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 The first two lines of Sonnet 41 in the 1609 Quarto | |||||||
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Sonnet 41 is one of 154 sonnets written by the English playwright and poet William Shakespeare. It is a part of the Fair Youth section of the sonnets addressed to an unnamed young man. While the exact date of the composition is unknown, it was originally published in the 1609 Quarto along with the rest of the sonnets.
Within the sonnet, the speaker excuses the Fair Youth's amorous activity due to his youth and attractiveness toward women, but also chides him for betraying the speaker by sleeping with his mistress. It is the second in a set of three sonnets (40, 41, 42) that dwell on this betrayal of the speaker. This sonnet is also notable for the textual references made to Shakespeare's other works. The sonnet is written in the typical Shakespearean sonnet form, containing 14 lines of iambic pentameter and ending in a rhymed couplet.
Structure
Shakespeare's sonnets conform to the English or Shakespearean sonnet form. The form consists of fourteen lines structured as three quatrains and a couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg and written in iambic pentameter, a type of poetic metre based on five pairs of metrically weak/strong syllabic positions. While Shakespeare's versification maintains the English sonnet form, Shakespeare often rhetorically alludes to the form of Petrarchan sonnets with an octave (two quatrains) followed by a sestet (six lines), between which a "turn" or volta occurs, which signals a change in the tone, mood, or stance of the poem. The first line exemplifies a regular iambic pentameter:
× / × / × / × / × / Those pretty wrongs that liberty commits, (41.1)
- / = ictus, a metrically strong syllabic position. × = nonictus.
Context
This sonnet is closely connected to both sonnets 40 and 42. Sonnet 41 is the middle in a set of three sonnets that centers around the fair youth's transgression against the speaker by seducing his mistress.[2] In the first of these three sonnets (40) the speaker implies that the loss of his mistress did not hurt him badly, because he did not love her, trying not to blame the youth but blaming him still. Sonnet 41 continues the saga with desperate attempts to excuse the youth's behavior, eventually admitting his hurt. In the last of the three (42) the speaker continues his trend of self-deception exemplified in sonnet 41.[3]
Exegesis
Allusions and Textual References
There are many allusions and textual references in this sonnet taken from other Shakespeare works. They have been helpful in understanding the context and creating our "modern" interpretation of the sonnet.
Allusion 1
Sonnet 41, lines 5-8:
"Gentle thou art, and therefore to be won;
Beauteous thou art, therefore to be assailed;
And when a woman woos, what woman's son
Will sourly leave her till he have prevailed?"
Line 5 may be explained by a scene in "King Henry VI," Part 1. 5.3.78-9 [4] which states:
"She's beautiful, and therefore to be wooed; She is a woman, therefore to be won."
Line 6 may be explained by a line from "All's Well that Ends Well," 1.1.126[5] which states:
"...Loss of virginity is rational increase,..."
Lines 7-8 are references to Venus and Adonis in which Adonis refused to make love with the goddess of love, Venus, and therefore he was "accidentally" killed.
Each of these references clarifies lines 5-8 explaining that because this man is so beautiful, he can be won, therefore he is constantly wooed and seduced. If he is to refuse, it would be considered ungracious and ill-natured. His beauty gives him every right to lose his virginity.
Allusion 2
Sonnet 41, lines: 10-12:
"And chide thy beauty and thy straying youth
Who lead thee in their riot even there
Where thou art forced to break a twofold truth:"
These lines can be explained from many sources, touching in on more uses of this language.
One source comes from King Henry IV (Part 1) 1.1.84:[6]
<poem>"See riot and dishonour stain the brow."
King Henry IV (Part 2) 4.4.62:[6]
"For when his headstrong riot hath no curb,".
King Henry IV (Part 2) 5.5.66:[6]
"Till then I banish thee, on pain of death,".
King Henry V 1.1.56-58:[6]
"His hours filled up with riots, banquets, sports,
And never noted in him any study,
Any retirement any sequestration,".
