In the United Kingdom, general elections occur at least every five years. About 650 constituencies return a member of Parliament. Prior to 1945, electoral competition in the United Kingdom exhibited features which make meaningful comparisons with modern results difficult. Hence, unless otherwise stated, records are based on results since the 1945 general election, and earlier exceptional results are listed separately.

Glossary

For comparison purposes the following definitions have been adopted.

  • Gain – victory by a party which was not victorious at the immediate previous election.
  • Loss – defeat of a party which was victorious at the immediate previous election.
  • Hold – victory by a party which was victorious at the immediate previous election.
  • Win – victory by a party. Ambiguous term that could mean either a gain or a hold.
  • Incumbent – the party which held the seat at the immediate previous election, irrespective of any intervening change of candidate or candidate's change of party.
  • Third party – In England, since 1922, the "third party" has been the Liberal party through its Alliance with the SDP and their successors up to the present day Liberal Democrats. Additionally, in Scotland and Wales the Scottish National Party and Plaid Cymru are also considered to be third parties. Prior to 1922, the third party was the Labour party.
  • Minor party – parties smaller than the third party
  • Uncontested – an election where only one candidate is put forward. No votes are actually cast and the candidate is by default the victor.
  • Notional – boundary changes occur about every 10–15 years. The political composition of many seats is changed as a result, sometimes decisively. Professors Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher have compiled notional results for the last few sets of boundary changes, predicting what the result would have been at the previous election under the new boundaries.

Numerical records

For more information about what is meant by the term "swing", see Swing (politics)

Largest swings

National swings

From Conservative to Labour

From Labour to Conservative

  • Bassetlaw, 2019 – 18.4% (Conservative gain)

From Labour to Liberal Democrat

From Labour to SNP

From Liberal Democrat to Labour

From SNP to Conservative

Largest fall in percentage share of vote

A party's share of the vote at a general election is not always matched at subsequent general elections, but given the five-year maximum term of a Parliament since 1911, reductions of 10% or more (on the national level) or around 30% or more (in individual constituencies) are unusual.

National

Decrease Decrease PartyElection
15.1 Liberal Democrats 2015
11.6 Conservative 1945
11.2 Conservative 1997
10.8 UKIP 2017
7.9 Labour 2019

Constituency

Decrease Decrease PartyConstituencyElection
65.1 Irish ParliamentaryWest Mayo1918
60.6 Ind. Labour PartyGlasgow Bridgeton1950
53.1 Ulster UnionistNorth Down1979
45.8 LabourMerthyr Tydfil1970
45.7 LabourBlyth1974 Feb
41.5 Ulster UnionistNorth Antrim1970
39.8 Ulster UnionistBelfast North2001
39.7 LabourBlaenau Gwent2005
37.4 Ind. Labour PartyMerthyr1935
36.8 UKIPClacton2017
35.8 Liberal DemocratsBrent Central2015[3]
35.0 Ulster UnionistLagan Valley2005
34.7 RespectBradford West2015
34.7 LabourGlasgow North East2015[3]
34.5 LabourWest Dunbartonshire2015[3]
33.0 Ind. Labour PartyGlasgow Shettleston1950
32.7 LabourCoatbridge, Chryston and Bellshill2015[3]
31.7 LabourGlenrothes2015[3]
31.6 Sinn FéinFermanagh and South Tyrone1959
31.2 LabourKirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath2015[3]
31.2 Liberal DemocratsSheffield Central2015[3]
31.1 Liberal DemocratsDunfermline and West Fife2015[3]
30.5 Liberal DemocratsHereford and South Herefordshire2015[3]
30.5 Democratic LabourLincoln1979
30.3 Liberal DemocratsEdinburgh South2015[3]
30.0 Ulster UnionistNorth Down2010
29.2 Liberal DemocratsBristol West 2015[4]

Other parties

The Scottish National and Democratic Unionist parties have never lost a 30% or larger percentage share of the vote in a single constituency.

Decrease Decrease PartyConstituencyElection
27.0 NI ConservativesNorth Down1997
26.0 SNPWestern Isles1987
25.3 DUPBelfast West1979

Largest increase in percentage share of vote

These records detail the change in the share of the vote by parties when compared to the same constituency in the previous general election. In some cases, such as Brent East in 2005 for the Liberal Democrats, the figures should be framed by the context of a by-election in that constituency between the two elections.

Increase Increase Party Constituency Election
74.1 LabourGlasgow Gorbals1945
43.9 SNPGlasgow North East2015[3]
43.8 LiberalDundee West1951
41.3 DUPLagan Valley2005
41.2 SNPGlasgow North2015[3]
40.8 SNPGlasgow South West2015[3]
39.8 SNPCoatbridge, Chryston and Bellshill2015[3]
39.6 SNPDunfermline and West Fife2015[3]
39.3 SNPGlasgow North West2015[3]
38.9 SNPWest Dunbartonshire2015[3]
38.3 SNPMotherwell and Wishaw2015[3]
38.2 SNPGlenrothes2015[3]
37.9 SNPKirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath2015[3]
37.6 SNPInverclyde2015
36.9 Liberal DemocratsBrent East2005
36.5 SNPRutherglen and Hamilton West2015
36.1 SNPCumbernauld, Kilsyth and Kirkintilloch East2015
36.1 LabourGlasgow Shettleston1950
35.0 SNPGlasgow Central2015
34.7 SNPGlasgow South2015
34.2 SNPAberdeen North2015
34.1 SNPCentral Ayrshire2015
33.0 SNPDundee West2015
33.0 SNPRoss, Skye and Lochaber2015
32.8 SNPPaisley and Renfrewshire South2015
32.6 SNPEast Kilbride, Strathaven and Lesmahagow2015
32.2 SNPGlasgow East2015
31.7 SNPEast Renfrewshire2015
31.7 SNPPaisley and Renfrewshire North2015
31.6 Ulster UnionistFermanagh and South Tyrone1959
31.4 SNPInverness, Nairn, Badenoch and Strathspey2015
31.3 SNPEdinburgh North and Leith2015
31.0 SNPLivingston2015
30.8 SNPAyr, Carrick and Cumnock2015
30.8 SNPEdinburgh South West2015
30.6 SNPDundee East1974 Feb
30.4 SNPAirdrie and Shotts2015
30.3 LabourBristol West2017
30.0 SNPMidlothian2015

Other parties

Increase Increase Party Constituency Election
29.6 UKIPHeywood and Middleton2015
29.0 ConservativeGordon2017
24.2 UnityFermanagh and South Tyrone1970
23.7 Republican LabourBelfast West1966
23.0 GreenBristol West2015

Largest winning share of the vote

The five largest shares of the vote won by any candidate, since 1918, are as follows:

Candidate Party Constituency Election % Share
George Currie Ulster Unionist North Down1959 98.0[1]: 104 
George Currie Ulster Unionist North Down1955 96.9
Knox Cunningham Ulster Unionist South Antrim1959 95.1
Phelim O'Neill Ulster Unionist North Antrim1959 94.9
Will Thorne Labour Plaistow 191894.9

Largest number of votes

The most votes received by a single individual in a general election was Sir Cooper Rawson who polled 75,205 votes when being reelected as MP for Brighton in 1931. Brighton was a two-member constituency with a larger than average electorate. The most votes received by an individual in a single-seat constituency was 69,762 for Reginald Blair in Hendon in 1935.[1]: 101 

Largest majority

The largest majority received by an individual is also Sir Cooper Rawson, reelected with a majority of 62,253 (35.2% of votes) at Brighton in 1931.[1]: 101  The largest majority received by a woman is 38,823 (71.4% of votes) by the Countess of Iveagh elected MP for Southend in 1931.

Lowest winning share of the vote

All general election victors receiving less than 33.33% of the vote are listed. The list is complete from 1945 onwards. Seats with more than one member are omitted.

Name Party Constituency Election % Share
Alasdair McDonnell SDLP Belfast South 2015 24.5[3]
Russell Johnston Liberal Democrats Inverness, Nairn and Lochaber 1992 26.0
Frank Privett Conservative Portsmouth Central 1922 26.8[1]: 103 
John McQuade DUP Belfast North 1979 27.6
Ben Lake Plaid Cymru Ceredigion 2017 29.2
Simon Wright Liberal Democrats Norwich South 2010 29.4
C. W. Crook Conservative East Ham North 1922 29.7
Annabelle Ewing SNP Perth 2001 29.7
Alan Reid Liberal Democrats Argyll and Bute 2001 29.9
William McCrea DUP Mid Ulster 1983 30.0
Angus Robertson SNP Moray 2001 30.3
Emma Pengelly DUP Belfast South 2017 30.4
John Pugh Liberal Democrats Southport 2015 31.0[3]
Albert Owen Labour Ynys Môn 2015 31.1[3]
Margaret Bain SNP East Dunbartonshire 1974 October 31.2
Michael Moore Liberal Democrats Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale 1997 31.2
Cynog Dafis Plaid Cymru Ceredigion and Pembroke North 1992 31.3
Caroline Lucas Green Brighton Pavilion 2010 31.3
Peter Robinson DUP Belfast East 1979 31.4
Gordon Banks Labour Ochil and South Perthshire 2005 31.4
Roger Thomas Labour Carmarthen 1983 31.6
Alan Reid Liberal Democrats Argyll and Bute 2010 31.6
Phil Woolas Labour Oldham East and Saddleworth 2010 31.9
Gregory Campbell DUP East Londonderry 2001 32.1
Alasdair McDonnell SDLP Belfast South 2005 32.3
Russell Johnston Liberal Inverness 1974 October 32.4
Chris Hazzard Sinn Féin South Down 2019 32.4
Jim Cunningham Labour Coventry South East 1992 32.6
Angela Crawley SNP Lanark and Hamilton East 2017 32.6
Anna McCurley Conservative Renfrew West and Inverclyde 1983 32.7
David Simpson DUP Upper Bann 2015 32.7[3]
Danny Kinahan Ulster Unionist South Antrim 2015 32.7[3]
Austin Mitchell Labour Great Grimsby 2010 32.7
Glenda Jackson Labour Hampstead and Kilburn 2010 32.8
Stephen Gethins SNP North East Fife 2017 32.9
Roger Godsiff Labour Birmingham Hall Green 2010 32.9
David Price-White Conservative Caernarfon 1945 32.9
Chris Williamson Labour Derby North 2010 33.0
Hamish Gray Conservative Ross and Cromarty 1970 33.2
Nigel Griffiths Labour Edinburgh South 2005 33.2

