This is a timeline of Belgian history, including important legal and territorial changes and political events in Belgium and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Belgium. See also the list of Belgian monarchs.

Centuries BC: 1st  · Centuries AD: 1st  · 2nd  · 3rd  · 4th  · 5th  · 6th  · 7th  · 8th  · 9th  · 10th  · 11th  · 12th  · 13th  · 14th  · 15th  · 16th  · 17th  · 18th  · 19th  · 20th  · 21st  · Further: See also  · References  · Further reading

1st century BC

YearDateEvent
57 BCRoman General Julius Caesar invades and conquers the lands of the Belgae: Battle of the Sabis; Siege of the Atuatuci
56 BCJulius Caesar campaigns unsuccessfully against the coastal tribes of the Morini and Menapii.[1]:44
55 BCJulius Caesar subdues the Morini.[1]:45
54–53 BCRevolt of the Eburones under Ambiorix and Cativolcus.
53–51 BCPunitive campaigns subdue Nervii and Treveri; exterminate Eburoni.[1]:44
50 BCJulius Caesar completes writing Commentarii de Bello Gallico, his account of his campaigns in Gaul.[1]:45
29 BCMarcus Nonius Gallus suppresses revolt among Treveri.[1]:48
27 BCAugustus creates the province Gallia Belgica.[1]:48
ca. 15 BCProbable origins of the city of Tongeren.[1]:49
12 BCAugusta Treverorum becomes a city.[1]:49
Nero Claudius Drusus, commander in chief of Roman forces in Gallia Belgica, has a series of canals dug in the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta.[1]:49
ca. 10 BCProbable origins of the city of Aarlen.[1]:50
9 BCNero Claudius Drusus dies after falling from his horse. Command of Rome's northern armies passes to Tiberius.[1]:50
4 BCMonument honouring Tiberius erected in Bagacum.[1]:50

1st century

YearDateEvent
13Germanicus becomes commander of the Roman army of the Rhine.[1]:51
16Roman invasion of Germany under command of Germanicus launched from Fectio in Gallia Belgica.[1]:51
1910 OctoberDeath of Germanicus.[1]:51
21Treveri revolt at high taxes.[1]:52-53
39OctoberGalba becomes commander of the armies in Lower Germany.[1]:52
47Gnaeus Domitius Corbulo becomes commander of the armies in Lower Germany. Orders canals dug in the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta.[1]:53
47–48Roman law replaces customary law in Gallia Belgica; druids outlawed; Gaulish aristocracy given senatorial rank.[1]:53-54
69JanuaryArmies of the Rhine proclaim Aulus Vitellius as emperor.[1]:55
JulyBatavian Revolt begins.[1]:55
70Treveri, Menapii, Nervii and Tungrii come out in support of the Batavian Revolt, some under compulsion.[1]:56-57
77Pliny the Elder starts writing his Historia Naturalis, book 4 of which contains a description of Gallia Belgica.[1]:57
ca. 85Northern border fortified with series of castra.[1]:59
ca. 90Domitian restructures provinces of the Roman Empire: Gallia Belgica divided into the provinces of Belgica Prima, Belgica Secunda, Germania Superior and Germania Inferior.

2nd century

YearDateEvent
172–174Chauci launch maritime raids on the coasts of Gallia Belgica.[2]

3rd century

YearDateEvent
286Carausius, a Menapian general in the Roman army, declares himself emperor of Britain and Gaul.[3]:9
293Death of Carausius

4th century

YearDateEvent
343Servatius, bishop of Tongeren, attends the Council of Sardica.
357Land south of the Rhine delta ceded to Frankish foederati
359Servatius, bishop of Tongeren, attends the Council of Ariminum.[3]:7

5th century

YearDateEvent
431Salian Franks take possession of Tournai.[3]:7
482Childeric I buried in Tournai.

6th century

YearDateEvent
561Sigebert I inherits the Frankish kingdom of Austrasia.

7th century

YearDateEvent
65917 MarchDeath of Gertrude of Nivelles
675Death of Amandus
67923 DecemberMurder of Dagobert II in the Ardennes Forest.
687Pepin of Herstal and his wife Plectrude found what will become the Abbey of Saint-Hubert.[4]
69317 DecemberDeath of Begga of Andenne

8th century

YearDateEvent
70517 SeptemberDeath of Lambert of Maastricht: murdered at a site that would become Liège.[3]:17[5]
717See of Maastricht moved to the location of Lambert of Maastricht's murder, now Liège.
72730 MayDeath of Hubertus, Bishop of Liège.[3]:17
7482 AprilBirth of Charlemagne, first Holy Roman Emperor.[6]

9th century

YearDateEvent
81913 AprilLouis the Pious confirms the liberties granted to St Bavo's Abbey by Charlemagne (oldest extant original charter in a Belgian archive).[7]
820First recorded Viking raid on the Flemish coast.[3]:38
82530 SeptemberThe remains of St Hubert (died 727) installed in the monastery that would become the Abbey of Saint-Hubert.[8]
843AugustTreaty of Verdun divides the Carolingian Empire between the three sons of Louis the Pious: Lothair I, Louis the German and Charles the Bald, creating the kingdom of Middle Francia (including most of the Low Countries) for Lothair and assigning Flanders to Charles the Bald.
850Norsemen raid Flanders.[3]:38
855Treaty of Prüm divides Middle Francia into the kingdom of Lotharingia (including most of the Low Countries), the Kingdom of Provence and the kingdom of Italy.
861Norsemen raid Flanders.[3]:38
864Norsemen raid Flanders.[3]:38
870Treaty of Meerssen partitions Lotharingia (including most of the Low Countries) between East Francia (Germany) and West Francia (France).
879Norsemen raid Taxandria.[3]:38
880Norsemen raid Tournaisis.[3]:38
881Norsemen plunder Cambrai and encamp near Maastricht, extorting tribute from Maastricht, Tongeren, Liège, Sint-Truiden, Malmedy, Stavelot, and Prüm.[3]:38
891September or OctoberNorse invaders defeated in Battle on the Dijle.[3]:39
895Holy Roman Emperor Arnulf of Carinthia appoints his illegitimate son Zwentibold as king of Lotharingia.[3]:42-43
90013 AugustZwentibold slain by Count Reginar I of Hainault; Lotharingia reincorporated into East Francia.

10th century

YearDateEvent
908Bishop of Liège granted right to levy a toll in Maastricht.[3]:57
910Count Reginar I of Hainault appointed margrave of Lotharingia; historically regarded as the first Duke of Lorraine.
915Death of Reginar, Duke of Lorraine, at his palace in Meerssen; succeeded by his son Giselbert.[3]:45
91810 SeptemberDeath of Baldwin II, Margrave of Flanders at Blandijnberg; succeeded by his son Arnulf.
925Henry the Fowler invades Lotharingia and receives oaths of loyalty from the local aristocracy.[3]:46
9367 AugustGilbert, Duke of Lorraine, attends the coronation of Otto I in Aachen.[3]:47
9392 OctoberBattle of Andernach: death of Gilbert, Duke of Lorraine; end of independence of Lotharingia (referred to as "Belgica" in the 10th-century histories of Richer of Rheims).[3]:46n2[9]
around 940Saint-Ghislain Abbey reformed by Gérard of Brogne
948Death of Isaac, Count of Cambrai; powers of count transferred to Fulbert, Bishop of Cambrai.[3]:55
953Bruno the Great, Archbishop of Cologne, appointed Duke of Lotharingia.[3]:55
954Hungarian attackers raid Lower Lotharingia, besiege Cambrai.[3]:55
959Bruno the Great divides Lotharingia into Upper Lotharingia (the later Duchy of Lorraine) and Lower Lotharingia (the later Duchy of Lothier).[10]:318–319
3 OctoberDeath of Gerard of Brogne.
964Godfrey I, Duke of Lower Lorraine, dies in Italy; no immediate successor.
96528 MarchDeath of Arnulf I, Count of Flanders; succession of Arnulf II, Count of Flanders
2 JuneOtto I, Holy Roman Emperor, confirms Godfrey of Lower Lotharingia's gift to Saint-Ghislain Abbey of 18 mansi of land in Villers-Saint-Ghislain.[11]
11 OctoberDeath of Bruno the Great, Duke of Lotharingia.
9665 MayLothar, King of the Franks, confirms the possessions of St. Peter's Abbey, Ghent, including those bequeathed by Arnulf I, Count of Flanders, and contested by his heirs.[12]
968Richar, Count of Mons, appointed Duke of Lower Lotharingia.
973Richar, Duke of Lower Lotharingia, dies; no immediate successor.
977Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, appoints Charles, brother of Lothair of France, as Duke of Lower Lotharingia.[10]:319
980Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor, confirms all previous endowments to Notker, Bishop of Liège, and issues a general immunity for the bishopric's lands: beginning of the establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.[10]:323
985Otto III, King of Germany, endows Notker, Bishop of Liège, with the County of Huy: full establishment of the Prince-Bishopric of Liège.[10]:323
98730 MarchDeath of Arnulf II, Count of Flanders; succession of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders.

