classified as stewardship land − the lowest level of protection for publicly-owned conservation land.[15][16] In 2007, Meridian Energy had proposed to build the Mokihinui Hydro project on the river. The project was controversial and in May 2012 it was cancelled.[17]

In 2019, 64,400 ha (159,000 acres) of land in the Mōkihinui River catchment, including 15 km (9.3 mi) of river bed, were added to Kahurangi National Park. The addition increased the size of the park by 14%. The area added to the park includes part of the route of the Old Ghost Road, a 85 km (53 mi) mountain biking and hiking trail that follows a historic gold miners' route.[16]

Geography

Kahurangi is New Zealand's second-largest national park, covering over 450,000 hectares. It covers most of the north-west corner of the South Island, and extends from the Buller River near Murchison in the south, to the base of Farewell Spit in Golden Bay in the north.[18]

The park has no single dominant landform, but includes an unusually wide variety of landscapes, including mountain ranges, rivers, gorges, raised peneplains and karst features such as caves and arches. Many of the landforms within the park are considered to be nationally or internationally significant.[19]: 63–64 

Coastline

Dense grove of nīkau palms – Heaphy Track

The western boundary of the park follows the route of the Heaphy Track along the coast from just south of the Kōhaihai River past Scotts Beach and north to the mouth of the Heaphy River. The route of the Heaphy Track then moves inland, but the park boundary carries on along the coastline to just past Kahurangi Point. This northern section of coastline is known for its steep cliffs.[19]: 18 

The boundary of the park extends to mean high water springs, so does not include beaches below the high tide mark. The entire coastline from Kōhaihai to Kahurangi Point is considered nationally significant because it is almost totally unmodified, and includes a narrow strip of highly diverse coastal forest, including nīkau palms.[19]: 24  The nīkau palms are New Zealand's only native species in the palm family, and the section of coastline north of Kōhaihai is one of the easiest places to see large groves.[20] The grove close to the Kohaihai end of the Heaphy Track is claimed to be the largest in the South Island.[21]

Gouland Downs

Forest covered outcrop in Gouland Downs

The Gouland Downs is a tussock-covered basin at around 600 m (2,000 ft) elevation, surrounded by forest. It occupies an area of around 6,500 ha (16,000 acres).[22] The area has unusual flora and fauna and was first declared as a sanctuary in 1915.[23]

This area is a peneplain, a low-relief plain formed from prolonged erosion. Beneath the tussock in the Gouland Downs are sandstone and mudstone sedimentary rocks that were formed in the Lower Palaeozoic era around 400 to 500 million years ago. They are some of the oldest rocks in New Zealand. These rocks were worn down by erosion to form the peneplain around 100 million years ago. They were then submerged beneath a shallow sea, and limestone was deposited on top of the older sedimentary rocks. The land was subsequently uplifted, and erosion removed most of the limestone, leaving isolated outcrops that now appear like tree-covered islands in the tussock landscape. The remaining areas of the Gouland Downs have shallow and infertile soil where the only plants that thrive are tussocks and rushes.[24][25]: 183 

Mount Arthur tablelands

The park hosts a large variety of animals and plants unique to this geographical location, including the Grass Tablelands seen here.

The tablelands to the west of Mount Arthur are a rolling landscape of tussock and karst features at an elevation of around 1,200 m (3,900 ft). The area is surrounded by the peaks of Mount Lodestone (1,462 m), Mount Arthur (1,795 m) and Mount Peel (1,654 m).[26] One of the early European settlers to discover the tablelands was Thomas Salisbury. He wrote to The Colonist in 1863, claiming to have discovered gold in stream beds in the tableland,[27] and this led to a gold rush to the area. His brother John grazed sheep in the area in 1875.[28]

Ōpārara Basin

Moria Gate arch in Ōpārara Basin, Kahurangi National Park
Moria Gate arch in Ōpārara Basin, Kahurangi National Park

The Ōpārara Basin is a basin at around 200 m (660 ft) elevation that is covered in dense forest and drained by the Ōpārara River. It is located 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Karamea. The basin is notable for a network of caves rich in fossils, and its large natural rock arches. Ōpārara Arch is New Zealand’s largest natural arch, at 200 m (660 ft) in length and 37 m (121 ft) in height.[29] The area is considered as one of the most outstanding examples of limestone karst landscapes in New Zealand.[30][31] There are multiple short walks in the area that are popular with visitors.[32]