Lowest share of the vote

Major parties less than 1% of the vote

Since 1918:

 % shareCandidate PartyConstituencyElection
0.1Paul Shea NI ConservativesBelfast West2015
0.3Lucille Nicholson NI ConservativesMid Ulster2015
0.4Claire-Louise Leyland NI ConservativesTyrone West2015
0.4Hamish Badenoch NI ConservativesFoyle2015
0.4Robert Rigby NI ConservativesNewry and Armagh2015
0.4Amandeep Singh Bhogal NI ConservativesUpper Bann2015
0.6Clare Salier NI ConservativesBelfast South2017
0.7Felicity Buchan NI ConservativesSouth Down2015
0.7Gary McLelland Liberal DemocratsGlasgow East2015[3]
0.8Eileen Baxendale Liberal DemocratsGlasgow North East2015[3]
0.8Karen Roberts Liberal DemocratsRhondda2017
0.8Liz St Clair-Legge NI ConservativesEast Londonderry2017
0.9Flo Clucas Liberal DemocratsWest Bromwich West2017
0.9Ben France Liberal DemocratsDudley North2017
0.9Carol Freeman NI ConservativesAntrim North2015
0.9Brian Price NI ConservativesUpper Bann1997
0.9Cameron Sullivan Liberal DemocratsBlaenau Gwent2017

The Conservatives' worst vote outside Northern Ireland was 1.1% for A. Seaton in Pontypridd in 1918.

Labour's worst vote was 2.2% for Samuel McLaren in Glasgow Bridgeton in 1935 and in 2010 for Jonathan Todd in Westmorland and Lonsdale.

Candidates winning fewer than ten votes

Candidates in general elections since 1918 who won fewer than ten votes:

VotesCandidatePartyConstituencyElection
1Catherine Taylor-DawsonVote For Yourself Rainbow Dream TicketCardiff North2005[5]
3Bobby SmithGive Me Back ElmoMaidenhead2017[6]
5Martin KyslunIndependentWest Derbyshire2005[5]
5William TobinIndependentUxbridge and South Ruislip2019[7]
7Dorian VanbraamRenaissance DemocratPutney1997[8]
7Andres MendozaCommunist LeagueIslington North2017[9]
8Bobby SmithGive Me Back ElmoUxbridge and South Ruislip2019[10]

Both W. M. Somerville in Bewdley at the 1874 United Kingdom general election and F. R. Lees in Drogheda at the 1852 United Kingdom general election received no votes.[1]: 102 

Smallest majorities

Vote MajorityCandidate PartyConstituencyElection
0 John Edmund Wentworth Addison ConservativeAshton-under-Lyne1886[lower-alpha 1]
1Henry Duke Conservative Exeter 1910[lower-alpha 2]
2Abraham Flint National Labour Ilkeston 1931[1]: 101 

Since 1945

Vote MajorityCandidate PartyConstituencyElection
2 Stephen Gethins SNPNorth East Fife2017
2Mark Oaten Liberal Democrats Winchester 1997[lower-alpha 3]
3Gwynoro Jones Labour Carmarthen 1974 Feb
3 Harmar Nicholls Conservative Peterborough 1966[1]: 101 
4 Michelle Gildernew Sinn Féin Fermanagh and South Tyrone 2010
4 George Ward Conservative Worcester 1945[1]: 101 
6 Eric Gandar Dower Unionist Caithness and Sutherland 1945[1]: 101 
7 Derek Spencer Conservative Leicester South 1983
7 Dennis Hobden Labour Brighton Kemptown 1964[1]: 101 
9 Paul Tyler Liberal Bodmin 1974 Feb
10 Peter Emery Conservative Reading 1964
10 Lester Hutchinson Labour Manchester Rusholme 1945
11 Anthony Meyer Conservative Eton and Slough 1964
12 Adrian Sanders Liberal Democrats Torbay 1997
12 John Jackson Conservative South East Derbyshire 1959
13 Ernle Money Conservative Ipswich 1970
14 Julian Amery Conservative Preston North 1964
15 John Foster Conservative Northwich 1945
16 Edward Shackleton Labour Preston South 1951
19 Walter Sweeney Conservative Vale of Glamorgan 1992
20 Emma Dent Coad Labour Kensington 2017
20 John Hollingworth Conservative Birmingham All Saints 1959
21 Ken Hargreaves Conservative Hyndburn 1983
21 Pete Wishart SNP Perth and North Perthshire 2017
22 Ian Austin Labour Dudley North 2017
22 Harmar Nicholls Conservative Peterborough 1974 Feb
22 Margaret Bain SNP East Dunbartonshire 1974 Oct[lower-alpha 4]
25 Jack Beattie Labour Belfast West 1951
27 William Molloy Labour Ealing North 1964
27 Byron Davies Conservative Gower 2015
28 Walter Robert Dempster Perkins Conservative Stroud and Thornbury 1950
29 Robert Atkins Conservative Preston North 1979
30 Paul Farrelly Labour Newcastle-under-Lyme 2017
30 George Thompson SNP Galloway 1974 Oct

Notes:

  1. ↑ At the election, the sitting Conservative Member, John Wentworth Addison, tied with his Liberal opponent, A.B. Rowley, on 3,049 votes each. The returning officer, acting under the law at the time, gave a casting vote to Addison, giving him an effective majority of one.[1]: 103 
  2. ↑ At the election, the Liberal candidate, Harold St. Maur was declared elected by a majority of 4 votes, but on petition, after a lengthy hearing and several recounts at the High Court, the previous Conservative Member Henry Duke was declared elected by a single vote.[1]: 103 
  3. ↑ The 1997 general election result was declared void, and at the subsequent by-election the Liberal Democrat majority swelled to over 20,000 votes.
  4. ↑ As well as being the smallest majority at this election only 429 votes separated the top three candidates.

Most recounts

Highest turnout

Highest turnouts in any general election since 1918:

Lowest turnout

All turnouts below 35% from 1918 onwards:

Constituency Election Turnout (%)
Lambeth Kennington191829.7[5]
Birmingham Deritend191830.7
Bethnal Green North East191831.2
Birmingham Duddeston191832.4
Limehouse191833.4
Liverpool Riverside200134.1
Aberdeenshire and East Kincardineshire191834.2

Until 2001, the lowest turnout after 1918 was 37.4% in Orkney and Shetland in 1922.

Most candidates

Any number of candidates can be nominated for election under current UK electoral law. The only restrictions are that a candidate must be a Commonwealth or Irish citizen, not legally disqualified, with the valid nomination of ten electors from the constituency. Candidates must pay a £500 deposit which is only refunded if the candidate wins 5% or more of the votes cast.

Fourteen constituencies have seen more than ten candidates stand in a general election: large numbers of candidates are common in London seats or in the seat of the incumbent Prime Minister (marked in bold in the below list).

CandidatesConstituencyElectionIncumbent
15Sedgefield2005Tony Blair[5]
13Maidenhead2017Theresa May
13Uxbridge and South Ruislip2015None
12Uxbridge and South Ruislip2019Boris Johnson
12Hackney South and Shoreditch2010Meg Hillier
12Luton South2010None
12Witney2015David Cameron
11Finchley1983Margaret Thatcher[11]
11Isle of Wight2010Andrew Turner
11Bethnal Green and Bow2010None
11Camberwell and Peckham2010Harriet Harman
11Bethnal Green and Bow2015Rushanara Ali
11Camberwell and Peckham2015Harriet Harman
11Hackney South and Shoreditch2015Meg Hillier
11Thanet South2015None

Before 1983, the consecutive records were 6 candidates in Paddington North in 1918,[12] 7 in Tottenham in February 1974 and 9 in Devon North in 1979.

Fewest candidates

The last four seats to be uncontested at a general election were Armagh, Londonderry, North Antrim and South Antrim, at the 1951 general election. The last seats in Great Britain to be uncontested were Liverpool Scotland and Rhondda West, at the 1945 general election.

Three seats were contested only by Labour and Conservative candidates at the 1979 general election: Birmingham Handsworth, Dudley West and Salford East.

Buckingham was the only seat contested by only three candidates at the 2015 general election. Traditionally, the Speaker of the House of Commons is not opposed by major parties, so the only opposition to John Bercow was candidates from the Green Party and from UKIP. However, in the 2017 United Kingdom general election, there were 21 seats with only three candidates and in 2019 there were 20.