11th century

YearDateEvent
1008Baldrick II succeeds Notger as prince-bishop of Liège
101829 JulyBattle of Vlaardingen: imperial forces commanded by Godfrey II, Duke of Lower Lorraine, and Baldrick II, bishop of Liège, defeated by the army of Dirk III, Count of Holland. Baldrick died after a sudden illness on the journey; Godfrey was captured in the battle.
NovemberWolbodo consecrated bishop of Liège.[13]
1021Durandus succeeds Wolbodo as prince-bishop of Liège
1025Reginard succeeds Durandus as prince-bishop of Liège
103530 MayDeath of Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders; succession of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
1037Nithard succeeds Reginard as prince-bishop of Liège
1042Wazo succeeds Nithard as prince-bishop of Liège
1047Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, seizes control of the imperial castle at Ename
1048Theodwin succeeds Wazo as prince-bishop of Liège
104913 JanuaryForces of Theodwin of Liège defeat forces of Dirk IV, Count of Holland, killing Dirk and restoring imperial authority in the Rhine delta.[14]
1059Treaty of Andernach ends conflict between Flanders and the Empire, with Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, ceding territory around Valenciennes to Herman, Count of Hainaut, in order to retain undisputed control of Ename.
1060Baldwin V, Count of Flanders, becomes regent of France
1063Ename Abbey founded
1066Theodwin of Liège grants city rights to Huy, the oldest such charter to survive from what is now Belgium.[14]
10671 SeptemberDeath of Baldwin V, Count of Flanders; succession of Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders
c.1067Genealogia comitum Flandrensium compiled.[15]
107017 JulyDeath of Baldwin VI, Count of Flanders; succession of Arnulf III, Count of Flanders
107122 FebruaryBattle of Cassel between Robert the Frisian and his nephew, Arnulf III, Count of Flanders. Arnulf was killed in the battle and Robert succeeded him as count.
107429 AprilPope Gregory VII issues bull of protection for the Abbey of Saint-Hubert.[16]
107523 MarchPope Gregory VII writes to Theodwin, bishop of Liège, urging him to leave the abbot of Saint-Hubert unmolested.[16]
23 JuneDeath of Theodwin of Liège
107728 AprilPope Gregory VII issues bull of protection for Watten Abbey.[16]
10811 FebruaryTraditional date of the first apparition of Our Lady of Tongre.
1087Godfrey of Bouillon becomes Duke of Lower Lorraine
109313 OctoberDeath of Robert I, Count of Flanders; succession of Robert II, Count of Flanders
1096AugustGodfrey of Bouillon, Duke of Lower Lorraine, sets off as one of the leaders of the First Crusade.[17]
110018 JulyDeath of Godfrey of Bouillon

12th century

YearDateEvent
1105Baldric of Noyon, Bishop of Tournai, awards the right of presentment for Tielt to the chapter of St Salvator in Harelbeke[18]
110613 MayGodfrey I, Count of Louvain, invested as Duke of Lower Lotharingia in Worms Cathedral.[19]
1107The hermit Ligerius founds a community that would become Ten Duinen Abbey (the Abbey of Dunes).[20]
11115 OctoberDeath of Robert II, Count of Flanders; succession of Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders
111917 JulyDeath of Baldwin VII, Count of Flanders; succession of Charles I, Count of Flanders (Charles the Good)
1125Godfrey I, Count of Louvain confirms the agreement of Ava of Waver and her sons with the priory of Forest, transferring ownership of an allod in Woluwe.[21]
11272 MarchMurder of Charles the Good, Count of Flanders
30 MarchWilliam Clito claims countship of Flanders
11281 JanuaryAlbero I of Louvain, prince-bishop of Liège, dies; succeeded by Alexander of Jülich
28 JulyWilliam Clito dies while laying siege to Aalst; Thierry of Alsace established his claim to the countship of Flanders
1129Foundation of Park Abbey.[22]
113925 JanuaryGodfrey I, Count of Louvain, dies; succeeded by Godfrey II
114117 August to 22 SeptemberSiege of Bouillon Castle by Albero, prince-bishop of Liège.
114213 JuneGodfrey II, Count of Louvain dies; succeeded by Godfrey III
114624 JunePope Eugene III confirms Wibald, Abbot of Stavelot and Malmedy, in possession of the goods of the abbey.[23]
1147after 11 MayHenry II of Leez, Bishop of Liège, confirms Affligem Abbey in possession of its property in the diocese of Liège.[24]
Arnout IV, Count of Aarschot, and Christian of Ghistelles, leaders of forces from the Low Countries on the Second Crusade, are diverted to the Siege of Lisbon
11591 OctoberGodfrey III, Count of Louvain, takes Grimbergen
1163JuneHenry the Blind, Count of Namur and of Luxembourg, being childless, names his sister Alice of Namur with her husband Baldwin IV, Count of Hainaut, and their son Baldwin, as heirs of all his allodial possessions, "with sod and twig", retaining usufruct during his own lifetime.[25]
11644 SeptemberHenry II of Leez, prince-bishop of Liège, dies
1167Rudolf of Zähringen becomes prince-bishop of Liège
116817 JanuaryDeath of Thierry, Count of Flanders; succession of Philip of Alsace as count of Flanders
Godfrey, Duke of Lower Lotharingia, confirms the privileges of the borough of Tienen (oldest extant civic charter from the Duchy of Brabant)[26]
11718 NovemberBaldwin IV, Count of Hainaut, dies; succeeded by Baldwin V
1178Gislebert of Mons becomes chancellor to Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut.[27]
1183Godfrey III, Count of Louvain, departs for Jerusalem
11841 AprilHenry the Blind, Count of Namur and of Luxembourg, being childless, names his nephew, Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut, already heir to all his allodial possessions, as heir equally to all his feudal possessions, "with sod and twig", retaining usufruct during his own lifetime.[25]
118528 to 29 AprilSaint Lambert's Cathedral, Liège, destroyed by fire.[28]
1186Julybirth of Ermesinde, later countess of Luxembourg, only child of Henry the Blind. As a female heir she would inherit his allodial possessions, but not his feudal possessions.[25]
119021 AugustGodfrey III, Count of Louvain dies; succeeded by Henry I, Duke of Brabant
11911 AugustDeath of Philip of Alsace, Count of Flanders; succession of his daughter Margaret I, Countess of Flanders, and her husband and co-ruler Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut
5 AugustRudolf of Zähringen, prince-bishop of Liège, dies
8 SeptemberAlbert of Louvain elected prince-bishop of Liège
119224 NovemberMurder of Albert of Louvain, prince-bishop of Liège, by supporters of Emperor Henry VI
119319 MayRelics of Saint Alena enshrined in Forest Priory.[29]
119420 AugustPeace treaty between Henry I, Duke of Brabant and Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut, ending twelve years of conflict between the Duchy of Brabant and the County of Hainaut.[30]
15 NovemberDeath of Margaret I, Countess of Flanders; her husband Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut continues to rule as Baldwin VIII of Flanders
119517 DecemberDeath of Baldwin V, Count of Hainaut; succession of his son Baldwin VI as count of Flanders and Hainaut
1197Henry I, Duke of Brabant, departs for Jerusalem.[28]
1198Baldwin VI, Count of Hainaut, donates all his possessions in the village of Horrues to the collegiate church of Soignies to endow a Lady chapel and a chantry.[27]