Each of these references relate to the sonnet as the same idea that this man will never withdraw from his wanton and riotous ways. The beauty of this man sentences him to debauchery and lawless sex which leads him to his "twofold truth." The twofold truth that he is breaking is the bond between [my] mistress's fidelity to [me], and his bond to [me]. The young man is never responsible for his actions because he is too beautiful. Each of these references can lead us to convey the question of "why was he born so beautiful?.[7] "
Quatrain 1
The sonnet begins with the first eight lines an attempt to make excuses for the young man's infidelity. These so-called "pretty wrongs" are said to occur when the speaker is "sometime absent" from the youth's heart, meaning when the youth forgets his love for the speaker. The beauty and the years "befits" (accords with) the wrongs, where "befits" is the Elizabethan usage of a singular verb with a plural subject[8] which, according to Katherine Duncan-Jones, was not uncommon during this time.[9] David Alexander states that "Sometime" suggests that these infidelities do not happen very often, and even then, "the blame does not attach to the beloved but to the fact that 'still temptation follows where thou art', one who is young and beautiful is always being tempted,"[3] further excusing the youth from his actions.
Quatrain 2
The second quatrain continues this trend of excuses with subtler wording. "Gentle thou art" suggests that the youth is of noble birth, and courted by many as a result. Alexander writes that it also suggests that the youth is not "rough and uncouth, but kind," and is therefore more likely to attract sexual attention and be too kind to turn it away.[3] Note the proverb used twice by Shakespeare, "She's beautiful; and therefore to be Wooed: /She is a Woman; therefore to be Wonne," (Henry VI, 5.3.78-79) and "Shee is a woman, therefore may be woo'd, /Shee is a woman, therefore may be wonne," (Titus Andronicus, 2.1.83-84) altered slightly in lines 5-6 of the sonnet.[9] Atkins calls lines 5-6 here, "An intensified (not 'woo' but assail) and significantly perverse variant on the topic (women) and order (first woo then win) of a popular proverb."[10] The final excuse for the youth's infidelity is that no man can resist the advances of a woman. Alexander argues that the observation that end the first eight lines of the poem is much more pointed than that. "To imply that men cannot be expected to resist women because their mothers were women is such nonsense that it is an excuse which excuses nothing."[3] Most early editors emend the "he" to "she" in line eight, with the suggestion by Thomas Tyrwhitt that "the lady, and not the man, being in this case supposed the wooer, the poet without doubt wrote...she."[10] However, modern editors follow more in line with Martin Seymour-Smith who notes: "The man 'prevails' in the sexual sense...so that the usual emendation 'she' for 'he' is unnecessary and wrong. The woman wants the man to prevail."[10] Regarding lines 7–8, Duncan-Jones remarks: "Though this sounds like an obvious truism, Shakespeare's first published work, (Venus and Adonis), described a 'woman's son', Adonis, who refuses the advances of the goddess of love."[9]
Quatrain 3
The third quatrain begins with the turn in line nine, "Ay me, but yet thou mightst my seat forbear," with "seat" referring to designated area for sexual activity. Here in the sonnet, after many attempts to invent excuses for the youth, he is finally honest about his hurt and can no longer deceive himself.[3] Shakespeare alludes to another of his works here, with the word "seat" used with the same meaning by the character Iago in Othello, "I do suspect the lustful Moor / Hath leap'd into my seat" (Othello, 2.1.290-1).[9] Atkins suggests that line 10 is a statement that the youth should forbear even though his beauty and straying youth will lead him "in their riot even there."[10] The "Who" in line eleven marks the same culprit as in line three, Alexander remarks, "young blood whom the beloved should have kept under control. Instead he allows them to lead him astray and take him on a rampage into his own home, 'even there' into his estate, his 'seat', breaking two things precious to him, 'a twofold truth,'"[11] with the twofold truth consisting of the mistress's truth, her contract of love with the speaker, and the youth's truth, his contract of love with the speaker, both of which the youth's beauty has led him to break.
Couplet
The couplet contains the final excuse given to the youth for his infidelity. Duncan-Jones remarks that the threefold repetition of "thy beauty" gives the reprimand in the sestet an effect of "exoneration" and "compliment." The young man is not responsible for his sexual transgressions, as it is a case of "Why was he born so beautiful?"[12] The speaker lays blame on the youth's beauty, not on his will. It is that beauty which tempts her (the mistress) and is itself false to the speaker. Atkins further comments, "Nevertheless, though the blame may be partially laid to his beauty, the friend is still himself 'tempting' and 'being false,' forced to break his trust only because of his lack of forbearance."[10] While in lines 1-8 he attempts to forgive and argue away the youth's offence, the truth is certainly felt in line 9's, "Ay me." There can be no doubt about the speaker's final bitterness, and the last four words of the sonnet, "being false to me," carry the pain.