Candidate records

Durable general election candidates

A selection of politicians who have contested seats in at least thirteen general elections are listed:

Name Parties Contests Successful First Last Notes
Winston ChurchillLiberal, Conservative161419001959Stood in five by-elections, first in 1899
Charles Pelham VilliersLiberal, Liberal Unionist151518351895
Kenneth ClarkeConservative151319642017
Edward HeathConservative141419501997
T. P. O'ConnorIrish Nationalist141418851929
Dennis SkinnerLabour141319702019
Peter TapsellConservative141319592010Also stood in 1957 by-election
Gerald KaufmanLabour141219552015Did not stand 1964 or 1966
Manny ShinwellLabour141219181966Also stood in 1928 by-election
Michael FootLabour141119351987Also stood in 1960 by-election
David WinnickLabour141019642017Did not stand February 1974
David Lloyd GeorgeLiberal131318921935Also stood in 1890 by-election
Edward TurnourConservative131319061950Also stood in 1904 by-election
Tony BennLabour131219511997Stood in four by-elections, first in 1950
Margaret BeckettLabour13111974 Feb2019Still serving

MPs defeated at consecutive general elections

On rare occasions, an MP has been defeated at a general election, returned at a by-election, only to be defeated again at the subsequent general election. Shirley Williams is distinguished by achieving this while in two different parties.

Notes:

  • a returned to Parliament at a subsequent general election
  • b returned to Parliament at a subsequent by-election

Former MPs unsuccessful at subsequent general elections

Attempts

It is unusual for a defeated MP to pursue more than a couple of attempts at re-election.

Notes:

  • a in various seats
  • b in the same seat
  • c two previous seats and another
  • d one previous seat and another
  • e one previous seat and others

Interval

Attempts at a comeback usually occur almost immediately. Those who succeeded after further general elections include:

Years Candidate Year of defeat Year of re-election
20 Joseph Cleary 1935 1955
18 Paul Tyler 1974 October 1992
14 Walter Ayles 1931 1945
George Isaacs
Somerville Hastings
Jennie Lee
Leah Manning
Lucy Noel-Buxton
13 Jonathan Evans 1997 2010

Future MPs unsuccessful at previous general elections

It is unusual for a candidate who has been unsuccessful on more than a couple of occasions to finally win a seat.

Among women, namely:

Former MPs making a comeback at a general election

Shortest-serving general election victors

For a comprehensive list of MPs with total service of less than 365 days see List of United Kingdom MPs with the shortest service

Since 1945

Candidate Party Constituency Year Days
Alfred Dobbs Labour Smethwick 1945 11
John Sunderland Labour Preston 1945 1221
John Whittaker Labour Heywood and Radcliffe 1945 1371
Philip Clarke Sinn Féin Fermanagh and South Tyrone 1955 1523x
Thomas Mitchell Sinn Féin Mid-Ulster 1955 1523x
Barry McElduff Sinn Féin West Tyrone 2017 2224
Harry West Ulster Unionist Fermanagh and South Tyrone 1974 Feb 2242
James Godfrey MacManaway Ulster Unionist Belfast West 1950 2383
Harry Harpham Labour Sheffield Brightside and Hillsborough 2015 2731
Judith Chaplin Conservative Newbury 1992 3161
Peter Law Independent Blaenau Gwent 2005 3551

Pre-1945

Candidate Party Constituency Year Days
Thomas Higgins Irish Parliamentary Galway North 1906 01
James Annand Liberal East Aberdeenshire 1906 161
Joseph Nicholas Bell Labour Newcastle East 1922 321
Harry Wrightson Conservative Leyton West 1918 321
Hugh Anderson Irish Unionist Londonderry North 1918 664
Pierce McCan Sinn Féin East Tipperary 1918 681x
Alexander Theodore Gordon Unionist Aberdeen and Kincardine Central 1918 681
Charles Mathew Labour Whitechapel and St. George's 1922 851
Robert Climie Labour Kilmarnock 1929 1261b
George Henry Williamson Conservative Worcester 1906 1283
Harold St. Maur Liberal Exeter 1910-12 1293
John Thom Unionist Dunbartonshire 1931 1424b
Richard Mathias Liberal Cheltenham 1910-12 1443
George Hillman Conservative Wakefield 1931 1441
John Barker Liberal Maidstone 1900 1473a
Edward Clarke Conservative City of London 1906 1504b
Frederick Guest Liberal East Dorset 1910-01 1543a
Eugene O'Sullivan Irish Parliamentary East Kerry 1910-01 1703
David MacDonald Unionist Bothwell 1918 1761
Thomas Agar-Robartes Liberal Bodmin 1906 1833a
Herbert Sparkes Conservative Tiverton 1922 1881
Hilton Philipson National Liberal Berwick-on-Tweed 1922 1973
Armine Wodehouse Conservative Saffron Walden 1900 2001
Frederick Rutherfoord Harris Conservative Monmouth 1900 2103a
Moreton Frewen All-for-Ireland Cork North-East 1910-12 2204
Arthur Willey Conservative Leeds Central 1922 2291
Ellis Ellis-Griffith Liberal Carmarthen 1923 2524b
William Ward Conservative Wednesbury 1931 2735b
Alfred Holland Labour Clay Cross 1935 2901
Charles Harvey Dixon Conservative Rutland and Stamford 1922 3111b
Arthur Henniker-Hughan Unionist Galloway 1924 3401
George Spero Labour Fulham West 1929 3414b
Martin Morris Irish Unionist Galway Borough 1900 3425

Notes

  • 1 died
  • 2 defeated at next general election
  • 3 disqualified
  • 4 resigned
  • 5 succeeded to the Peerage
  • a returned to Parliament at a subsequent election
  • b had served previously as an MP
  • x elected on abstentionist tickets, and serving jail sentences at the time, so the calculated length of service is somewhat theoretical.

Youngest general election victors

Babies of the House elected at general elections

See Baby of the House of Commons

Youngest to leave the House

Name Party Election of Leave Age Notes
Thomas Teevan Ulster Unionist 1951 24 1
Edward Stanley Conservative 1918 24 2 (re-elected 1922)
Patrick Joseph Whitty Irish Parliamentary 1918 24 2
Henry Harrison Irish Parliamentary 1892 24 1
Joseph Sweeney Sinn Féin 1922 25 2x
Arthur Evans Liberal 1923 25 1 (re-elected 1924 as Conservative)
Denis Shipwright Conservative 1923 25 1
John Esmonde Irish Parliamentary 1918 25 3
Stuart Donaldson SNP 2017 25 1
Frank Owen Liberal 1931 26 1
John Wodehouse Liberal 1910.01 26 3
Hugh Lucas-Tooth Conservative 1929 26 1 (re-elected 1945)
Bryan Ricco Cooper Irish Unionist 1910.12 26 1
Bernadette Devlin McAliskey Unity 1974 Feb 26 1
Jennie Lee Labour 1931 26 1 (re-elected 1945)
Liam Mellows Sinn Féin 1922 27 2x
Christopher Ward Conservative 1970 27 1
David Reed Labour 1974 Feb 28 2
Michael Ancram Conservative 1974 Oct 29 1 (re-elected 1979)
Charles Rhys Conservative 1929 29 1 (re-elected 1931)
Andrew Mackay Conservative 1979 29 1 (re-elected 1983)
Margo MacDonald SNP 1974 Feb 29 1
Pamela Nash Labour 2015 30 1
Helene Hayman Labour 1979 30 1
John Ryan Labour 1979 30 1
Graham Tope Liberal 1974 Feb 30 1
Owen Carron Sinn Féin 1983 30 1x
Kirstene Hair Conservative 2019 30 1
John Profumo Conservative 1945 30 1
Arthur Evans Conservative 1929 30 3 (re-elected 1931)
W. E. D. Allen New Party 1931 30 3
Noel Lindsay Conservative 1935 30 1
Stanley Henig Labour 1970 30 1
Esmond Harmsworth Conservative 1929 30 3
Notes:
1 Defeated
2 Constituency abolished
3 Retired
x did not take his seat

Oldest to lose their seats

Age Candidate Party Constituency Election
87Dennis Skinner LabourBolsover2019
83David Winnick LabourWalsall North2017
80Charles William Bowerman LabourDeptford1931
77Thomas Dyke Acland LiberalWellington1886
76Arthur Shirley Benn ConservativeSheffield Park1931
76Frank Smith LabourNuneaton1931
76Edward Evans LabourLowestoft1959
76Cecil Walker Ulster UnionistBelfast North2001
75James Sexton LabourSt Helens1931
75Fenner Brockway LabourEton and Slough1964
75Syd Bidwell Independent LabourEaling Southall1992
75Richard Taylor Health ConcernWyre Forest2010
74 Henry Blundell-Hollinshead-Blundell ConservativeInce1906
74 George Edwards LabourSouth Norfolk1924
74 Enoch Powell Ulster UnionistSouth Down1987
74 Peggy Fenner ConservativeMedway1997
74 Tom Clarke LabourCoatbridge, Chryston and Bellshill2015
73 James Fergusson ConservativeManchester North East1906
73 Robert Hobart LiberalNew Forest1910 Jan
73 James Hindle Hudson LabourEaling North1955
72 George Edwards LabourSouth Norfolk1922
72 Robert Aske National LiberalNewcastle upon Tyne East1945
72 Albert Stubbs LabourCambridgeshire1950
72 Caroline Ganley LabourBattersea South1951
71 John Cobbold ConservativeIpswich1868
71 Sir Mark MacTaggart-Stewart ConservativeKirkcudbrightshire1906
71 Arthur Strauss ConservativePaddington North1918
71 Sir William Middlebrook LiberalLeeds South1922
71 Sir Davison Dalziel ConservativeBrixton1923
71 Ben Tillett LabourSalford North1931
711 David Hardie LabourGlasgow Rutherglen1931
71 Leo Amery ConservativeBirmingham Sparkbrook1945
71 Henry Guest ConservativePlymouth Drake1945
71 Rhodes Boyson ConservativeBrent North1997
71 Gordon Birtwistle Liberal DemocratsBurnley2015
71 Vince Cable Liberal DemocratsTwickenham2015
70 Marshall Stevens ConservativeEccles1922
70 Thomas Jewell Bennett ConservativeSevenoaks1923
70 Charles Wilson ConservativeLeeds Central1929
70 John Potts LabourBarnsley1931
70 Jonah Walker-Smith ConservativeBarrow in Furness1945
70 Dryden Brook LabourHalifax1955
70 Charles William Gibson LabourClapham1959
70 Sir Samuel Storey ConservativeStretford 1966
70 Hugh Jenkins LabourPutney1979
70 Dudley Smith ConservativeWarwick and Leamington1997
70 James Hill ConservativeSouthampton Test1997
1Based on Hardie's earliest estimated birth year of "c. 1860", although some biographers cite a date as late as 27 January 1871, making him only 60 years old at time of that election.[14]