The Honeycomb Hill Cave area in the basin was discovered in 1976, and in 1982 was given the status of a site of global significance in paleozoology due to discoveries of bones of several species that had become extinct. In 1984, the first systematic discovery campaign led to finds of the bones of fifty birds, most of which were extinct species. In 2008, an area of 38 ha (94 acres) was designated as the Honeycomb Hill Caves Specially Protected Area. Access to this area is restricted and by permit only.[33]

Tasman Wilderness Area

The Tasman Wilderness Area is protected as a wilderness area under the National Parks Act 1980 section 14. The Tasman Wilderness covers 86,946 ha (214,850 acres) within Kahurangi National Park. It is located in the central and western areas of the park, inland of the Ōpārara Basin and to the south of the route of the Heaphy Track. The centre of the wilderness area is Lake Aorere adjacent to Mount Domett (elevation 1,645 m (5,397 ft). The wilderness area includes the catchments of the Roaring Lion, Spey, Burgoo, Beautiful, and Ugly rivers, among others. It takes around a week to traverse the wilderness area in any direction.[1] Tracks, facilities and the use of vehicles are prohibited, in accordance with its status as a wilderness.[19]: 100 

Climate

The weather in Kahurangi National Park is very changeable, especially at high altitudes. After heavy rainfall many rivers and streams become impassable. In winter, heavy snowfalls may occur at higher altitudes. For the Heaphy Track, in January and February, the average daily high temperature is between 21 °C (70 °F) and 23 °C (73 °F) with lows between 10 °C (50 °F) and 11 °C (52 °F). July is the coldest month, with average daily high of 13 °C (55 °F) and lows of 1 °C (34 °F).[34]

The average annual rainfall at Karamea, at the western boundary of the park is around 2,400 mm (94 in) but at sites with western exposure and at higher elevations, the annual rainfall can reach 6,000 mm (240 in).[35] However, on the eastern side of the park, the climate is typically drier. In prevailing westerly conditions, moisture-laden air from the Tasman Sea is forced to rise over the high elevations of the western ranges. As the air rises, it cools and the stored water vapour condenses to form rain. This is known as orographic precipitation. As the airstream continues to the east beyond the mountains, it holds much less moisture, leading to reduced annual rainfall in the east. The effect can be seen in the west to east progression of average annual rainfall in towns to the north of the park boundary, with Collingwood having 3,371 mm (132.7 in), Tākaka having 2,012 mm (79.2 in), and Motueka 1,341 mm (52.8 in).[36]

Ecology

Kahurangi National Park is known for its biodiversity. A metaphor used in describing the park is that it is a "tectonic ark" that separated from Gondwana around 80 million years ago.[37]: 21  There is a particularly high rate of endemism for both flora and fauna, with many notable species that are not found elsewhere. The high level of endemism has arisen as a result of complex biogeographic processes, and indicates that during the Pleistocene ice ages, the area was an important refuge.[19]: 26 

Flora

Dracophyllum in the park

The complex geology and landforms have allowed unique plant communities to develop in localised environments, leading to a high rate of endemism.[37]: 21  The park has exceptional botanical diversity. New Zealand has around 2,400 species of native plants, and over half of these are found in the park, including 67 that are endemic – found nowhere else. The range of species present in the park far exceeds the diversity of native plants in any other New Zealand National Park. Further, Kahurangi National Park has 80 % of all New Zealand's alpine species.[38]: 147 [37]: 19 

Notable plants that are endemic to Kahurangi National Park or the immediately adjacent region include:[37]: 13–14 

Two rare species of Myosotis (Forget-me-not) were identified in 2012 that are only found in Kahurangi National Park. Both are classified as Nationally Critical under the New Zealand Threat Classification system for plants:

Fauna

The fauna of the park includes around 18 endemic birds including species classified as endangered such as the rock wren, kea, blue duck (whio), and species such as the great spotted kiwi and kākā (both classified as vulnerable). Other native birds that can be found in the park include pipit, kererū, the New Zealand falcon, weka, robin, fantail, bellbird, grey warbler, tūī, tomtit, rifleman, fernbird and brown creeper. In addition to the whio, freshwater birds that are found in wetlands and waterways in the park include the Australasian bittern (classified as vulnerable), and the New Zealand scaup.[43][19]: 26  [38]: 147 

The park is also a key habitat for powelliphanta, a group of carnivorous native land snails. Of the 64 known species of powelliphanta, 29 are endemic − found only in Kahurangi National Park.[19]: 27 

