Ai
Ai
Example glyphs
Bengali-AssameseAi
TamilAi
Thai
Malayalam
Sinhala
Ashoka BrahmiAi
DevanagariAi
Cognates
Hebrewע
GreekΟ, Ω
LatinO
CyrillicО, Ѡ, Ѿ, Ꙋ, Ю
Properties
Phonemic representation/ɐi/ /ɔi/ /ɛː/
IAST transliterationai Ai
ISCII code pointAD (173)

Ai is a vowel of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ai is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng. As an Indic vowel, Ai comes in two normally distinct forms: 1) as an independent letter, and 2) as a vowel sign for modifying a base consonant. Bare consonants without a modifying vowel sign have the inherent "A" vowel.

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The ै sign was used to modify a consonant's value ×1012, but the vowel letter ऐ did not have an inherent value by itself.[1]

Historic Ai

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ai as found in standard Brahmi, Ai was a simple geometric shape, and retained the same basic form into later styles of Brahmi. Like all Brahmic scripts, Tocharian Ai Ai has an accompanying vowel mark for modifying a base consonant. In Kharoṣṭhī, the only independent vowel letter is for the inherent A. All other independent vowels, including Ai are indicated with vowel marks added to the letter A.

Brahmi Ai

The Brahmi letter Ai Ai, is probably derived from the altered Aramaic Ayin , and is thus related to the modern Latin O and Greek Omicron.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ai can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with some vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ai historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)
Girnar
(~150 BCE)
Kushana
(~150-250 CE)
Gujarat
(~250 CE)
Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Ai

The Tocharian letter Ai is derived from the Brahmi Ai. Unlike some of the consonants, Tocharian vowels do not have a Fremdzeichen form.

Tocharian consonants with Ai vowel marks
KaiKhaiGaiGhaiCaiChaiJaiJhaiNyaiṬaiṬhaiḌaiḌhaiṆai
TaiThaiDaiDhaiNaiPaiPhaiBaiBhaiMaiYaiRaiLaiVai
ŚaiṢaiSaiHai

Kharoṣṭhī Ai

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ai is indicated with the E vowel mark Ai plus the vowel length mark . As an independent vowel, Ai is indicated by adding the vowel marks to the independent vowel letter A A.

Devanagari Ai

Ai vowel
Ai vowel sign
Devanagari independent Ai and Ai vowel sign.

Ai () is a vowel of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ai. Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter , and the Modi letter 𑘋.

Devanagari Using Languages

The Devanagari script is used to write the Hindi language, Sanskrit and the majority of Indo-Aryan languages. In most of these languages, ऐ is pronounced as [ai]. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

Bengali Ai

Ai vowel
Ai vowel sign
Bengali independent Ai and Ai vowel sign.

Ai () is a vowel of the Bengali abugida. It is derived from the Siddhaṃ letter Ai, and is marked by the lack of horizontal head line and less geometric shape than its Devanagari counterpart, ऐ.

Bengali Script Using Languages

The Bengali script is used to write several languages of eastern India, notably the Bengali language and Assamese. In most languages, ঐ is pronounced as [ai]. Like all Indic scripts, Bengali vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ɔ/ vowel.

Gujarati Ai

Ai vowel
Ai vowel sign
Gujarati independent Ai and Ai vowel sign.

Ai () is a vowel of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ai ai, and ultimately the Brahmi letter ai.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ઐ is pronounced as [ai]. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati vowels come in two forms: an independent vowel form for syllables that begin with a vowel sound, and a vowel sign attached to base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel.

Javanese Ai

Telugu Ai

Telugu independent vowel Ai
Telugu vowel sign Ai
Telugu independent vowel and vowel sign Ai.

Ai () is a vowel of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ai. It is closely related to the Kannada letter . Like in other Indic scripts, Telugu vowels have two forms: and independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of Telugu consonant letters. Vowel signs in Telugu can interact with a base consonant in one of three ways: 1) the vowel sign touches or sits adjacent to the base consonant without modifying the shape of either 2) the vowel sign sits directly above the consonant, replacing its v-shaped headline, 3) the vowel sign and consonant interact, forming a ligature.