Oldest general election victors

At first election

Possibly the oldest known first-time seat winner was Bernard Kelly (born 1808) who was aged 77 when he became the first MP for the then new seat of South Donegal in Ireland at the 1885 general election. He died aged reportedly 78 on 1 January 1887. Others:

Age Candidate Election
75 Caleb Wright 1885
741 Sir George Harrison 1885
74 Frank Smith 1929
73 William Beadel 1885
73 Ashton Lister 1918
71 Robert Williams 1807
71 Sir John Elley 1835
70–712 John Fleming 1818
70 James Caulfeild 1852
70 Frank James 1892
70 Samuel Young 1892
703 Robert Cameron 1895
704 George Walker 1945
705 Piara Khabra 1992
69 William Cobbett 1832
69 Robert Brooks 1859
69 Robert Stickney Blaine 1885
69 Sir Robert Hobart 1906
69 Sir William Peter Griggs 1918
69 Sir George Andreas Berry 1922
69 Alfred Smith 1929
68 Sir William Earle Welby 1802
68 William Nicol 1859
68 William Raeburn 1918
68 Sir Alfred Waldron Smithers 1918
68 Ethel Bentham 1929
68 Marie Rimmer 2015
68 Mick Whitley 2019
67 George Williams 1832
67 Sir George Berkeley 1852
67 William Henry Sykes 1857
67 William John Lysley 1859
67 Spencer Charrington 1885
67 Henry Howe Bemrose 1895
67 Sir Maurice Dockrell 1918
67 Edwin Perkins 1922
67 Andrew Gilzean 1945
67 Albert Stubbs 1945
67 John McQuade 1979
67 Ernest Roberts 1979
67 Roger Mullin 2015
67 Jo Gideon 2019
66-67 John Forster FitzGerald 1852
66 William Beckett 1841
66 Sir Benjamin Guinness 1865
66 Dadabhai Naoroji 1892
66 William Beale 1906
66 George Henry Faber 1906
66 David Sanders Davies 1918
66 Henry Foreman 1918
66 Marshall Stevens 1918
66 Albert Edward Jacob 1924
66 Sir Frederick Mills 1931
66 William Allan Reid 1931
66 Richard Taylor 2001
66 Gordon Birtwistle 2010
66 Glyn Davies 2010
66 Marion Fellows 2015
65 William Moffat 1802
65 James Simmons 1806
65 Peter Rainier 1807
65 Thomas Bernard 1874
65 Hugh Law 1874
65 Alfred Lafone 1886
65 Robert Pearce 1906
65 Alfred Jephcott 1918
65 Alexander Sprot 1918
65 Joseph Leckie 1931
65 Caroline Ganley 1945
65 Mervyn Wheatley 1945
65 George Kerevan 2015
1 Exact birth date not known but Harrison was reportedly this age when he died 5 days after the general election closed and before he took his seat.
2 Exact birth date not known but Fleming, who was brought up as an adopted orphan, is usually stated to have been born in 1747.
3 Exact birthdate not known but Cameron is normally stated to have been born in 1825 and was reportedly this age at election.
4 Exact birthdate not known but Walker is normally stated to have born in 1874 and was reportedly this age at election.
5 Khabra's exact age has been the subject of some disagreement. He claimed a birth year of 1924, which would have made him 67 years old at first election, but his marriage certificate gives a birth year of 1921, and it is this figure which has been used above.

At last election

1 Davies was suspected of being considerably older than he claimed. There is evidence to suggest he was born in 1879, not 1886; if true, this would indicate he was 90 at his last election.
2 Keene's birthdate is given as "c. 1731" in reference works though he was reportedly 90 years old on his death in February 1822. On this the figure is based. Unopposed return, his last contested election was in 1802 when aged 70–71.
Note: All men aged 79 or over since 1945 and over 85 since 1900 are listed, as are all women aged 70 or over.

Returning to the house after a gap

A contender for the longest gap prior to returning at a general election was possibly Henry Drummond (1786–1860), who returned to the House of Commons in the 1847 general election as member for West Surrey, after a near 35-year absence, though aged only 60. He was previously MP for Plympton Erle from 1810 to 1812.

Others, who returned at older ages than Drummond's:

First women general election victors

Notes:

y had entered parliament in by-election 1919 z had entered parliament in by-election 1921

First ethnic minority general election victors

First general election victors from specific religions

When the UK Parliament was established in 1801, non-Anglicans were prevented from taking their seats as MPs under the Test Act 1672. However, Methodists took communion at Anglican churches until 1795, and some continued to do so, and many Presbyterians were prepared to accept Anglican communion, thus ensuring that members of these creeds were represented in the Parliament.[15] Some Unitarians were also elected.

The first Roman Catholic general election victors in the UK Parliament were at the 1830 general election. They included Daniel O'Connell and James Patrick Mahon in Clare.

The first Quaker general election victor was Edward Pease at the 1832 general election.

The first Moravian general election victor was Charles Hindley at the 1835 general election.

Lionel de Rothschild was the first Jewish general election victor at the 1847 general election. He was not permitted to take his seat until the passage of the Jews Relief Act 1858.

The first Catholic Apostolic general election victor was Henry Drummond also at the 1847 election.

The first Baptist general election victor was George Goodman at the 1852 general election.

The first Congregationalist general election victor was Samuel Morley at the 1865 general election.

The first declared atheist to win a general election was Charles Bradlaugh at the 1880 general election. He was not permitted to take his seat in that parliament, but was elected again at the 1885 general election and allowed to take the oath.

Dadabhai Naoroji was the first Parsi general election victor at the 1892 general election.

Piara Khabra became the first Sikh general election victor at the 1992 general election.

Terry Rooney became the first Mormon general election victor at the 1992 general election (previously taking his seat at a by-election in 1990).

The first Muslim general election victor was Mohammed Sarwar at the 1997 general election.

The first Hindu general election victor was Shailesh Vara at the 2005 general election.

The first Buddhist general election victor was Suella Braverman as Suella Fernandes at the 2015 general election.

General elections losers awarded seats on disqualification of winner

Lord Robert Grosvenor: Fermanagh and South Tyrone, 1955

Two or more sitting MPs contest general election

It is of course common for former (defeated) MPs to seek re-election, often in their old constituencies, especially if they are marginal or bellwether seats. What is quite unusual is for two MPs both sitting in the same parliament to seek re-election in the same seat. This usually occurs by reason of boundary changes or party splits.

Italics indicates constituency was newly created at that election Bold indicates the candidate who won that constituency's seat at that election

Election Constituency Sitting MPs
2019 Altrincham and Sale West Graham Brady and Angela Smith
Wokingham John Redwood and Phillip Lee
Finchley and Golders Green Mike Freer and Luciana Berger
Kensington Emma Dent Coad and Sam Gyimah
2010 Poplar and Limehouse Jim Fitzpatrick and George Galloway
Brent Central Dawn Butler and Sarah Teather
2005 Dumfries and Galloway Russell Brown and Peter Duncan
Bethnal Green and Bow Oona King and George Galloway
2001 Brentwood and Ongar Eric Pickles and Martin Bell
1992 Glasgow Garscadden Donald Dewar and Dick Douglas
1987 South Hams Anthony Steen and Willie Hamilton1
1983 Meriden Iain Mills and John Sever
Islington North John Grant and Michael O'Halloran
Southwark and Bermondsey Simon Hughes and John Tilley
Crosby Shirley Williams and Malcolm Thornton
Glasgow Hillhead Roy Jenkins and Neil Carmichael
1974 Feb Bradford West John Wilkinson and Edward Lyons
Blyth Eddie Milne and Ivor Richard
Plymouth Devonport Joan Vickers and David Owen
Brentford and Isleworth Michael Barnes and Barney Hayhoe
Paddington Arthur Latham and Nicholas Scott
1955 Grantham Joseph Godber and Woodrow Wyatt
Reading Ian Mikardo and Frederic Bennett
Bradford North William Taylor and Maurice Webb
1950 Carmarthen Rhys Hopkin Morris and Lynn Ungoed-Thomas
Renfrewshire West John Maclay and Thomas Scollan
Glasgow Kelvingrove Walter Elliot and John Lloyd Williams
Newport Peter Freeman and Ivor Thomas
Sudbury and Woodbridge John Hare and Roland Hamilton
Stafford and Stone Hugh Fraser and Stephen Swingler
Newark George Deer and Sidney Shephard
Carlton Kenneth Pickthorn and Florence Paton
Thurrock Hugh Delargy and Leslie Solley
Walthamstow West Clement Attlee and Lester Hutchinson
Walsall William Wells and John Barlow
Poole Mervyn Wheatley and Evelyn King
Middlesbrough East Hilary Marquand and Alfred Edwards
Liverpool West Derby David Maxwell Fyfe and Bertie Kirby
Gateshead East Arthur Moody and Konni Zilliacus
Exeter John Maude and Thomas Horabin
Blackburn West Ralph Assheton and John Edwards
Stepney Walter Edwards and Philip Piratin
Shoreditch and Finsbury Ernest Thurtle and John Platts-Mills
1945 Lewisham East Assheton Pownall and Herbert Morrison
St Marylebone Alec Cunningham-Reid and Wavell Wakefield
Putney Hugh Linstead and Richard Acland
Harrow West Norman Bower and Hugh Lawson
Stratford West Ham Thomas Groves and Redvers Michael Prior
Mossley Austin Hopkinson and George Woods