New Zealand has only two native land mammals, the short-tailed bat (pekapeka), and long-tailed bat (pekapeka tou-roa). Both of these bat species have been identified in the park, and both bat species are nationally threatened.[19]: 26 

A new species of skink, Oligosoma kahurangi was identified in 2021. It was found in slate scree in montane tussock grassland. It has been classified as Threatened − Nationally Critical.[44]

There is a wide diversity of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates in the park, and many of these are endemic, such as the Mt Arthur giant wētā.[19]: 26 

The extensive areas of karst and multiple cave systems within the park provided habitat for cave dwelling species. One notable example is the Nelson cave spider Spelungula, a monotypic genus of large-clawed spiders that has only been found in caves in the northwestern part of the South Island.[19]: 27 

A new species of flightless cricket was discovered in the park in 2023.[45]

Opacuincola gretathunbergae, a species of freshwater snail that was discovered in the park in 2016 was named after the activist Greta Thunberg.[46][47]

Conservation and human interaction

Management

In addition to ongoing conservation work by the Department of Conservation, there is a community initiative that aims "to implement, in partnership with the Department of Conservation, a conservation strategy to bring about the protection and/or return of endangered and threatened flora and fauna to the Flora Stream catchment area in Kahurangi National Park. This will enhance the experience for all visitors to this popular area, resulting in wider community appreciation and use of the Park."[48]

The society now has approximately 30 kilometres of trap lines, with all traps at 100 metre spacing. A wasp eradication programme is in place, and bird monitoring is also part of the society's programme.[49]

Initiatives

Endangered takahē were reintroduced to the park in 2018, with the release of 18 birds into the Gouland Downs. This was 100 years after takahē became extinct there.[50] The following year, the population had grown to 31, and further releases were planned.[51]

Conservation initiatives for whio (blue duck) in the park have resulted in a large increase in their numbers since 1998–2000 when surveys of the population were first conducted. As of 2023, there are 846 adult birds, including 335 breeding pairs. This is a 340% increase on numbers found in 2000.[52]

The Ōpārara Source to Sea project was created in 2014 by a group of Karamea locals. In 2023, the project received funding from Lottery Environment and Heritage fund and the Department of Conservation’s Community Conservation Fund to support their work in weed control, predator monitoring, and planting throughout the Ōpārara estuary and catchment over the next three years.[53]

Access

The main gateway towns for access to Kahurangi National Park are Tākaka, Motueka, Karamea, Tapawera and Murchison.[54] The main Department of Conservation visitor centre for the region is located in Nelson, but the towns adjacent to Kahurangi National Park also have local information centres.[55]

Activities

Popular activities in Kahurangi National Park include tramping, mountain biking, rafting and caving.

Heaphy Track

The Heaphy Track is a popular tramping and mountain biking track in Kahurangi National Park and is classified as one of New Zealand's ten Great Walks by the Department of Conservation. Named after Charles Heaphy, the track is 78.4 kilometres (48.7 mi) long and is usually walked in four or five days. The track is open for shared use with mountain bikers in the winter season from 1 May to 30 September each year. The southern end of the track is at Kōhaihai, north of Karamea on the northern West Coast, and the northern end is in the upper valley of the Aorere River southwest of Collingwood.[56]

Wangapeka Track

The Wangapeka Track is another of the main tramping tracks in the Kahurangi National Park. The route traverses the southern end of the park, from the historic Wangapeka goldfields area west of Tapawera, to the coastal plains of the West Coast at Little Wanganui. The route is 59 km (37 mi) long, and crosses the Wangapeka and Little Wanganui saddles, each over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in elevation. The track passes through the valleys of the Wangapeka River, Karamea River, Taipō River and Little Wanganui River. The majority of the track is in river valleys and under forest cover, with small sections in tussock land at Stag Flat and the Little Wanganui Saddle. It typically takes walkers 4–6 days to complete the route.[57]

Old Ghost Road

The Old Ghost Road is an 85 km (53 mi) long mountain bike and tramping trail that was part-funded as one of the projects of the New Zealand Cycle Trail initiative. The trailheads are the Lyell Historic Reserve on State Highway 6 in the Upper Buller Gorge, and the Rough and Tumble Bush Lodge, located 4 km (2.5 mi) from Seddonville, northwest of Westport on the West Coast. In 2019, 64,400 ha (159,000 acres) of conservation stewardship land in the Mōkihinui River catchment was added to Kahurangi National Park, including much of the route of the Old Ghost Road trail.[16][58][59]