Telugu Ai vowel sign on క, ఖ, గ, ఘ & ఙ: Kai, Khai, Gai, Ghai and Ngai. Note that how the vowel sign interacts with the base consonant is dependent on the location of the headline, the absence of a headline, and the presence of a tail to attach to.

Malayalam Ai

Malayalam independent vowel Ai
Malayalam vowel sign Ai
Malayalam independent vowel and vowel sign Ai.

Ai () is a vowel of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ai, via the Grantha letter Ai ai. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Malayalam usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound.

Odia Ai

Odia independent vowel and vowel sign Ai

Ai () is a vowel of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ai, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ai ai. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Odia usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Odia.

Kaithi Ai

Kaithi independent vowel Ai
Kaithi vowel sign Ai
Kaithi independent vowel and vowel sign Ai.

Ai (𑂊) is a vowel of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter Ai, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ai Ai. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi vowels have two forms: an independent letter for word and syllable-initial vowel sounds, and a vowel sign for changing the inherent "a" of consonant letters. Vowel signs in Kaithi usually sit adjacent to its base consonant - below, to the left, right, or both left and right, but are always pronounced after the consonant sound. No base consonants are altered in form when adding a vowel sign, and there are no consonant+vowel ligatures in Kaithi.

Comparison of Ai

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ai, are related as well.

Comparison of Ai in different scripts
Aramaic
Ai
Kharoṣṭhī
-
Ashoka Brahmi
Ai
Kushana Brahmi[lower-alpha 1]
𑀐
Tocharian[lower-alpha 2]
-
Gupta Brahmi
𑀐
Pallava
Ai
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
-
Siddhaṃ
Ai
Grantha
𑌐
Cham
Sinhala
Pyu /
Old Mon[lower-alpha 3]
-
Tibetan
-
Newa
-
Ahom
-
Malayalam
Telugu
Burmese
Lepcha
-
Ranjana
Ai
Saurashtra
Dives Akuru
-
Kannada
Kayah Li
-
Limbu
Soyombo[lower-alpha 4]
-
Khmer
 / 
Tamil
Ai
Chakma
𑄭
Tai Tham
 / 
Meitei Mayek
Gaudi
-
Thai
 / 
Lao
 / 
Tai Le
Marchen
-
Tirhuta
𑒌
New Tai Lue
Tai Viet
Aksara Kawi
-
'Phags-pa
-
Odia
Sharada
𑆎
Rejang
Batak
-
Buginese
Zanabazar Square
-
Bengali-Assamese
Ai
Takri
𑚇
Javanese
Balinese
Makasar
-
Hangul[lower-alpha 5]
-
Northern Nagari
-
Dogri
-
Laṇḍā
-
Sundanese
Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘋
Gujarati
Khojki
𑈅
Khudabadi
𑊷
Mahajani
-
Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
Ai
Nandinagari
-
Kaithi
Ai
Gurmukhi
Multani
-
Buhid
-
Canadian Syllabics[lower-alpha 6]
-
Soyombo[lower-alpha 7]
-
Sylheti Nagari
-
Gunjala Gondi
-
Masaram Gondi[lower-alpha 8]
-
Hanuno'o
-
Notes
  1. The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Character encodings of Ai

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ai in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ai from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Preview
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER AI BENGALI LETTER AI TAMIL LETTER AI TELUGU LETTER AI ORIYA LETTER AI KANNADA LETTER AI MALAYALAM LETTER AI GUJARATI LETTER AI GURMUKHI LETTER AI
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode2320U+09102448U+09902960U+0B903088U+0C102832U+0B103216U+0C903344U+0D102704U+0A902576U+0A10
UTF-8224 164 144E0 A4 90224 166 144E0 A6 90224 174 144E0 AE 90224 176 144E0 B0 90224 172 144E0 AC 90224 178 144E0 B2 90224 180 144E0 B4 90224 170 144E0 AA 90224 168 144E0 A8 90
Numeric character referenceऐऐঐঐஐஐఐఐଐଐಐಐഐഐઐઐਐਐ
ISCII173AD173AD173AD173AD173AD173AD173AD173AD173AD