Notes: 1after announcing his retirement as member for Central Fife, long-serving Scottish Labour MP Willie Hamilton obtained his party's nomination in the hopeless prospect of South Hams in southern England. Hamilton insisted that he knew local parties often found themselves without candidates shortly before nominations closed, and was offering because it would help them out of difficulty; however by standing again and being "defeated" he qualified for an additional allowance.

Frequency and duration records

Longest period without a general election

The longest possible duration of a Parliament is currently five years. All period of six years or more between general elections are listed:

9 years, 7 months and 21 days: 1935 – 1945
8 years: December 1910 – 1918
6 years: 1820 – 1826
6 years: 1841 – 1847
6 years: 1859 – 1865
6 years: 1874 – 1880
6 years: 1886 – 1892

Shortest period between general elections

All periods of less than a year between general elections are listed:

7 months: November 1806 – June 1807
7 months: November/December 1885 – July 1886
7 months and 12 days: February – October 1974
8 months: September 1830 – April/May/June 1831
10 months: December 1923 – October 1924
11 months: January – December 1910

Longest continuous governments

This details the longest continuous government of each of the parties that have been in power.

Party Appointed Removed Duration
Conservative 4 May 1979 2 May 1997 17 years, 11 months and 28 days
Labour 2 May 1997 11 May 2010 13 years and 9 days
Liberal 5 December 1905 25 May 1915 9 years, 5 months and 20 days
Coalition government a 24 August 1931 26 July 1945 13 years, 11 months and 2 days

a The parties making up the National Government changed throughout this period

Election days

Currently, all British Parliamentary elections are invariably held on a Thursday. The last general election not held on a Thursday was the 1931 election, which was held on Tuesday 27 October. Prior to this, it was common to hold general elections on any day of the week (other than Sunday), and until the 1918 general election, polling (and the declaration of results) was held over a period of several weeks.

Suspended elections

On rare occasions, polling in an individual constituency may be suspended, usually as a result of the death of a candidate. The last occasion was at Thirsk and Malton in 2010, where polling was delayed for three weeks owing to the death of the UKIP candidate.

Previous examples occurred at

Causes of general elections

Loss of a vote of confidence

  • 1979
  • 1924

New Prime Minister seeks a mandate

  • 2019
  • 2017
  • 1955
  • 1935
  • 1931
  • 1923

Prime Minister without a working majority seeks to gain one

  • 2019
  • October 1974
  • 1966
  • 1951

Prime Minister's choice of date

  • 2017 (approved by a motion of the House of Commons under the provisions of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011)
  • 2005
  • 2001
  • 1987
  • 1983
  • February 1974
  • 1970
  • 1959
  • 1950
  • 1929

Parliament had run its course

  • 2015
  • 2010
  • 1997
  • 1992
  • 1964

Collapse of cooperation within Government

  • 1922

End of World War

  • 1945
  • 1918

Miscellaneous records

Incumbents fall directly from first place to fourth place

ConstituencyElection Losing party Gaining party
Norwich South2015 Liberal Democrats Labour
Belfast North20011 Ulster Unionist DUP
Peckham19312 Labour Conservative
1 UUP had been unopposed by DUP at previous elections.
2 Sitting Labour MP stood instead for the Independent Labour Party and took second place.

Incumbents fall directly from first place to third place

ConstituencyElection Losing party Gaining party
Ashfield2019 Labour Conservative
Clacton2017 UKIP Conservative
Southport2017 Liberal Democrats Conservative
Bristol West2015 Liberal Democrats Labour
Brent Central2015 Liberal Democrats Labour
Berwickshire, Roxburgh and Selkirk2015 Liberal Democrats SNP
Dumfries and Galloway2015 Labour SNP
Aberdeenshire West and Kincardine2015 Liberal Democrats SNP
Bristol North West2010 Labour Conservative
Colne Valley2010 Labour Conservative
Watford2010 Labour Conservative
Belfast South2005 Ulster Unionist SDLP
Conwy1997 Conservative Labour
Aberdeen South1997 Conservative Labour
Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber1997 Liberal Democrats Labour
Stockton South19831 Labour SDP
Plymouth Devonport19831 Labour SDP
Caithness and Sutherland19831 Labour SDP
Erith and Crayford19831 Labour Conservative
Renfrew West and Inverclyde19831 Labour Conservative
Southampton Itchen19831 Labour Conservative
Clwyd South West19831 Labour Conservative
West Hertfordshire1983 Labour Conservative
Stevenage1983 Labour Conservative
East Dunbartonshire1979 SNP Labour
North Down1979 2 Ulster Unionist Ind. Unionist
Mid Ulster1974 Feb Unity Vanguard
Bolton West1964 Liberal Labour
Glasgow Bridgeton1950 3 Ind. Labour Party Labour
Rugby1950 Independent Labour
Hammersmith North1950 Independent Labour Labour
Grantham1950 Independent Conservative
Cheltenham1950 Independent Conservative
Stepney1950 Communist Labour
West Fife1950 Communist Labour
Caithness and Sutherland1945 Liberal Unionist
1 The sitting Labour MP had defected to the SDP in 1981.
2 The sitting Ulster Unionist Party MP had defected to sit as an Independent Unionist.
3 The sitting Independent Labour Party MP had defected to Labour.

Outgoing Government gains seats

When there is a decisive change in electoral sentiment, a tiny number of seats will not only buck the trend by not moving as expected, but may actually move in the opposite direction. Only elections that saw a change of government are listed, since it is fairly common for a few seats to move in divergent directions when an incumbent government is re-elected; 2005 was an exception to this case, when the Labour party scored no gains.

Italics indicates seat was regained after having been lost in a previous by-election

Constituency Election Gaining Party Losing Party
Bethnal Green and Bow 2010 Labour Respect
Blaenau Gwent 2010 Labour Independent
Chesterfield 2010 Labour Liberal Democrats
Dunfermline and West Fife 2010 Labour Liberal Democrats
Glasgow East 2010 Labour SNP
Christchurch 1997 Conservative Liberal Democrats
Glasgow Cathcart 1979 Labour Conservative
Clackmannan and East Stirlingshire 1979 Labour SNP
East Dunbartonshire 1979 Labour SNP
Carmarthen 1979 Labour Plaid Cymru
Ashfield 1979 Labour Conservative
Birmingham Stechford 1979 Labour Conservative
Walsall North 1979 Labour Conservative
Workington 1979 Labour Conservative
Berwick and East Lothian 1974 Feb Conservative Labour
East Dunbartonshire 1974 Feb Conservative Labour
Upminster 1974 Feb Conservative Labour
Ipswich 1974 Feb Conservative Labour
North West Norfolk 1974 Feb Conservative Labour
Ripon 1974 Feb Conservative Liberal
Sutton and Cheam 1974 Feb Conservative Liberal
Bromsgrove and Redditch 1974 Feb Conservative Labour
Colne Valley 1970 Labour Liberal
Birmingham Ladywood 1970 Labour Liberal
Swindon 1970 Labour Conservative
Oldham West 1970 Labour Conservative
Dudley 1970 Labour Conservative
Acton 1970 Labour Conservative
Walthamstow West 1970 Labour Conservative
Glasgow Pollok 1970 Labour Conservative
Hamilton 1970 Labour SNP
Carmarthen 1970 Labour Plaid Cymru
Birmingham Perry Barr 1964 Conservative Labour
Eton and Slough 1964 Conservative Labour
Smethwick 1964 Conservative Labour
South West Norfolk 1964 Conservative Labour
South Dorset 1964 Conservative Labour
Anglesey 1951 Labour Liberal
Merioneth 1951 Labour Liberal
Caithness and Sutherland 1945 Conservative Liberal
Berwick upon Tweed 1945 Conservative Liberal
Caernarvon 1945 Conservative Liberal
Isle of Ely 1945 Conservative Liberal
Barnstaple 1945 Conservative Liberal
Wallasey 1945 Conservative Independent
Skipton 1945 Conservative Common Wealth
Birmingham King's Norton 1929 Conservative Labour
Midlothian and Peebles Northern 1929 Conservative Labour
Lancaster 1929 Conservative Liberal

Incoming Government loses seats

Notes: In 2010 the Conservatives entered government as the largest party in a coalition and in 2015 they went from being part of a coalition to being a majority government in their own right.
In 2017 the Conservatives entered government without an overall majority and in 2019 they went from having a minority government to being a majority government in their own right.