13th century

YearDateEvent
120514 AprilBattle of Adrianople: Baldwin I of Constantinople, count of Flanders and Hainaut, captured by the Bulgarians
121322 AprilHenry I, Duke of Brabant, marries Marie of France in Soissons.
30 to 31 MayBattle of Damme: English fleet destroys French fleet at anchor near Damme.[31]
13 OctoberBattle of Steppes: army and allies of Hugh Pierrepont, Bishop of Liège, defeat the forces of Henry I, Duke of Brabant.[32]
121427 JulyBattle of Bouvines: decisive French victory against the forces of Ferdinand, Count of Flanders, Henry I, Duke of Brabant, and Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor. Count of Flanders carried captive to Paris.[33]
122412 AugustGuy of Saint-Pol and his brother, Hugo of Saint-Pol, stand surety for a loan of 3693 pounds borrowed from citizens of Arras by Daniel, Lord of Béthune: an early example of the use of French rather than Latin in legal documents.[34]
122910 JuneHenry I, Duke of Brabant, issues charter of city rights for Brussels.[35]
123220 SeptemberFerdinand, Count of Flanders and Joan, Countess of Flanders release inhabitants of the Brugse Vrije from the feudal relief of "best beast".[36]
12355 SeptemberHenry I, Duke of Brabant, died; succeeded by Henry II
1236Statutes of the Ghent Leper Hospital translated from Latin: the earliest known example of a legal document entirely in Dutch.[37]
1237Charters of the city of Ghent translated into Dutch.[38]
1238Benedictine priory at Vorst, a dependency of Affligem Abbey, becomes the independent Forest Abbey.[29]
124514 JunePope Innocent IV authorizes the canons regular of St Augustine to establish a grammar school in Leuven.[39]
12481 FebruaryHenry II, Duke of Brabant, died; succeeded by Henry III
1255Gothic choir of Tournai Cathedral completed
126128 FebruaryHenry III, Duke of Brabant, dies; succeeded by Henry IV
12701 SeptemberMargaret of Constantinople, Countess of Flanders, impounds wares of English merchants in Flanders in retaliation for their king's non-payment of a money fief, sparking a trade war between Flanders and England.[40]
1272after 29 AprilHenry IV, Duke of Brabant, died; succeeded by John I
127428 JulyTreaty of Montreuil-sur-Mer between Edward I of England and Guy, Count of Flanders, ending four years of economic warfare and providing for free movement of merchants between their territories.[40]
127527 SeptemberFuture John II, Duke of Brabant, born.
128121 AugustGuy de Thourout does homage to Guy, Count of Flanders for lands in Wervik, Reninge and Rollegem. He also held land in Menen and Rekkem, a manor in Varsenare, and owned a number of houses within the city of Ypres.[41]
128424 AugustJohn of Enghien, prince-bishop of Liège, dies of wounds sustained during an abduction attempt.
12885 JuneBattle of Worringen
12937 MayAldermen of Nieuwpoort accept the mediation of Guy, Count of Flanders in their dispute with the abbeys of Duinen and Bourbourg concerning a dyke built near the town.[42]
12943 MayJohn I, Duke of Brabant, died; succeeded by John II
12962 NovemberEdward I of England grants Flemish merchants the right to buy wool for export anywhere in the British Isles, rather than being limited to the wool staple.[43]
129712 JuneTreaties of alliance between Philip IV of France and John of Avesnes, Count of Hainaut, culminate in a trade treaty allowing merchants from Hainaut to trade freely in the kingdom of France.[44]
5 NovemberGuy, Count of Flanders and Marquis of Namur transfers government of Namur to John of Namur, his eldest son by Isabelle of Luxembourg, breaking the personal union of Namur with the County of Flanders (which would pass to Robert, Guy's son by Matilda of Béthune).[45]

14th century

YearDateEvent
130211 JulyBattle of the Golden Spurs: Flemish forces defeat knights of Philip IV of France near Kortrijk
13039 JulyAldermen of the city of Namur authorize formation of a butchers' guild with militia obligations, requiring members to arm themselves, follow their own banner, and bury their own dead.[46]
131227 SeptemberThe Charter of Kortenberg finalised at Kortenberg Abbey, establishing fundamental rights for the inhabitants of the Duchy of Brabant such as no punishment without due process. Council of four knights and ten representatives of the boroughs established (beginnings of representative institutions in the duchy).
27 OctoberJohn II, Duke of Brabant, dies; succeeded by John III
131324 AugustHenry of Luxembourg died in Buonconvento while besieging Siena, reputedly of poison put in the chalice during mass.[47]
131711 AprilWorks begins on a new cloth hall in Leuven, which is now University Hall.[48]
132224 JuneJoanna of Brabant born.
1323JuneRebellion of the commoners in maritime Flanders, sparked by Louis I, Count of Flanders, ceding Sluis to John I, Marquis of Namur.[49]
132730 AugustPope John XXII provides a dispensation for the marriage of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III of England. The marriage itself took place by proxy in Valenciennes in October.[50]
132824 JanuaryMarriage of Philippa of Hainault and Edward III of England celebrated in York Minster.[50]
132823 AugustBattle of Cassel: Philip VI of France defeats Flemish rebels led by Nicolaas Zannekin.[51]
13393 DecemberTreaty of mutual support between John III, Duke of Brabant and Louis I, Count of Flanders, and the cities subject to them, providing for offensive and defensive alliance and free trade between their territories.[52]
134024 JuneBattle of Sluys
134524 JulyJacob van Artevelde killed in Ghent.[53]
13558 MarchThe boroughs of the Duchy of Brabant and the Duchy of Limburg undertake to remain united under a single prince after the death of John III, Duke of Brabant, not allowing the territory to be divided among his heirs.[54]
5 DecemberJohn III, Duke of Brabant, died; succeeded by Joanna
13563 JanuaryJoyous Entry of 1356: Joanna, Duchess of Brabant and her husband Wenceslaus I of Luxembourg sign the great charter of liberties of the Duchy of Brabant.[55]
1370Extirpation of small Jewish population of Brabant after accusations of profaning eucharistic hosts.
1379Ghent Revolt led by Philip van Artevelde begins
13823 MayBattle of Beverhoutsveld – men of Ghent take Bruges and gain control over most of the county of Flanders
27 NovemberMen of Ghent defeated in Battle of Roosebeke; Philip van Artevelde slain
138325 MayBattle of Dunkirk
8 June to 8 AugustSiege of Ypres
138430 JanuaryLouis II, Count of Flanders, last count of the House of Dampierre, dies; succeeded by his daughter Margaret III, Countess of Flanders, whose husband Philip the Bold ruled on her behalf: beginning of period of Burgundian rule in the Low Countries
138518 DecemberPeace of Tournai ends the Ghent Revolt
138615 FebruaryPhilip the Bold founds the Lille Chamber of Accounts to audit the accounts of his functionaries in the county of Flanders.[56]
13872 NovemberOldest record of the incorporation of the Brussels guild of painters, goldbeaters and glassmakers.[57]
1389John of Bavaria elected Prince-Bishop of Liège (resigned 1418).
139028 SeptemberJoanna, Duchess of Brabant secretly relinquishes possession of the Duchy of Brabant to her niece, Margaret of Male, and offspring thereof.[58]
13921 NovemberJohn of Bavaria, bishop-elect of Liège, writes to Philip the Bold to intercede for merchants from Liège arrested by the officers of Rethel.[59]