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𑌐
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER AI SIDDHAM LETTER AI GRANTHA LETTER AI
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode69648U+1101071051U+1158B70416U+11310
UTF-8240 145 128 144F0 91 80 90240 145 150 139F0 91 96 8B240 145 140 144F0 91 8C 90
UTF-1655300 56336D804 DC1055301 56715D805 DD8B55300 57104D804 DF10
Numeric character reference𑀐𑀐𑖋𑖋𑌐𑌐


Character information
Preview𑆎
Unicode name SHARADA LETTER AI
Encodingsdecimalhex
Unicode70030U+1118E
UTF-8240 145 134 142F0 91 86 8E
UTF-1655300 56718D804 DD8E
Numeric character reference𑆎𑆎


Character information
Preview
Unicode name NEW TAI LUE VOWEL SIGN AE
Encodingsdecimalhex
Unicode6582U+19B6
UTF-8225 166 182E1 A6 B6
Numeric character referenceᦶᦶ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name KHMER INDEPENDENT VOWEL QAI LAO VOWEL SIGN AI LAO VOWEL SIGN AY THAI CHARACTER SARA AI MAIMALAI THAI CHARACTER SARA AI MAIMUAN TAI VIET VOWEL AY
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6064U+17B03780U+0EC43779U+0EC33652U+0E443651U+0E4343708U+AABC
UTF-8225 158 176E1 9E B0224 187 132E0 BB 84224 187 131E0 BB 83224 185 132E0 B9 84224 185 131E0 B9 83234 170 188EA AA BC
Numeric character referenceឰឰໄໄໃໃไไใใꪼꪼ


Character information
Preview
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER AIYANNA TAI LE LETTER AI SAURASHTRA LETTER AI CHAM LETTER AI
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3475U+0D936509U+196D43150U+A88E43524U+AA04
UTF-8224 182 147E0 B6 93225 165 173E1 A5 AD234 162 142EA A2 8E234 168 132EA A8 84
Numeric character referenceඓඓᥭᥭꢎꢎꨄꨄ


Character information
Preview𑘋
Unicode name MODI LETTER AI KAITHI LETTER AI
Encodingsdecimalhexdechex
Unicode71179U+1160B69770U+1108A
UTF-8240 145 152 139F0 91 98 8B240 145 130 138F0 91 82 8A
UTF-1655301 56843D805 DE0B55300 56458D804 DC8A
Numeric character reference𑘋𑘋𑂊𑂊


Character information
Preview𑒌
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER AI LIMBU VOWEL SIGN AI
Encodingsdecimalhexdechex
Unicode70796U+1148C6436U+1924
UTF-8240 145 146 140F0 91 92 8C225 164 164E1 A4 A4
UTF-1655301 56460D805 DC8C64361924
Numeric character reference𑒌𑒌ᤤᤤ


Character information
Preview𑚇𑈅𑊷
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER AI KHOJKI LETTER AI KHUDAWADI LETTER AI
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode71303U+1168770149U+1120570327U+112B7
UTF-8240 145 154 135F0 91 9A 87240 145 136 133F0 91 88 85240 145 138 183F0 91 8A B7
UTF-1655301 56967D805 DE8755300 56837D804 DE0555300 57015D804 DEB7
Numeric character reference𑚇𑚇𑈅𑈅𑊷𑊷


Character information
Preview
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER AIKARA JAVANESE LETTER AI SUNDANESE LETTER AE
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode6928U+1B1043405U+A98D7046U+1B86
UTF-8225 172 144E1 AC 90234 166 141EA A6 8D225 174 134E1 AE 86
Numeric character referenceᬐᬐꦍꦍᮆᮆ



References

  1. Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
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