In 2010 the Liberal Democrats entered government as a junior partner in a coalition.

Italics indicates seat was previously lost at a by-election and not regained by the incoming government at a general election

Constituency Election Losing Party Gaining Party
Enfield North 2015 Conservative Labour
Ealing Central and Acton 2015 Conservative Labour
Lancaster and Fleetwood 2015 Conservative Labour
Dewsbury 2015 Conservative Labour
Wolverhampton South West 2015 Conservative Labour
Brentford and Isleworth 2015 Conservative Labour
City of Chester 2015 Conservative Labour
Wirral West 2015 Conservative Labour
Eastbourne 2010 Conservative Liberal Democrats
Wells 2010 Conservative Liberal Democrats
Solihull 2010 Conservative Liberal Democrats
Dunfermline and West Fife 2010 Liberal Democrats Labour
Chesterfield 2010 Liberal Democrats Labour
Camborne and Redruth 2010 Liberal Democrats Conservative
Cornwall South East 2010 Liberal Democrats Conservative
Harrogate and Knaresborough 2010 Liberal Democrats Conservative
Hereford and South Herefordshire 2010 Liberal Democrats Conservative
Montgomeryshire 2010 Liberal Democrats Conservative
Newton Abbot 2010 Liberal Democrats Conservative
Oxford West and Abingdon 2010 Liberal Democrats Conservative
Richmond Park 2010 Liberal Democrats Conservative
Romsey and Southampton North 2010 Liberal Democrats Conservative
Truro and Falmouth 2010 Liberal Democrats Conservative
Winchester 2010 Liberal Democrats Conservative
Glasgow Cathcart 1979 Conservative Labour
Berwick and East Lothian 1974 Feb Labour Conservative
East Dunbartonshire 1974 Feb Labour Conservative
Clackmannan and East Stirlingshire 1974 Feb Labour SNP
Dundee East 1974 Feb Labour SNP
Blyth 1974 Feb Labour Independent Labour
Lincoln 1974 Feb Labour Democratic Labour
Cardigan 1974 Feb Labour Liberal
Colne Valley 1974 Feb Labour Liberal
Rochdale 1974 Feb Labour Liberal
North Antrim 1970 Ulster Unionist DUP
Fermanagh and South Tyrone 1970 Ulster Unionist Unity
Mid Ulster 1970 Ulster Unionist Unity
Birmingham Perry Barr 1964 Labour Conservative
Eton and Slough 1964 Labour Conservative
Smethwick 1964 Labour Conservative
South West Norfolk 1964 Labour Conservative
Belfast West 1951 Ulster Unionist Irish Labour
Carmarthen 1945 Labour Liberal
Mile End 1945 Labour Communist
Birmingham King's Norton 1929 Labour Conservative
Bethnal Green North East 1929 Labour Liberal
Newcastle East 1929 Labour Liberal
Motherwell 1924 Conservative Labour
Barrow-in-Furness 1924 Conservative Labour
Lincoln 1924 Conservative Labour
Liverpool West Toxteth 1924 Conservative Labour
Birmingham King's Norton 1924 Conservative Labour
Bilston 1924 Conservative Labour
Peckham 1924 Conservative Labour
London University 1924 Conservative Independent
Ayr Burghs 1906 Liberal Conservative
Barkston Ash 1906 Liberal Conservative
Govan 1906 Liberal Conservative
Hastings 1906 Liberal Conservative
Maidstone 1906 Liberal Conservative
Oswestry 1906 Liberal Conservative
Rye 1906 Liberal Conservative
St Albans 1906 Liberal Conservative
St Andrews Burgh 1906 Liberal Conservative
Whitby 1906 Liberal Conservative
North Lonsdale 1906 Liberal Liberal Unionist

Seats gained from fourth place*

Seats gained from third place*

Notes:
* only includes examples of genuine three-or-more party competition; does not include seats gained as a result of pacts
1 sitting member had defected from UUP to DUP
2 Liberal Democrats had won a by-election in predecessor constituency in which Labour finished second
3 by-election gain confirmed at general election.
4 SDP candidate ran for the Alliance in seat with strong Liberal tradition.

General election victors had not contested previous election

It is unusual for a party that had not contested the seat at the previous election to win it. Since the major mainland parties now routinely contest all seats, except the Speaker's, such rare victories tend to come from independents or splinter-parties.

Notes:

  • 1 Vanguard broke up in the late 1970s; the sitting MP joined the Ulster Unionists.
  • 2 Vanguard broke up in the late 1970s; the sitting MP joined the United Ulster Unionists.
  • 3 By-election gain confirmed at the general election.
  • 4 The Protestant Unionist Party merged into the Democratic Unionist Party in 1970.
  • 5 Sitting MP Gerry Fitt had left the Republican Labour Party for the SDLP in 1970; by 1974 Republican Labour had disintegrated.

Incumbent party did not contest

The rare occasions where the party which won the previous election did not contest the seat. Independent candidates are not included, nor are Speakers of the House of Commons. Also excluded are occasions where the party had merged into an organisation which did contest the election, such as when the Social Democratic Party and Liberal Party formed the Liberal Democrats, or the Vanguard Unionist Progressive Party merged into the Ulster Unionist Party.

Election Constituency Incumbent party Notes
1997 North Down UPUP Sole UPUP MP had died and party had subsequently collapsed.
1983 Mid Ulster UUUP UUUP had dissolved and former MP stood down.
1974 February Belfast West Republican Labour MP had defected to the Social Democratic and Labour Party and RLP had dissolved.
1959 Caithness and Sutherland Unionist Stood aside for Independent Unionist David Robertson.
1955 Fermanagh and Tyrone Nationalist Stood aside for Sinn Féin candidate.
1950 Chelmsford Common Wealth MP had defected to Labour and party decided not to contest any further elections.
1950 Glasgow Camlachie Ind. Labour Party MP had defected to Labour, then the ILP had performed badly in the 1948 by-election.

Major party did not run

Conservative

Labour

Liberal Democrats

Liberal Party (pre-Liberal Democrats)

1: An occasion where a major party stood aside against the Speaker of the House of Commons.
2: As part of the Unite to Remain pact, the Liberal Democrats stood aside in favour of Green (2G), Plaid Cymru (2P) and independent (2I) candidates in some seats.

Victories by minor parties

Victories by independent and minor party candidates since 1945. For a complete list, see the list of UK minor party and independent MPs elected.

ElectionMember PartyConstituency
2019 Caroline Lucas Green Brighton Pavilion
Stephen Farry Alliance North Down
2017 Caroline Lucas Green Brighton Pavilion
Sylvia Hermon Independent North Down
2015 Caroline Lucas Green Brighton Pavilion
Sylvia Hermon Independent North Down
Douglas Carswell UKIP Clacton
2010 Caroline Lucas Green Brighton Pavilion
Sylvia Hermon Independent North Down
Naomi Long Alliance Belfast East
2005 Richard Taylor Kidderminister Health Concern Wyre Forest
George Galloway Respect Party Bethnal Green and Bow
Peter Law Independent Blaenau Gwent
2001 Richard Taylor Kidderminister Health Concern Wyre Forest
1997 Martin Bell Independent Tatton
1974 Feb Dick Taverne Democratic Labour Lincoln
Eddie Milne Independent Labour Blyth
1970 S. O. Davies Independent Labour Merthyr Tydfil

Independent candidates winning 10% or more

Independent candidates who did not win, but took 10% or more of the vote in their constituency

Constituency Election Candidate Votes Percentage Position Notes
Batley and Spen 2019 Paul Halloran 6,432 12.2 3
Beaconsfield 2019 Dominic Grieve 16,765 29.0 2 Previously represented the seat for the Conservatives
Birkenhead 2019 Frank Field 7,285 17.2 2 Previously represented the seat for Labour
Buckingham 2017 Scott Raven 5,638 10.7 3 Standing against the then Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow
Bradford West 2017 Salma Yaqoob 6,345 13.9 3
Chorley 2019 Mark Brexit-Smith 9,439 23.7 2 Standing against the then Speaker of the House of Commons, Lindsay Hoyle. Selected as a Brexit Party candidate, ran as an independent after the party withdrew
Ealing Southall 2001 Avtar Lit 5,764 12.3 3
East Devon 2015 Claire Wright 13,140 24.0 2
East Devon 2017 Claire Wright 21,270 35.2 2
East Devon 2019 Claire Wright 25,869 40.4 2
Fermanagh and South Tyrone 2001 Jim Dixon 6,843 13.2 4
Fermanagh and South Tyrone 2010 Rodney Connor 21,300 41.5 2 Supported by the DUP and UUP
Fylde 2015 Mike Hill 5,166 11.9 4
Hereford and South Herefordshire 2017 Jim Kenyon 5,560 11.0 3
Middlesbrough 2019 Antony High 4,548 14.2 3
Nelson and Colne 1966 Patrick Downey 5,117 13.7 3 The candidate was the uncle of Lesley Anne Downey, a victim in the Moors murders case, who stood against Labour candidate and opponent to capital punishment, Sydney Silverman on a pro-hanging platform.
Sedgefield 2005 Reg Keys 4,252 10.3 4 Standing against the then-Prime Minister Tony Blair
South West Hertfordshire 2019 David Gauke 15,919 26.0 2 Previously represented the seat for the Conservatives
West Bromwich West 1997 Richard Silvester 8,546 23.3 2 Standing against the then Speaker of the House of Commons, Betty Boothroyd
West Tyrone 2005 Kieran Deeny 11,905 27.4 2