15th century

YearDateEvent
14089 SeptemberJohn the Fearless takes fiscal measures to pay Alexander Stewart, Earl of Mar's archers joining him on the Liège campaign. (Letter bearing only known surviving signature of John the Fearless).[60]
28 SeptemberBattle of Othée: forces of John the Fearless and John of Bavaria defeat Liège rebels.
142123 AprilPhilip the Good transfers usufruct of the County of Namur to John of Flanders, Lord of Béthune, for the duration of his life.[61]
14259 DecemberPope Martin V issues papal bull founding University of Leuven.
1441Tapestry weavers of Oudenaarde form the Guild of St Barbara.[62]
145028 FebruaryTournament held on the main square in Leuven in the presence of Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy and Brabant.[63]
145128 OctoberGuilds of Ghent take up arms against the Count of Flanders, Philip the Good.
145231 MayPhilip the Good declares war on the city of Ghent.
7 SeptemberWriter and translator Jean Wauquelin dies in Mons.
145323 JulyBattle of Gavere: forces of Philip the Good defeat rebels of Ghent, ending their rebellion.
145417 FebruaryThe Feast of the Pheasant, a banquet given by Philip the Good, Duke of Burgundy, held in Lille.
14583 AugustTower of St. Peter's Church, Leuven, catches fire.
14649 January–12 FebruaryEstates General of 1464: first joint meeting of representatives of various territories of the Burgundian Netherlands.[64]
146520 OctoberBattle of Montenaken: forces of Philip the Good defeat Liège militiamen.[65]:72–73
22 DecemberTreaty of Saint-Trond ends hostilities between Liège and Burgundy, subjecting the prince-bishopric of Liège to Burgundian control.[65]:72-73
146619 to 25 August 1466Dinant sacked by the forces of Philip the Good, commanded by Charles the Bold
146715 JuneDeath of Philip the Good; Charles the Bold succeeds as Duke of Burgundy.
28 OctoberBattle of Brustem: forces of Charles the Bold defeat forces of Liège.
12 NovemberCity of Liège surrenders to Charles the Bold.
14683 JulyMarriage of Charles the Bold and Margaret of York (Now commemorated with the five-yearly Procession of the Golden Tree)
SeptemberLiège again rises against Burgundian rule.[65]:74
27 OctoberArmy of Charles the Bold reaches Liège.[65]:78
29 OctoberSix hundred Franchimontois raid the Burgundian encampment outside Liège, failing to dislodge besiegers.[65]:79
30 October to 2 NovemberCity of Liège pillaged by Burgundian troops.
3 NovemberCharles the Bold orders the city of Liège systematically razed, sparing only the churches and the houses of canons.[65]:84
14691 JulyCharles the Bold grants Prince-Bishop Louis of Bourbon permission to begin rebuilding Liège.[65]:86-87
147324 AprilCharles the Bold appointed mediator in the peace negotiations between Poland and Hungary.[66]
DecemberCharles the Bold overhauls the administrative structures of the Burgundian Netherlands: establishes Great Council of Mechelen; orders the chambers of accounts of Lille and Brussels be combined and sit in Mechelen.[67]
14775 JanuaryCharles the Bold dies in the Battle of Nancy.
29 MayJoyous Entry of Mary of Burgundy in Leuven as Duchess of Brabant.[68]
18 AugustMaximilian of Austria makes his entry into Ghent.
19 AugustMarriage between Mary of Burgundy and Maximilian of Austria celebrated.
147822 JulyBirth of Philip the Fair
14797 AugustBattle of Guinegate: forces of Mary of Burgundy and her husband Maximilian I of Habsburg defeat forces of Louis XI of France.
148010 JanuaryBirth of Margaret of Burgundy
148227 MarchMary of Burgundy dies as a result of having fallen from her horse while hawking some weeks earlier. Leaving an infant heir and a foreign husband, this set the scene for the Flemish revolts against Maximilian of Austria (1483–1485).
3 AprilFuneral of Mary of Burgundy in Church of Our Lady, Bruges
30 AugustLouis de Bourbon, Bishop of Liège assassinated by William de La Marck.
19 NovemberSix women burned at the stake in Bruges for having committed "sodomy" with women.[69]
23 DecemberTreaty of Arras between Louis XI of France and Maximilian I of Habsburg as heir of the Burgundian Netherlands, ceding Burgundy and Artois to France.
Oldest surviving parish register from the territory of what is now Belgium: marriage register from the Church of St Gudula in Brussels.[70]
149323 MayTreaty of Senlis: Charles VIII of France cedes the County of Flanders and County of Artois to the House of Habsburg.[71]
149520 JanuaryWedding contracts concluded for the double marriage of Philip the Fair and Margaret of Burgundy to Joanna of Castile and John, Prince of Asturias.[72]
5 NovemberDouble wedding by proxy of Philip the Fair and Margaret of Burgundy to Joanna of Castile and John, Prince of Asturias.[72]
150024 FebruaryBirth of the future Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in Ghent.
7 MarchChristening of the future Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, in Ghent, with Margaret of York, Margaret of Austria, Charles, Prince of Chimay, and John, Lord of Bergen op Zoom as godparents.[73]:3
MayPhilip of Burgundy received as ruler in Béthune, Saint-Omer and Dunkirk.[73]:4
9 JuneConference outside Calais between Henry VII of England and Philip of Burgundy.[73]:4

16th century

YearDateEvent
150118 JulyBirth of Isabella of Austria, daughter of Philip of Burgundy and Joanna of Castile, future Queen of Christian II of Denmark.
150925 JunePope Julius II grants indulgence for those contributing to the rebuilding of the collegiate church of Dinant, equal to the indulgence for a pilgrimage to Rome.[74]
15112 AprilÉrard de La Marck, Prince-Bishop of Liège, orders publication of Julius II's bull granting an indulgence for those contributing to the rebuilding of the collegiate church of Dinant.[74]
15218 MayCharles V issues decree for the Habsburg Netherlands prohibiting Lutheran preaching, teaching, printing or disputation, largely parallel to the Edict of Worms that he was to sign for the Empire as a whole on 26 May but providing more repressive powers to secular authorities.[75]
15231 JulyJohann Esch and Heinrich Voes burned at the stake in Brussels for their adherence to Lutheran doctrines.[76]
8 SeptemberPope Adrian VI draws up a last will and testament to dispose of his possessions in the Habsburg Netherlands, among other bequests founding a papal college for students of Theology at the University of Leuven.[77]
152614 JanuaryPeace of Madrid temporarily ends the war between Charles V and Francis I of France, with France briefly relinquishing all claim to the County of Flanders, County of Artois, Tournai and the Tournaisis, and the Duchy of Burgundy.[78]
153126 SeptemberMary of Hungary appointed regent over the Habsburg Netherlands.[79]
153211 SeptemberCharles V issues decree establishing protocols and procedure of the reorganized Council of Luxembourg.[80]
15404 OctoberNew edict requiring printers and booksellers to provide local magistrates with inventories of their stock.[76]
15469 MayUniversity of Leuven issues the first index of prohibited books.[76]
1542AugustFrench forces plunder Arlon.[81]
1 SeptemberFrancis I of France appoints Claude, Duke of Guise as governor of the Duchy of Luxembourg.
1544Peace of Crépy ends the war between Charles V and Francis I of France, returning status quo of 1538: Duchy of Luxembourg restored to the Habsburg Netherlands.[81]
154912 SeptemberEdict regulating the organization of markets throughout the Habsburg Netherlands.[81]
155912 AprilKing Philip establishes the Royal Library of the Low Countries.[82]
15665 AprilCompromise of Nobles petition Margaret of Parma to suspend the laws on heresy.[83]
31 JulyPhilip II of Spain authorises Margaret of Parma to abolish the inquisition in the Habsburg Netherlands.[83]
August to SeptemberIconoclastic Fury: churches and monasteries vandalised and plundered in many parts of the Habsburg Netherlands.
156715 MarchAttempted Calvinist coup in Antwerp.[84]
JuneMargaret of Parma reinstitutes suspended edicts against heresy.[83]
156818 MayDuke of Alva banishes thirty inhabitants of the city of Antwerp and their spouses, with forfeiture of property, for supporting or disseminating Calvinism – including the pensionary of the city, Jacques van Wesenbeke, and the head of the Calvinist consistory in Antwerp, the Portuguese merchant Marcus Perez.[84]
5 JuneLamoral, Count of Egmont, and Philip de Montmorency, Count of Horn, executed in Brussels.
20 OctoberBattle of Jodoigne
156917 MayMaximilien Morillon founds the first diocesan seminary in Mechelen.[85]
157030 MayAbraham Ortelius' Theatrum Orbis Terrarum published in Antwerp.
15723 JulyGerard van Groesbeeck, Prince-Bishop of Liège, promulgates a new codification of the legal procedures in the principality's courts.[86]
15746 JuneDon Luis de Requesens, Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, issues general pardon to rebels willing to return to loyalty.[83]
157516 JunePhilip II of Spain decrees that the change of year is to be counted from 1 January throughout the Habsburg Netherlands, rather than from Christmas (25 December), the Feast of the Annunciation (25 March) or Easter day, as was the custom in various parts.[87]
15764 NovemberSack of Antwerp by Spanish mutineers from the Army of Flanders.
8 NovemberPacification of Ghent: alliance of the provinces of the Habsburg Netherlands to drive mutineers from the Army of Flanders from the country and promote a peace treaty with the rebellious provinces Holland and Zeeland.
15771 MayJohn of Austria makes his formal entry into Brussels as Governor General of the Low Countries.[88]
15781 OctoberGovernor General John of Austria dies near Namur.
15796 JanuaryUnion of Arras concluded.[89]
17 MayTreaty of Arras signed between the Union of Arras and Philip II of Spain.
159624 AprilArchduke Albert takes Calais.[90]
18 AugustArchduke Albert takes Hulst.[90]
159711 MarchArmy of Flanders takes Amiens.[90]
10 SeptemberPhilip II of Spain decides to bequeath his lands in the Low Countries and Burgundy to his daughter, Isabella Clara Eugenia.[91]
15982 MayPeace of Vervins signed.[90]
6 MayPhilip II of Spain signs the Act of Cession bequeathing the Habsburg Netherlands to his daughter, the Infanta Isabella.[90]
13 SeptemberPhilip II of Spain dies.
14 SeptemberArchduke Albert departs from Brussels to marry the Infanta Isabella.[90]
15999 FebruaryEdict prohibiting all trade with the enemy issued.[92]
18 AprilArchduke Albert marries Infanta Isabella.[90]
20 AugustArchduke Albert and Infanta Isabella arrive in the Low Countries.[90]
28 AugustArchduke Albert and Infanta Isabella make their Joyous Entry into Brussels.[90]
16005 FebruaryBattle of Lekkerbeetje in the countryside outside 's-Hertogenbosch
28 AprilEstates General meet in Brussels.[93]
2 JulyBattle of Nieuwpoort between the armies of Maurice of Nassau and the Archduke Albert.