River rafting

The Karamea River is a highly rated wilderness river for rafting expeditions. A 30 km (19 mi) rafting journey is possible over three days, passing through Grade 3 rapids in the upper reaches to Grade 5 rapids in the Karamea Gorge.[60]

Lake Sylvester during the sunrise in Kahurangi

Several locations in Kahurangi National Park were used during the making of the Lord of the Rings film series, including Mount Owen, and Mount Olympus. Tolkien tourism has created a demand for helicopter access for visiting these locations. Restrictions on helicopter access are in place to help preserve natural and recreation values.[19]: 123 

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Hindmarsh, Gerard (July–September 1995). "Kahurangi: our newest national park". New Zealand Geographic (27). Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  2. ↑ Druce, A.P.; Simpson, M.J.A. (1974). "Flora of Gouland Downs, Mt Goul and Mt Perry, N. W. Nelson". Wellington Botanical Society Bulletin. 38 (6): 24.
  3. ↑ "Department of Internal Affairs (Annual Report of the) for the year ended the 31 March 1916". Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives. 1916 Session I (H-22): 7 – via Papers Past.
  4. ↑ "Department of Lands and Survey: Scenery-Preservation. Report for the year ended 31st March 1918; together with Statement of Accounts and Schedule of Lands Acquired and Reserved during the year under the Scenery Preservation Act". Appendix to the Journals of the House of Representatives. 1918 Session I-II (C-06): 1 – via Papers Past.
  5. ↑ "New forest park". The Press. 17 September 1970. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022 – via Papers Past.
  6. 1 2 Walrond, Carl (7 September 2010). "Nelson places – North-west Nelson". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage Te Manatu. Archived from the original on 9 September 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
  7. ↑ Barnett, Shaun (19 January 2013). "Ranger's legacy of comfort". Nelson Mail. Archived from the original on 3 August 2022. Retrieved 3 August 2022 – via PressReader.
  8. ↑ Barnett, Shaun (23 April 2017). "Timeline Wilderness Protection". Wilderlife. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  9. ↑ "Protected Areas". LINZ Data Service. Land Information New Zealand. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  10. ↑ Swarbrick, Nancy (24 September 2007). "National parks – Upper South Island parks". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  11. ↑ Taylor, Alice (10 April 1996). "Kahurangi National Park NZ's biggest". Evening Post. ProQuest 314453189.
  12. ↑ "Balloon Hut". Backcountry Trust. 7 March 2023. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  13. ↑ Smith, Nick (10 June 2021). "Valedictory Statements". New Zealand Parliament. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  14. ↑ "Place name detail: Kahurangi National Park". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 23 June 2007.
  15. ↑ "NZCA's advice on the Kahurangi National Park proposed addition of the Mokihinui River Catchment". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  16. 1 2 3 Mitchell, Charlie (13 March 2019). "Kahurangi National Park to expand by area half the size of Auckland". Stuff. Retrieved 13 January 2024.
  17. ↑ Sage, Eugenie. Addition to Kahurangi National Park (video). Department of Conservation. Event occurs at 0:18. Retrieved 27 June 2022. In 2012 after a strong public campaign, the hydro scheme was dropped.
  18. ↑ "Kahurangi National Park Information Guide". NelsonTasman.NZ. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "Kahurangi National Park Management Plan" (PDF). Department of Conservation. April 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2024.
  20. ↑ "Nīkau palm". www.doc.govt.nz. Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  21. ↑ Hunt, Roy (September–October 2003). "Nikau: the Kiwi palm". New Zealand Geographic (65). Retrieved 11 January 2024.
  22. ↑ Druce, A.P.; Simpson, M.J.A. (1979). "Plants of the Gouland Downs and Perry Pass". New Zealand Forest Service. Archived from the original on 15 January 2024. Retrieved 15 January 2024 – via Scion Digital Library.
  23. ↑ Gavalas, Marios (20 September 2018). "Heaps to see on the Heaphy". Wilderness Magazine. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  24. ↑ Barnett, Shaun (September–October 2016). "Heaphy Track". New Zealand Geographic (141). Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
  25. ↑ Petyt, Chris (2012). The Heaphy Track. Nelson: Nikau Press. ISBN 978-0-9582898-4-9. Wikidata Q113267899.