Minor parties other strong performance

Parties without representation in Parliament which won 10% or more of the votes cast:

Party Constituency Election Candidate Votes Percentage Position Notes
Alliance Belfast East 1983 Oliver Napier 9,373 24.1 3
Alliance Belfast East 1987 John Alderdice 10,574 32.1 2
Alliance Belfast East 1992 John Alderdice 10,650 29.8 2
Alliance Belfast East 1997 Jim Hendron 9,288 23.8 3
Alliance Belfast East 2001 David Alderdice 5,832 15.8 3
Alliance Belfast East 2005 Naomi Long 15,443 36.0 2
Alliance Belfast East 2017 Naomi Long 3,746 12.2 3
Alliance Belfast South 1983 David Cook 8,945 23.9 2
Alliance Belfast South 1987 David Cook 6,963 21.3 2
Alliance Belfast South 1992 John Montgomery 5,054 15.0 3
Alliance Belfast South 1997 Steve McBride 5,112 12.9 4
Alliance Belfast South 2010 Anna Lo 5,114 15.0 4
Alliance Belfast South 2017 Paula Bradshaw 7,946 18.2 3
Alliance East Antrim 1983 Seán Neeson 7,620 20.0 3
Alliance East Antrim 1987 Seán Neeson 8,582 25.6 2
Alliance East Antrim 1992 Seán Neeson 9,132 23.3 3
Alliance East Antrim 1997 Seán Neeson 6,929 20.2 2
Alliance East Antrim 2001 John Matthews 4,483 12.5 3
Alliance East Antrim 2005 Seán Neeson 4,869 15.3 3
Alliance East Antrim 2010 Gerry Lynch 3,377 11.1 3
Alliance East Antrim 2017 Stewart Dickson 5,950 15.6 2
Alliance Lagan Valley 1983 Seamus Close 4,593 11.3 3
Alliance Lagan Valley 1987 Seamus Close 5,728 13.8 2
Alliance Lagan Valley 1992 Seamus Close 6,207 12.7 2
Alliance Lagan Valley 1997 Seamus Close 7,635 17.2 2
Alliance Lagan Valley 2001 Seamus Close 7,624 16.6 2
Alliance Lagan Valley 2005 Seamus Close 4,316 10.1 3
Alliance Lagan Valley 2010 Trevor Lunn 4,174 11.4 3
Alliance Lagan Valley 2017 Aaron McIntyre 4,996 11.1 3
Alliance North Antrim 1987 Gareth Williams 5,140 12.4 3
Alliance North Down 1983 John Cushnahan 9,015 22.1 2
Alliance North Down 1987 John Cushnahan 7,932 19.4 3
Alliance North Down 1992 Addie Morrow 6,611 14.7 3
Alliance North Down 1997 Oliver Napier 7,554 20.7 3
Alliance South Antrim 1983 Gordon Mawhinney 4,612 11.9 3
Alliance South Antrim 1987 Gordon Mawhinney 5,808 16.0 2
Alliance South Antrim 1992 John Blair 5,244 12.4 3
Alliance South Antrim 1997 David Ford 4,668 11.6 3
Alliance Strangford 1983 Addie Morrow 6,171 15.8 3
Alliance Strangford 1987 Addie Morrow 7,553 20.3 2
Alliance Strangford 1992 Kieran McCarthy 7,585 16.9 3
Alliance Strangford 1997 Kieran McCarthy 5,467 13.1 3
Alliance Strangford 2017 Kellie Armstrong 5,693 14.7 2
Ashfield Ind. Ashfield 2019 Jason Zadrozny 13,498 27.6 2
Brexit Party Barnsley Central 2019 Victoria Felton 11,233 30.4 2
Brexit Party Barnsley East 2019 Jim Ferguson 11,112 29.2 2
Brexit Party Bassetlaw 2019 Debbie Soloman 5,366 10.6 3
Brexit Party Blaenau Gwent 2019 Richard Taylor 6,215 20.6 2
Brexit Party Blaydon 2019 Michael Robinson 5,833 12.8 3
Brexit Party Caerphilly 2019 Nathan Gill 4,490 11.2 4
Brexit Party Chesterfield 2019 John Scotting 4,771 10.6 3
Brexit Party Cynon Valley 2019 Rebecca Rees-Evans 3,045 10.1 3
Brexit Party Doncaster Central 2019 Surjit Duhre 6,842 16.5 3
Brexit Party Doncaster North 2019 Andy Stewart 8,294 20.4 3
Brexit Party North Durham 2019 Peter Telford 4,693 11.1 3
Brexit Party Don Valley 2019 Paul Whitehurst 6,247 13.7 3
Brexit Party Easington 2019 Julie Maughan 6,744 19.5 3
Brexit Party Hartlepool 2019 Richard Tice 10,603 25.8 3
Brexit Party Hemsworth 2019 Waj Ali 5,930 13.5 3
Brexit Party Houghton and Sunderland South 2019 Kevin Yuill 6,165 15.5 3
Brexit Party Kingston upon Hull East 2019 Marten Hall 5,764 17.8 3
Brexit Party Kingston upon Hull North 2019 Derek Abram 4,771 13.9 3
Brexit Party Kingston upon Hull West and Hessle 2019 Michelle Dewberry 5,638 18.0 3
Brexit Party Islwyn 2019 James Wells 4,834 14.1 3
Brexit Party Jarrow 2019 Richard Leslie Monaghan 4,172 10.0 3
Brexit Party Makerfield 2019 Ross Wright 5,817 13.1 3
Brexit Party Merthyr Tydfil and Rhymney 2019 David Jones 3,604 11.2 3
Brexit Party North Durham 2019 Peter Telford 4,693 11.1 3
Brexit Party North Tyneside 2019 Andrew Husband 5,254 10.4 3
Brexit Party Normanton, Pontefract and Castleford 2019 Deneice Florence-Jukes 8,032 16.6 3
Brexit Party Rhondda 2019 John Watkins 3,733 12.6 4
Brexit Party Rother Valley 2019 Allen Cowles 6,264 12.9 3
Brexit Party Rotherham 2019 Paul Hague 6,125 17.2 3
Brexit Party Sheffield South East 2019 Kirk Kus 4,478 10.7 3
Brexit Party South Shields 2019 Glenn Michael Thompson 6,446 17.0 3
Brexit Party St Helens North 2019 Malcolm Webster 5,396 11.3 3
Brexit Party St Helens South and Whiston 2019 Daniel Oxley 5,353 10.6 3
Brexit Party Sunderland Central 2019 Viral Parikh 5,047 11.6 3
Brexit Party Torfaen 2019 David Thomas 5,742 15.4 3
Brexit Party Washington and Sunderland West 2019 Howard Brown 5,439 14.5 3
Brexit Party Wentworth and Dearne 2019 Stephen Cavell 7,019 16.9 3
Brexit Party Wigan 2019 William Molloy 5,959 13.2 3
BNP Barking 2005 Richard Barnbrook 4,916 16.9 3
BNP Barking 2010 Nick Griffin 6,620 14.8 3
BNP Burnley 2001 Steve Smith 4,151 11.3 4
BNP Burnley 2005 Len Starr 4,003 10.1 5
BNP Dewsbury 2005 David Exley 5,066 13.1 4
BNP Oldham West and Royton 2001 Nick Griffin 6,552 16.4 3
BNP Rotherham 2010 Marlene Guest 3,906 10.4 4
Buckinghamshire Campaign for Democracy Buckingham 2010 John Stevens 10,331 21.4 2 Standing against the then Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow
Burnley First Burnley 2005 Harry Brooks 5,786 14.8 3
Green Brighton Pavilion 2005 Keith Taylor 9,571 22.0 3
Green Lewisham Deptford 2005 Darren Johnson 3,367 11.4 4
Green Norwich South 2010 Adrian Ramsay 7,095 14.9 4
Liberal Liverpool West Derby 2001 Steve Radford 4,601 14.9 2
Liberal Liverpool West Derby 2005 Steve Radford 3,606 11.8 3
National Democrats West Bromwich West 1997 Steve Edwards 4,181 11.4 3 Standing against the then Speaker of the House of Commons, Betty Boothroyd
NHA Wyre Forest 2015 Richard Taylor 7,221 14.6 4 Taylor had served as MP for the constituency from 2001 to 2010
NHA South West Surrey 2017 Louise Irvine 12,093 20.0 2
NI Labour Belfast East 1974 Oct David Bleakley 8,122 14.1 3
Orkney and Shetland Movement Orkney and Shetland 1987 John Goodlad 3,095 14.5 4
People Before Profit Belfast West 2015 Gerry Carroll 6,798 19.2 2 Represented in the Dáil
People Before Profit Belfast West 2017 Gerry Carroll 4,132 10.2 3 Represented in the Northern Ireland Assembly and Dáil
People Before Profit Belfast West 2019 Gerry Carroll 6,194 16.0 3 Represented in the Northern Ireland Assembly and Dáil
People's Justice Birmingham Sparkbrook and Small Heath 2001 Shafaq Hussain 4,770 13.0 3
PUP Belfast East 2001 David Ervine 3,669 10.0 4
PUP Belfast South 1997 David Ervine 5,687 14.4 3
Protestant Unionist Belfast North 1987 George Seawright 5,671 15.4 3
Real Unionist North Down 1987 Bob McCartney 14,467 35.4 2
Respect Birmingham Sparkbrook and Small Heath 2005 Salma Yaqoob 10,498 27.5 2
Respect East Ham 2005 Abdul Khaliq Mian 8,171 20.7 2
Respect Poplar and Canning Town 2005 Oliur Rahman 6,573 17.2 3
Respect West Ham 2005 Lindsey German 6,039 19.5 2
Scottish Militant Labour Glasgow Pollok 1992 Tommy Sheridan 6,287 19.3 2
Scottish Socialist Glasgow Pollok 1997 Tommy Sheridan 3,639 11.1 3
Sinn Féin Belfast North 1997 Gerry Kelly 8,375 20.2 3
Sinn Féin Fermanagh and South Tyrone 1997 Gerry McHugh 11,174 23.1 2
Sinn Féin Foyle 1997 Mitchel McLaughlin 11,445 23.9 2
Sinn Féin Newry and Armagh 1997 Pat McNamee 11,218 21.1 3
Sinn Féin South Down 1997 Mick Murphy 5,127 10.4 3
Sinn Féin Upper Bann 1997 Bernadette O'Hagan 5,773 12.1 3
Sinn Féin West Tyrone 1997 Pat Doherty 14,280 30.9 3
Socialist Labour Glasgow North East 2005 Doris Kelly 4,036 14.2 3 Standing against the then Speaker of the House of Commons, Michael Martin
TUV North Antrim 2010 Jim Allister 7,114 16.8 2
Ulster Unionist East Antrim 2019 Stephen Aiken 5,475 15.0 3
Ulster Unionist Lagan Valley 2019 Robbie Buttler 8,606 19.1 3
Ulster Unionist Fermanagh and South Tyrone 2019 Tom Elliott 21,929 43.2 2 Just 57 votes short of Sinn Féin, the highest vote share ever achieved by a party with no MPs.
Ulster Unionist North Antrim 2019 Robin Swann 8,139 18.5 2
Ulster Unionist North Down 2019 Alan Albert Chambers 4,936 12.1 3
Ulster Unionist Strangford 2019 Philip Smith 4,023 10.8 3
Ulster Unionist South Antrim 2019 Danny Kinahan 12,460 29.0 2
Ulster Unionist Upper Bann 2019 Doug Beattie 6,197 12.4 4
UKIP Buckingham 2010 Nigel Farage 8,410 17.4 3 Standing against the then Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow
UKIP South Staffordshire 2005 Malcolm Hurst 2,675 10.4 4 Polling day delayed following death of Liberal Democrat candidate from original ballot.