17th century

YearDateEvent
16015 JulySiege of Ostend begins.
16027 JanuaryGeneral assault on Ostend launched.[94]
JulyAmbrogio Spinola arrives in the Low Countries with 8,000 men to reinforce the Army of Flanders
18 July to 20 SeptemberSiege of Grave
SeptemberMutiny of Hoogstraten begins.
NovemberMilitary engineer Pompeo Targone arrives in the camp before Ostend.[95]
160326 MayFederico Spinola dies in the Battle of Sluis.[96]
2 JuneTanneken Sconyncx, suspected witch, dies under torture.[97]
OctoberAmbrogio Spinola appointed commander-in-chief of the army besieging Ostend.[98]
160419 MayMaurice of Nassau lays siege to Sluis.[99]
20 SeptemberNegotiations for the surrender of Ostend begin.[100]
22 SeptemberSiege of Ostend concludes.[100]
160517 MayDon Íñigo de Borja repulses attempted Dutch landing at Blokkersdijk, near Antwerp.[101]
1 JulyFoundation of Liège College, Leuven
1607AugustBeginning of a series of six witch trials in Laarne (ending May 1608).[102]
16099 JanuaryDeath of Joannes Bochius, secretary to the city of Antwerp
9 AprilTwelve Years' Truce agreed in Antwerp
161112 JulyPerpetual Edict (1611) reforming the basic rules of criminal and civil procedure in the courts of the Habsburg Netherlands.[103]
16146 MayAylid, wife of Giele le Hayverlin, sentenced to death for witchcraft by the magistrates of Ouffet: one of the first trials in a local spate of witchcraft accusations.[104]
27 DecemberDeath of Maximiliaan de Vriendt, secretary to the city of Ghent
1617Fund-raising lottery held to fund the opening of Mounts of piety in the Low Countries.[105]
161828 SeptemberOpening of Mount of piety (low-interest loan bank) in Brussels, founded by Wenceslas Cobergher.[106]
1619May to SeptemberTax resistance by Guilds of Brussels.[107]
162019 FebruaryFirst Flemish newspaper, Nieuwe Tijdinghen, begins regular publication.[108]
3 MayChamber of Rhetoric De Peoene hosts a rhetoric competition in Mechelen.[109]
1621AprilTwelve Years' Truce expires.
13 JulyDeath of Albert VII, Archduke of Austria; Spanish Netherlands revert to Philip IV of Spain; Isabella Clara Eugenia remains in Brussels as Governess General
162229 AugustBattle of Fleurus: Army of Flanders defeats Protestant German invasion force.
1624LentFr Charles of Brussels preaches the Forty Hours' Devotion at the court chapel in Brussels.[110]
162930 April to 14 SeptemberSiege of 's-Hertogenbosch: one of the four chief cities of the Duchy of Brabant falls to the Dutch Republic.
1632Political crisis: Conspiracy of Nobles and Siege of Maastricht prompt Isabella Clara Eugenia, Governess General of the Spanish Netherlands, to summon the final session of the Estates General.[111]
16331 DecemberDeath of Isabella Clara Eugenia
16344 NovemberArrival of Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria as new governor general.[112]
1635May to JulyBeginning of hostilities in the Franco-Spanish War (1635–59): Battle of Les Avins, Sack of Tienen, Siege of Leuven
163717 AprilExiled Dutch nobleman René de Renesse, 1st Count of Warfusée, has the mayor of Liège, Sébastien de La Ruelle, murdered by Spanish soldiers.[113]
163824 May to 16 JulySiege of Saint-Omer: French army fails to take the city of Saint-Omer
20 JuneBattle of Kallo: Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria prevents Dutch forces from encircling Antwerp.
16397 JuneRelief of Thionville: imperial forces under Ottavio Piccolomini break the French siege of Thionville in the Duchy of Luxembourg
164226 MayArmy of Flanders victorious in the Battle of Honnecourt
1643David Teniers the Younger, The Guard Room (painting)
19 MayArmy of Flanders defeated in the Battle of Rocroi
1643David Teniers the Younger, The Oude Voetboog Guild in the Grote Markt )painting)
1644Pieter and François Hemony cast the first tuned carillon
28 JulyGravelines taken by the French after a two-month siege
164815 MayPeace of Münster ends the war with the Dutch Republic.
165120 MarchArchduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria lays the foundation stone of the Capuchin church in Brussels, designed by Fr Charles of Brussels.[114]
165214 JulyJacobus de la Torre consecrates the new Capuchin church in Brussels, designed by Fr Charles of Brussels.[115]
165814 JuneBattle of the Dunes: the Army of Flanders and British Royalist allies fail to raise the French-Cromwellian Siege of Dunkirk, leading to the loss of the city.
16662 OctoberCharles II of Great Britain issues the city of Bruges with a Fisheries Privilege in gratitude for the hospitality shown him by the city during his exile.
16695 JuneDeath of Fr Charles of Brussels at the Capuchin house in Brussels.[116]
167127 JuneMarguerite Tiste, a native of Jemappes convicted of witchcraft, strangled and burned at the stake on the main square in Mons.[117]
16952 July to 1 SeptemberSiege of Namur
13–15 AugustBombardment of Brussels by the army of Louis XIV