References
- ↑ Pooler, C[harles] Knox, ed. (1918). The Works of Shakespeare: Sonnets. The Arden Shakespeare [1st series]. London: Methuen & Company. OCLC 4770201.
- ↑ Vendler, Helen . The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets. 1997. President and Fellows of Harvard College. Belknep press of Harvard, Cambridge, Mass. London, England. Pgs. 217-221.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Shakespeare, William, and David Alexander. West. "41." Shakespeare's Sonnets: With a New Commentary. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co, 2007. 140. Print.
- ↑ "Shakespeare's Words | Henry VI Part 1 | William Shakespeare". www.shakespeareswords.com. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
- ↑ "Shakespeare's Words | All's Well That Ends Well | William Shakespeare". Shakespeareswords.com. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 "Shakespeare's Words | Henry V | William Shakespeare". Shakespeareswords.com. Retrieved 15 March 2016.
- ↑ (Katherine Duncan-Jones. "Shakespeare's Sonnets." Bloomsbury Methuen Drama.)
- ↑ Shakespeare, William, and David Alexander. West. "41." Shakespeare's Sonnets: With a New Commentary. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co, 2007. 139. Print.
- 1 2 3 4 Shakespeare, William, and Katherine Duncan-Jones. "41." Shakespeare's Sonnets. London: Methuen Drama, 2010. 192-93. Print.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Shakespeare, William, and Carl D. Atkins. "Sonnet 41." Shakespeare's Sonnets: With Three Hundred Years of Commentary. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson UP, 2007. 122. Print.
- ↑ Shakespeare, William, and David Alexander. West. "41." Shakespeare's Sonnets: With a New Commentary. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co, 2007. 141. Print.
- ↑ Shakespeare, William, and Katherine Duncan-Jones. "41." Shakespeare's Sonnets. London: Methuen Drama, 2010. 192. Print.
Further reading
- First edition and facsimile
- Shakespeare, William (1609). Shake-speares Sonnets: Never Before Imprinted. London: Thomas Thorpe.
- Lee, Sidney, ed. (1905). Shakespeares Sonnets: Being a reproduction in facsimile of the first edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 458829162.
- Variorum editions
- Alden, Raymond Macdonald, ed. (1916). The Sonnets of Shakespeare. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. OCLC 234756.
- Rollins, Hyder Edward, ed. (1944). A New Variorum Edition of Shakespeare: The Sonnets [2 Volumes]. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co. OCLC 6028485. — Volume I and Volume II at the Internet Archive
- Modern critical editions
- Atkins, Carl D., ed. (2007). Shakespeare's Sonnets: With Three Hundred Years of Commentary. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-4163-7. OCLC 86090499.
- Booth, Stephen, ed. (2000) [1st ed. 1977]. Shakespeare's Sonnets (Rev. ed.). New Haven: Yale Nota Bene. ISBN 0-300-01959-9. OCLC 2968040.
- Burrow, Colin, ed. (2002). The Complete Sonnets and Poems. The Oxford Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0192819338. OCLC 48532938.
- Duncan-Jones, Katherine, ed. (2010) [1st ed. 1997]. Shakespeare's Sonnets. Arden Shakespeare, third series (Rev. ed.). London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-4080-1797-5. OCLC 755065951. — 1st edition at the Internet Archive
- Evans, G. Blakemore, ed. (1996). The Sonnets. The New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521294034. OCLC 32272082.
- Kerrigan, John, ed. (1995) [1st ed. 1986]. The Sonnets ; and, A Lover's Complaint. New Penguin Shakespeare (Rev. ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-070732-8. OCLC 15018446.
- Mowat, Barbara A.; Werstine, Paul, eds. (2006). Shakespeare's Sonnets & Poems. Folger Shakespeare Library. New York: Washington Square Press. ISBN 978-0743273282. OCLC 64594469.
- Orgel, Stephen, ed. (2001). The Sonnets. The Pelican Shakespeare (Rev. ed.). New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0140714531. OCLC 46683809.
- Vendler, Helen, ed. (1997). The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-63712-7. OCLC 36806589.
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| "Fair Youth" sonnets |
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| "Dark Lady" sonnets |
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