Miscellaneous notable results

Party leaders or deputy leaders losing their seats

Constituency Election MP Position Party
East Dunbartonshire 2019 Jo Swinson Leader Liberal Democrats
Belfast North 2019 Nigel Dodds Deputy leader DUP
Moray 2017 Angus Robertson Deputy leader SNP
Belfast East 2015 Naomi Long Deputy leader Alliance
Bradford West 2015 George Galloway Leader Respect
Belfast East 2010 Peter Robinson Leader DUP
Upper Bann 2005 David Trimble Leader Ulster Unionist
North Down 2001 Robert McCartney Leader UK Unionist
Belfast West 1992 Gerry Adams Leader Sinn Féin
Glasgow Govan 1992 Jim Sillars Deputy Leader SNP
Dundee East 1987 Gordon Wilson Leader SNP
Carmarthen 1979 Gwynfor Evans Leader Plaid Cymru
Cornwall North 1979 John Pardoe Deputy Leader Liberal
Fermanagh and South Tyrone 1974 October Harry West Leader Ulster Unionist
Belper 1970 George Brown Deputy Leader Labour
Carmarthen 1970 Gwynfor Evans Leader Plaid Cymru
Huddersfield West 1964 Donald Wade Deputy Leader Liberal
Anglesey 1951 Megan Lloyd George Deputy Leader Liberal
Caithness and Sutherland 1945 Archibald Sinclair Leader Liberal
Edinburgh Leith 1945 Ernest Brown Leader National Liberal
Darwen 1935 Herbert Samuel Leader Liberal
Seaham 1935 Ramsay MacDonald Leader National Labour
Burnley 1931 Arthur Henderson Leader Labour
Manchester Platting 1931 John Robert Clynes Deputy Leader Labour
Paisley 1924 H. H. Asquith Leader Liberal
East Fife 1918 H. H. Asquith Leader Liberal
East Mayo 1918 John Dillon Leader Irish Parliamentary
Manchester East 1906 Arthur Balfour Leader Conservative
West Ham South 1895 Keir Hardie Leader Ind. Labour Party
Londonderry City 1892 Justin McCarthy1 Leader Irish National Federation
South West Lancashire 1868 William Ewart Gladstone2 Leader Liberal
1: McCarthy was defeated in Londonderry City, the seat for which he had sat in the previous Parliament. He also stood in North Longford, where he was elected.
2: Gladstone was defeated in South West Lancashire, the seat for which he had sat in the previous Parliament. He also stood in Greenwich, where he was elected.

General elections having historic significance

First general elections for a new political party

Listed below parties which have returned MPs, either at the listed election or a later one.

Asterisked – first election where party fielded candidates but MPs elected at later general election. Otherwise all parties listed returned MPs at first contested election.

Last general elections for defunct political parties

Listed below are parties which had returned MPs and which ceased to exist after the listed election:

* After the Liberal Party and SDP merged to form the Liberal Democrats, some members opposed to the merger formed new parties, the continuation Liberal Party and continuation Social Democratic Party. These parties are legally distinct from their predecessors and have never won a seat in Parliament.

General elections following electoral developments

Participation in, and outcome of, general elections can be influenced by changes in electoral law or practice.

  • 2019: first general election held because an Act of Parliament specifically called for one (the Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019, enacted to bypass the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011)
  • 2017: first general election held because MPs voted for an early election under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
  • 2015: first general election scheduled automatically under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
  • 2010: first general election following lowering of age of candidacy to 18
  • 2001: first general election in which hereditary peers could vote, and stand as MPs without disclaiming peerage
  • 1970: first general election following reduction of adult voting age to 18
  • 1964: first general election hereditary peers were allowed to stand as MPs if peerage disclaimed
  • 1955: first general election in which all seats were contested
  • 1950: first general election following:
  • 1929: first general election where all adult women (aged 21 upwards) were enfranchised
  • 1922: first general election following secession of Southern Ireland from the UK
  • 1918: first general election in which:
  • women (aged 21 upwards) were eligible only to stand and (aged 30 upwards) were enfranchised
  • all adult males (aged 21 upwards) were enfranchised
  • polling was held on single day
  • postal voting (for armed forces personnel) was allowed
  • established a unified householder franchise
  • comprehensively redistributed parliamentary seats, abolishing many rotten boroughs
  • established 21 years as the youngest age of candidacy (reduced to 18 in 2006)
  • 1830: first general election in which Roman Catholics could stand as MPs (significant in Ireland)
  • 1801: first general election in which Irish voters elected MPs to Westminster, following the Act of Union, on same footing to those in England, Scotland and Wales

See also

Notes

    References

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Craig, F. W. S. (1968). British Parliamentary Election Statistics 1918–1968. Glasgow: Political Reference Publications. p. 20. ISBN 0900178000.
    2. ↑ Election 2015: SNP wins 56 of 59 seats in Scots landslide BBC News 8 May 2015
    3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Tim Carr, The Politicos Guide to the New House of Commons 2015
    4. ↑ "[No title given]". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
    5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Colin Rallings and Michael Thrasher, British electoral facts (Parliamentary Research Services)
    6. ↑ "Maidenhead parliamentary constituency – Election 2017". BBC News. BBC.
    7. ↑ "Uxbridge & South Ruislip parliamentary constituency – Election 2019". BBC News. BBC.
    8. ↑ "Putney [Archive]". www.politicsresources.net.
    9. ↑ "Islington North parliamentary constituency – Election 2017". BBC News. BBC.
    10. ↑ "Uxbridge & South Ruislip parliamentary constituency – Election 2019". BBC News. BBC.
    11. ↑ Research Paper 05/33: General Election 2005 Archived 27 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine, House of Commons Library
    12. ↑ Craig, F. W. S. (1968). British Parliamentary Election Statistics 1918–1968. Glasgow: Political Reference Publications. p. 65. ISBN 0900178000.
    13. ↑ MacAskill, Ewen; Ratcliffe, Rebecca (8 May 2015). "Mhairi Black: the 20-year-old who beat a Labour heavyweight". The Guardian.
    14. ↑ James Keir Hardie 1856–1915 Archived 25 March 2014 at the Wayback Machine at Hunting Dead
    15. ↑ Chris Pond, Parliament and Religious Disabilities Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine
    • Who's Who of British MPs: Volume IV, 1945–1979 by Michael Stenton and Stephen Lees (Harvester, Brighton, 1979) ISBN 0-85527-335-6
    • British Parliamentary Constituencies – A Statistical Compendium by Ivor Crewe and Anthony Fox (Faber and Faber, London, 1984) ISBN 0-571-13236-7
    • British Political Facts 1900–1994 by David Butler and Gareth Butler (St. Martin's Press, New York, 1994) ISBN 0-312-12147-4
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