18th century

YearDateEvent
170420 JuneEdict in the name of Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, reorganises office of notary in the Habsburg Netherlands.[118]
171130 SeptemberArt school established in Brussels, later to become the Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Brussels.[119]
171329 JanuarySecond Barrier Treaty confirms the closing of the Scheldt.[120]
17146 MarchTreaty of Rastatt signed: hostilities between France and Austria arising from War of the Spanish Succession cease; Spanish Netherlands become Austrian Netherlands.[121]
1715Start of Flemish China trade.[120]
17195 February to 3 AugustThe Saint-Joseph sails from Ostend to Canton.[120]
19 SeptemberFrans Anneessens, dean of the masons' guild, beheaded in Brussels for resisting innovations in city government detrimental to the power of the guilds of Brussels.[122]
17203 JuneThe Saint-Joseph reaches its home port of Ostend after a voyage to Canton, bringing a cargo of tea, porcelain, silk, and Chinese roots.[120]
172219 DecemberCharles VI, Holy Roman Emperor grants a charter to the Ostend Company to trade with the Indies.[123]
172322 AprilWork starts on Henri-Joseph Rega's new wing on the University Hall (Leuven).[124]
11–12 AugustShares in the Ostend Company issued on Antwerp Exchange.[120]
172514 MarchHenri-Joseph Rega's new wing on the University Hall (Leuven), taken into use.[124]
172718 JulyOstend Company petitions for the harbour of Ostend to be deepened.[125]
173416 FebruaryOstend Company officially ceases trading in accordance with the Treaty of Vienna (1731).[126]
173716 FebruaryOstend Company officially wound up.[120]
1738Henri-Joseph Rega establishes Leuven's botanical garden.[127]
1744Henri-Joseph Rega establishes Leuven University's anatomical theatre.[128]
174511 MayBattle of Fontenoy
9 JulyBattle of Melle
15 JulyFall of Ghent
AugustSiege of Ostend
1746January to FebruarySiege of Brussels
11 OctoberBattle of Rocoux
174824 AprilCongress of Aix-la-Chapelle convenes in Aachen to negotiate an end to the War of the Austrian Succession
18 OctoberTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the War of the Austrian Succession
17717 JanuaryPrivy Council grants necessary permits for artillery general Joseph de Ferraris to chart Mechelen and Brabant.[129]
1775François-Charles de Velbrück establishes an academy of fine arts in Liège
17786 AugustGovernment edict regulating registration of baptisms, weddings and funerals: parish priests ordered to ensure that registrations of baptisms include the child's date of birth and the parents' places of birth; of weddings include the full names, status, place of birth and place of residence of the parties; of funerals include the date and time of death; and that a copy of each year's new entries in the parish register be deposited with the provincial authorities every January.[70]
17795 AprilFrançois-Charles de Velbrück founds the Société littéraire de Liège.
178029 NovemberDeath of Maria Theresa.
17821 AugustCouncil of Luxembourg becomes a "sovereign" court: its legal decisions can no longer be appealed to the Great Council of Mechelen.[80]
17871 JanuaryJoseph II, Holy Roman Emperor, decrees the abolition of the Council of Brabant and the institution of new law courts for the Duchy of Brabant,[130] to take effect from 1 May 1787.[131]
20 AprilCouncil of Brabant declares its abolition unconstitutional.[130]
21 SeptemberJoseph II's interim minister plenipotentiary, Sir Joseph Murray, 3rd Baronet, postpones the abolition of the Council of Brabant.[130]
178822 JanuaryCouncil of Brabant refuses to issue a new decree by Joseph II's minister plenipotentiary, Ferdinand von Trauttmansdorff.[130]
178926 AugustRepublic of Liège proclaimed.[132]
OctoberArmy of émigré volunteers invades the Austrian Netherlands.[130] Manifesto of the People of Brabant published. Government forces defeated in Battle of Turnhout (1789).
17904 JanuaryManifesto of the Province of Flanders: States of Flanders repudiate loyalty to the count of Flanders and the House of Austria and declare the old County of Flanders an independent sovereign state
11 JanuaryUnited States of Belgium proclaimed.
22 SeptemberBattle of Falmagne: short-lived restoration of Austrian rule in the Low Countries
179113 FebruaryAustrian military intervention restores César-Constantin-François de Hoensbroeck as prince-bishop of Liège
179216 NovemberBattle of Jemappes: French gain control of Belgium and Liège.
179318 MarchBattle of Neerwinden: short-lived restoration of Austrian rule in the Low Countries.
12–13 SeptemberBattle of Menin between French and Dutch forces
15 SeptemberFirst Battle of Courtrai between French and Austrian forces
179426 JuneBattle of Fleurus: decisive French victory in the Flanders Campaign of the French Revolutionary Wars.
17–18 SeptemberBattle of Sprimont: final Austrian defeat in the Low Countries
17951 OctoberFormer Austrian Netherlands and Prince-Bishopric of Liège unilaterally annexed to the French First Republic.[133]
6 NovemberDecree of 14 Brumaire, Year IV brings into force in Belgium the Le Chapelier Law 1791 abolishing craft guilds and prohibiting membership of trade unions.[134]
179617 JuneDecree of 29 Prairial, Year IV establishes civil registration of births, marriages and deaths throughout what is now Belgium.[70]
AugustMoveables and archives of the guilds of Brussels sold at public auction on the Grand-Place.[134]
1797Suppression of religious life begins in earnest.[133]
28 JuneÉcole Centrale for the Department of the Scheldt inaugurated in Ghent.[135]
18 OctoberBy the Treaty of Campo Formio the Austrian monarchy accepts the French annexation of the former Austrian Netherlands.[136]
1798October to DecemberPeasants' War (Boerenkrijg) in Flanders and Brabant; peasant army defeated near Hasselt on 5 December.
179921 JuneExecution of Pieter Corbeels, one of the leaders of the Peasant Army, in Tournai.