  26. ↑ Stephens, Joy (2021). "Mount Arthur and the Tableland". www.theprow.org.nz. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  27. ↑ "Nelson, Friday March 27, 1863". Colonist, Nelson. 27 March 1863. p. 2. Retrieved 9 January 2024 – via Papers Past.
  28. ↑ "Tableland Circuit – Kahurangi National Park". Nelson Trails. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
  29. ↑ "Nature rules supreme". Wanganui Chronicle. 13 September 2023. pp. A.34. ProQuest 2863860833.
  30. ↑ McMahon, Brendon (24 April 2023). "DOC revises Oparara plans again". Stuff. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  31. ↑ Naish, Joanne (22 November 2023). "$7.8m upgrade to Karamea's Ōparara Basin complete". www.thepress.co.nz. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  32. ↑ "7 Amazing Oparara Basin Walks". NZ Pocket Guide. Retrieved 10 January 2024.
  33. ↑ "National Parks gain ground". press release. New Zealand Government. 20 March 2008. Archived from the original on 17 October 2008. Retrieved 26 March 2008.
  34. ↑ "Heaphy Track Weather Guide for Hikers – New Zealand Trails". newzealandtrails.com. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  35. ↑ Macara, G. R. (2016). "The climate and weather of West Coast" (PDF). NIWA Science and Technology Series (2nd ed.). NIWA (72). ISSN 1173-0382. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  36. ↑ Macara, G. R. (2016). "The climate and weather of Nelson and Tasman" (PDF). NIWA Science and Technology Series (2nd ed.). NIWA (71). ISSN 1173-0382. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  37. 1 2 3 4 Gerard Hindmarsh (2010). Kahurangi Calling. Nelson: Potton & Burton. ISBN 978-1-877517-19-8. Wikidata Q124288727.
  38. 1 2 Ray Salisbury (2020). Tableland: the history behind Mt Arthur, Kahurangi National Park. Potton & Burton. ISBN 978-1-98-855022-0. Wikidata Q124260081.
  39. ↑ "Pittosporum dallii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  40. ↑ "Pseudowintera traversii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  41. ↑ "Brachyglottis hectorii". New Zealand Plant Conservation Network. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  42. 1 2 "Rare forget-me-nots discovered in the mountains of the South Island". Te Papa’s Blog. 22 August 2012. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  43. ↑ Miskelly, Colin (25 August 2023). "Birds of the Heaphy Track". Te Papa Tongarewa. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  44. ↑ "Oligosoma kahurangi | NZHS". www.reptiles.org.nz. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  45. ↑ Naish, Joanne (2 February 2023). "Surprising discovery of new native cricket found in Kahurangi National Park". Stuff. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  46. ↑ "Newly Discovered Freshwater Snails Named after Public Figures". idw-online.de (in German). Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  47. ↑ Verhaegen, Gerlien; Haase, Martin (18 January 2021). "All-inclusive descriptions of new freshwater snail taxa of the hyperdiverse family Tateidae (Gastropoda, Caenogastropoda) from the South Island of New Zealand". European Journal of Taxonomy. 731: 71–96. doi:10.5852/ejt.2021.731.1205. ISSN 2118-9773.
  48. ↑ "Our Mission". Motueka, New Zealand: Friends of Flora Inc.
  49. ↑ "Tourism working with conservation". Motueka, New Zealand: Bush & Beyond. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012.
  50. ↑ Gee, Samantha (20 March 2018). "First population of takahē outside of Fiordland released into wild". Stuff. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  51. ↑ "Takahē population soars past 400". Stuff. 4 October 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  52. ↑ "Whio population flying high in Kahurangi National Park". The Nelson Mail. 29 September 2023. ProQuest 2869719818.
  53. ↑ Naish, Joanne (24 October 2023). "Big funding boost helps Ōpārara River Source to Sea project". The Press. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  54. ↑ "Kahurangi National Park". Department of Conservation. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  55. ↑ Kahurangi National Park visitor information (PDF). Nelson: Department of Conservation. September 2011.
  56. ↑ Heaphy Track brochure (PDF). Department of Conservation. December 2021.
  57. ↑ Wangapeka Track route Guide (PDF). Department of Conservation.
  58. ↑ "The Old Ghost Road | Official Website". oldghostroad.org.nz. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  59. ↑ "The Old Ghost Road Great Ride". Ngā Haerenga New Zealand Cycle Trails. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  60. ↑ "Top 3 rivers to raft". Wilderness magazine. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 26 June 2022.
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