19th century

YearDateEvent
18019 FebruaryTreaty of Lunéville reaffirms French annexation of the former Austrian Netherlands.[137]
180627 MayMinor Seminary, Roeselare, opens.
18102 MayNapoleon Bonaparte attends the launching of the warship Friedland in Antwerp.[138]
181431 MarchBattle of Courtrai between French and Saxon forces.
21 JulyBelgium made part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands.[139]
181516 JuneBattle of Ligny: Napoleon Bonaparte's last victory.
18 JuneBattle of Waterloo: final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte.
1822Société Générale founded
183025 AugustBelgian Revolution begins
26 DecemberAllied powers recognise Belgian independence.[139]
183121 JulyLeopold, Prince of Coburg, sworn in as king of the Belgians.[140]
2–12 AugustTen Days' Campaign: Dutch attempt to re-establish rule over Belgium fails, but Dutch forces retain control of Antwerp Citadel.
183220 OctoberAlbert Joseph Goblet d'Alviella replaces Félix de Muelenaere as Prime Minister
15 November to 23 DecemberSiege of Antwerp by Belgian army with French support forces Dutch from Antwerp Citadel.
18344 AugustBarthélémy de Theux de Meylandt replaces Albert Joseph Goblet d'Alviella as Prime Minister
18359 JunePartial legislative elections held.
183618 JuneBelgium adopts the metric system.[1]:627
183728 DecemberPastoral letter of Belgian bishops deprecates Catholic membership of masonic lodges.[1]:628
1838Hendrik Conscience's De Leeuw van Vlaenderen published.
18394 FebruaryThe Kingdom of the Netherlands recognises Belgian independence.[140]
19 AprilTreaty of London signed, finalising international guarantees of Belgian independence and neutrality.[141]:39
184018 AprilJoseph Lebeau replaces Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt as Prime Minister
184113 AprilJean-Baptiste Nothomb replaces Joseph Lebeau as Prime Minister
184530 JulySylvain Van de Weyer replaces Jean-Baptiste Nothomb as Prime Minister
184631 MarchBarthélémy de Theux de Meylandt replaces Sylvain Van de Weyer as Prime Minister
184712 AugustCharles Rogier replaces Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt as Prime Minister
18481 AprilFrench Republican agitators seeking to foment revolution in Belgium arrested at Quiévrain.[141]:244
13 JuneBelgian general election, 1848
18505 MayNational Bank of Belgium founded
11 JunePartial legislative elections
185127 OctoberCommercial treaty between Belgium and the United Kingdom concluded in London.[141]:338[142]
18528 JunePartial legislative elections of 1852
31 OctoberHenri de Brouckère replaces Charles Rogier as Prime Minister
185322 AugustMarriage of Leopold, Duke of Brabant, heir to the Belgian throne, and Marie Henriette of Austria.[141]:389
185427 FebruaryCommercial treaty with France on tariffs, transit and navigation for five years.[143]
13 JunePartial legislative elections of 1854
185530 MarchPierre de Decker replaces Henri de Brouckère as Prime Minister
185610 JunePartial legislative elections of 1856
18579 NovemberCharles Rogier replaces Pierre de Decker as Prime Minister
10 DecemberBelgian general election, 1857
185918 AprilFive-year commercial treaty with France (1854) extended for two more years.[144]
14 JunePartial legislative elections of 1859
31 AugustLower House of the Belgian Parliament passes a motion for the fortification of Antwerp.[141]:556
18609 JulyBelgian consulate in Damascus destroyed during anti-Christian pogroms.[141]:577
18 JulyCivic customs duties abolished.[145]
186111 JunePartial legislative elections of 1861
186312 MayDutch government agrees to perpetual abolition of tolls on the Scheldt river in return for a payment of 17 million guilders[146]
9 JunePartial legislative elections of 1863
186411 AugustBelgian general election, 1864
186510 DecemberDeath of Leopold I; succeeded by Leopold II
186612 JunePartial legislative elections of 1866
186713 FebruaryWork begins on covering of the Senne in Brussels.[147]
18683 JanuaryWalthère Frère-Orban replaces Charles Rogier as Prime Minister
9 JunePartial legislative elections of 1868
1869AprilViolent repression of strikes in Belgium inspires Karl Marx to write The Belgian Massacres.
187011 JunePartial legislative elections of 1870 return a hung parliament
2 JulyJules d'Anethan replaces Walthère Frère-Orban as Prime Minister
2 AugustBelgian general election, August 1870, to break impasse of hung parliament
23 SeptemberSumptuous public celebration of the 40th anniversary of Belgian independence.[141]:949
187121 FebruaryRegular railway services between France and Belgium resumed.[141]:985
7 DecemberBarthélémy de Theux de Meylandt replaces Jules d'Anethan as Prime Minister
187211 JunePartial legislative elections of 1872
18749 JunePartial legislative elections of 1874
21 AugustPrime Minister Barthélémy de Theux de Meylandt dies in office; succeeded by Jules Malou
18758 AprilBirth of future king Albert I of Belgium
187613 JunePartial legislative elections of 1876
1878June to JulyPartial legislative elections of 1878
19 JuneWalthère Frère-Orban replaces Jules Malou as Prime Minister
18808 JunePartial legislative elections of 1880
25 DecemberPope Leo XIII issues a breve to establish a new chair in Thomist philosophy at the Catholic University of Louvain.[148]
18816 MarchReview L'Art Moderne begins publication.[149]
18826 MayNorth Sea Fisheries Convention signed, to come into effect in 1884.
13 JunePartial legislative elections of 1882
31 JulyDésiré-Joseph Mercier appointed to the new chair in Thomist philosophy at the Catholic University of Louvain.[150]
188328 OctoberFounding meeting of the art association Les XX
188416 JuneJules Malou replaces Walthère Frère-Orban as Prime Minister
June and JulyBelgian general election, 1884
26 OctoberAuguste Beernaert replaces Jules Malou as Prime Minister
18856 AprilInaugural meeting of the Belgian Labour Party held in Brussels
2 May to 2 NovemberWorld Exhibition in Antwerp
188618–29 MarchSeries of strikes and disturbances in industrial areas of Wallonia
8 JunePartial legislative elections of 1886
188812 JunePartial legislative elections of 1888
188915 AprilDeath of Father Damien
189010 JunePartial legislative elections of 1890
8 NovemberComposer César Franck dies
189214 JuneBelgian general election, 1892
189312–18 AprilGeneral strike demanding an extension of the franchise
15 AprilInaugural meeting of the Christene Volkspartij held in Okegem, with a party programme drafted by Adolf Daens
189426 MarchJules de Burlet replaces Auguste Beernaert as Prime Minister
5 May to 5 NovemberInternational Exposition (world's fair) in Antwerp
14 OctoberBelgian general election, 1894
189625 FebruaryPaul de Smet de Naeyer replaces Jules de Burlet as Prime Minister
5 and 12 JulyPartial legislative elections of 1896
189710 May to 8 NovemberExposition Internationale (world's fair) held in Brussels
189822 MayPartial legislative elections of 1898
189924 JanuaryJules Vandenpeereboom replaces Paul de Smet de Naeyer as Prime Minister
5 AugustPaul de Smet de Naeyer replaces Jules Vandenpeereboom as Prime Minister
3 DecemberAntoon Stillemans, bishop of Ghent, suspends Adolf Daens as a diocesan priest due to his political activism[151]
190027 MayBelgian general election, 1900
2 OctoberWedding of King Albert I of Belgium and Elisabeth of Bavaria.

20th century

YearDateEvent
19013 NovemberBirth of future king Leopold III of Belgium.
190225 MayPartial legislative elections
15 NovemberItalian anarchist Gennaro Rubino attempts to assassinate Leopold II
19041 MayBelgium national football team play their first official game, against France.
29 MayPartial legislative elections
190527 April to 6 NovemberExposition Universelle et Internationale de Liège takes place.[152]
190627 MayPartial legislative elections
190723 JulyPort of Zeebrugge formally opened.
190824 MayPartial legislative elections
15 NovemberBelgium assumes sovereignty of the Congo under the Colonial Charter on the Belgian annexation of the Congo Free State
190917 DecemberDeath of Leopold II, King of the Belgians
23 DecemberAccession of Albert I as King of the Belgians
191023 April to 1 NovemberExposition Universelle et Internationale (world's fair) held in Brussels.
22 MayPartial legislative elections
1911Stoclet Palace completed
Maurice Maeterlinck awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature
19122 JuneBelgian general election, 1912
19136 April to 31 OctoberExposition universelle et internationale (1913), World's Fair in Ghent.
191424 MayPartial legislative elections
4 AugustGerman invasion with attendant atrocities: beginning of Belgian involvement in the First World War.
191811 NovemberArmistice ends First World War.
191916 NovemberBelgian general election, 1919
192014 August to 12 September1920 Summer Olympics held in Antwerp.
1921JuneCrown Prince Hirohito's official visit to Belgium.[153][154]
20 NovemberBelgian general election, 1921
192323 MaySabena is founded at Brussels Airport
19256 MarchAnnexation of Eupen and Malmedy to the Kingdom of Belgium.
5 AprilBelgian general election, 1925
Henri de Baillet-Latour is elected President of the International Olympic Committee
192620 OctoberLabour Treaty establishing free movement of labour between Belgium and Luxembourg signed at Luxembourg.[155]
10 NovemberWedding of King Leopold III of Belgium and Astrid of Sweden.
192910 JanuaryThe Adventures of Tintin first published in Le Petit Vingtième
26 MayBelgian general election, 1929
19303 May to 3 NovemberExposition internationale held in Liège
7 SeptemberBirth of future king Baudouin of Belgium
193112 MayEugène Ysaÿe dies.
193227 NovemberBelgian general election, 1932
193320 FebruaryConvention regarding Establishment and Labour signed at Geneva, establishing free movement of labour between Belgium and the Netherlands.[156]
193417 FebruaryDeath of Albert I, King of the Belgians.
6 JuneBirth of King Albert II of Belgium
193527 April to 6 NovemberBrussels International Exposition (1935) held in Heysel, near Brussels.
29 AugustQueen Astrid dies in a car crash
193624 MayBelgian general election, 1936
193722–25 MayKing Baudouin makes a state visit to Britain.[157]
19392 AprilBelgian general election, 1939
30 JulyExposition internationale de l'eau opens in Liège.
194010 MayGerman invasion: beginning of Belgian involvement in the Second World War.
194111 SeptemberKing Leopold III secretly marries Lilian Baels
194417–18 Augustcourcelle massacre.
19444 SeptemberLiberation of Brussels and Antwerp.
5 SeptemberCustoms Convention between Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg signed.[158]:978
16 DecemberGerman reinvasion: the Battle of the Bulge begins.
194525 JanuaryLiberation of Belgium completed.
8 MayEnd of World War II in Europe.
194617 FebruaryBelgian general election, 1946
12 AprilFlemish nationalist leader August Borms executed by firing squad as a collaborator
19478 SeptemberVictor Horta dies.
19481 JanuaryCustoms Convention between Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg comes into force.[158]:978
17 MarchBelgium, France, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom sign the Treaty of Brussels, establishing the Brussels Pact for economic, social and cultural collaboration and collective self-defence.[158]:905
25 AugustTreaty of Brussels, establishing the Brussels Pact for economic, social and cultural collaboration and collective self-defence, comes into effect.[158]:905
194926 JuneBelgian general election, 1949
195012 MarchRoyal Question brought to a head with Belgian monarchy referendum, 1950
4 JuneBelgian general election, 1950
195118 AprilTreaty of Paris signed, establishing the European Coal and Steel Community.[158]:655
16 JulyKing Leopold III abdicates
17 JulyBaudouin of Belgium sworn in as king
195225 JulyTreaty of Paris establishing the European Coal and Steel Community comes into force.[158]:655
195331 January to 1 FebruaryNorth Sea flood damages Belgian coastal defences, killing 28
195411 AprilBelgian general election, 1954
23 OctoberParis Protocol agreed, transforming the Brussels Pact into the Western European Union (with Germany and Italy joining).[158]:905
1955March–JulyFirst phase of the Second School War
19567 JuneLabour Treaty signed at The Hague establishing free movement of labour between Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, to come into force 1 November 1960.[159]
8 AugustMining accident of Marcinelle claims 262 lives, including 136 Italian foreign workers
195725 MarchBelgium a signatory to the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Economic Community.
195817 April to 19 OctoberExpo 58, the first major World's Fair since the Second World War.
1 June1958 Belgian general election
196015 AprilBirth of future King Philippe of Belgium
JuneBelgian Congo becomes independent; on the eve of the celebrations Ambroise Boimbo snatches the ceremonial sabre of King Baudouin.
1 NovemberTreaty establishing Benelux Economic Union comes into force, providing for the free movement of persons, goods, capital and services between Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg.[158]:978
196117 JanuaryPatrice Lumumba killed in Congo
26 March1961 Belgian general election
196214 OctoberRioting in Brussels between Flemish nationalist and Francophone demonstrators.[160]
1963Jeanne Deckers, the Singing Nun, becomes world famous.
1964Salvatore Adamo becomes one of the most commercially successful musicians in the world.
196531 MarchTreaty to establish a Benelux Court of Justice signed.[158]:978
23 May1965 Belgian general election
196610 FebruaryBelgium ratifies London Fisheries Convention.
15 MarchLondon Fisheries Convention regulating fisheries in the North Sea comes into force.
196831 March1968 Belgian general election
24 JuneSplit of the Catholic University of Leuven announced.
197129 September to 1 OctoberEmperor Hirohito's state visit to Belgium.[161]
7 November1971 Belgian general election
197410 March1974 Belgian general election
197717 April1977 Belgian general election
11 OctoberAward of Nobel Prize in Chemistry to Ilya Prigogine announced[162]
19789 OctoberJacques Brel dies.
11 OctoberLeo Tindemans resigns as Prime Minister after the failure of the Egmont pact.
17 November1978 Belgian general election
19818 November1981 Belgian general election
198516 to 21 MayPope John Paul II visits Belgium.
13 October1985 Belgian general election
19863 MaySandra Kim wins the Eurovision Song Contest 1986 singing "J'aime la vie".[163]
198713 December1987 Belgian general election
1988Stella Artois merges with Piedboeuf Brewery to form Interbrew
19904–5 AprilConstitutional crisis: King Baudouin suspended as king for 36 hours after refusing to sign a law legalising abortion
199118 JulyAssassination of Socialist politician André Cools.[164]
24 November1991 Belgian general election
1992Dirk Frimout is the first Belgian in Space
199331 JulyKing Baudouin of Belgium dies in Motril
9 AugustAlbert, Prince of Liège becomes 6th King of the Belgians
199521 May1995 Belgian federal election
JunePope John Paul II visits Belgium.
199620 OctoberWhite March: approximately 300,000 people demonstrate to protest police and judicial inefficiency and demand improved child protection in the wake of the Dutroux affair
Famous cyclist Eddy Merckx created baron by King Albert
199913 June1999 Belgian federal election
12 JulyVerhofstadt I Government sworn in
4 DecemberWedding of Prince Philippe and Mathilde d'Udekem d'Acoz
200022 SeptemberStock exchanges of Amsterdam, Brussels and Paris merge as Euronext.[165]

21st century

YearDateEvent
200125 OctoberElisabeth, duchess of Brabant is born in Anderlecht.
6 NovemberBelgian national airline Sabena declared bankrupt
20021 JanuaryEuro enters into circulation to replace the Belgian franc
NovemberFrank De Winne is the second Belgian in space
Strépy-Thieu boat lift is completed
200318 MayBelgian federal election, 2003 leads to formation of Verhofstadt II Government (sworn in 12 July)
20041–22 MarchTrial of serial killer and child molester Marc Dutroux, sentenced to life imprisonment
2005Celebration of 175 years of Belgian independence and 25 years of federalism
20068 October2006 Belgian local elections
200710 JuneBelgian federal election, 2007
200820 MarchLeterme I Government sworn in
30 DecemberVan Rompuy Government sworn in following Yves Leterme's resignation as Prime Minister
20094 JanuaryJohan Bonny consecrated as bishop of Antwerp
11 OctoberFather Damien canonised by Pope Benedict XVI
DecemberHerman Van Rompuy becomes the first President of the European Council
201027 FebruaryAndré-Joseph Léonard succeeds Godfried Danneels as archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels
22 AprilFall of Leterme II Government
23 AprilPope Benedict XVI accepts the resignation of child molester Roger Vangheluwe as bishop of Bruges
13 JuneBelgian federal election, 2010 leads to formation of Di Rupo Government 541 days later
2011OctoberSixth Belgian state reform finalised
6 DecemberDi Rupo Government sworn in 541 days after the Belgian federal election, 2010
201224 OctoberClosure of Ford Genk announced, to be completed in 2014 with loss of over 4,000 jobs.[166]
201321 JulyPhilippe becomes 7th king of the Belgians
201424 MayJewish Museum of Belgium shooting kills four
25 MayBelgian federal election, 2014
20156 NovemberJozef De Kesel succeeds André-Joseph Léonard as archbishop of Mechelen-Brussels
21 to 25 NovemberBrussels lockdown
201622 March2016 Brussels bombings
20 DecemberPublifin scandal breaks in Le Vif/L'Express
201731 MaySamusocial scandal breaks in Brussels parliament
20189 DecemberMichel I Government splits, to be succeeded by Michel II Government, after division over endorsement of the Global Compact for Migration
201926 May2019 Belgian federal election
20204 FebruaryPublic confirmation of first patient tested positive for the COVID-19 pandemic in Belgium[167]
20214 to 5 MayDDOS attack on Belnet disrupts accessibility of websites using the .be domain, including those of the Belgian government, parliament, police, educational and research institutions, health care, and public broadcasters,[168][169] forcing the postponement of parliamentary hearings relating to the Uyghur genocide.[170]
History of the Low Countries
Frisii Belgae
Cana–
nefates
Chamavi,
Tubantes
Gallia Belgica (55 BC–c.5th AD)
Germania Inferior (83–c.5th)
Salian Franks Batavi
unpopulated
(4th–c.5th)
Saxons Salian Franks
(4th–c.5th)
Frisian Kingdom
(c.6th–734)
Frankish Kingdom (481–843)Carolingian Empire (800–843)
Austrasia (511–687)
Middle Francia (843–855) West
Francia

(843–)
Kingdom of Lotharingia (855– 959)
Duchy of Lower Lorraine (959–)
Frisia


Frisian
Freedom

(11–16th
century)

County of
Holland

(880–1432)

Bishopric of
Utrecht

(695–1456)

Duchy of
Brabant

(1183–1430)

Duchy of
Guelders

(1046–1543)

County of
Flanders

(862–1384)

County of
Hainaut

(1071–1432)

County of
Namur

(981–1421)

P.-Bish.
of Liège


(980–1794)

Duchy of
Luxem-
bourg

(1059–1443)
 
Burgundian Netherlands (1384–1482)

Habsburg Netherlands (1482–1795)
(Seventeen Provinces after 1543)
 

Dutch Republic
(1581–1795)

Spanish Netherlands
(1556–1714)
 
 
Austrian Netherlands
(1714–1795)
 
United States of Belgium
(1790)

R. Liège
(1789–'91)
     

Batavian Republic (1795–1806)
Kingdom of Holland (1806–1810)

associated with French First Republic (1795–1804)
part of First French Empire (1804–1815)
   

Princip. of the Netherlands (1813–1815)
 
Kingdom of the Netherlands (1815–1830)
Gr D. L.
(1815–)

Kingdom of the Netherlands (1839–)

Kingdom of Belgium (1830–)

Gr D. of
Luxem-
bourg

(1890–)

See also

Cities in Belgium

References

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    Further reading

    Belgian history

    • Paul Arblaster, A History of the Low Countries (Palgrave Essential Histories, 2012)
    • Samuel Humes, Belgium: Long United, Long Divided (Hurst, 2014)

    Timelines

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