Ra
Ra
Example glyphs
Bengali-AssameseRa
TibetanRa
TamilRa
Thai
ร
Malayalam
ര
Sinhala
ර
Ashoka BrahmiRa
DevanagariRa
Cognates
Hebrewר
GreekΡ
LatinR
CyrillicР
Properties
Phonemic representation/ɾ/
IAST transliterationr R
ISCII code pointCF (207)

Ra is a consonant of Indic abugidas. In modern Indic scripts, Ra is derived from the early "Ashoka" Brahmi letter ng after having gone through the Gupta letter . Most Indic scripts have differing forms of Ra when used in combination with other consonants, including subjoined and repha forms. Some of these are encoded in computer text as separate characters, while others are generated dynamically using conjunct shaping with a virama.

Āryabhaṭa numeration

Aryabhata used Devanagari letters for numbers, very similar to the Greek numerals, even after the invention of Indian numerals. The values of the different forms of र are:[1]

  • र [ɾə] = 40 (४०)
  • रि [ɾɪ] = 4,000 (४ ०००)
  • रु [ɾʊ] = 400,000 (४ ०० ०००)
  • रृ [ɾri] = 40,000,000 (४ ०० ०० ०००)
  • रॢ [ɾlə] = 4×109 (४×१०९)
  • रे [ɾe] = 4×1011 (४×१०११)
  • रै [ɾɛː] = 4×1013 (४×१०१३)
  • रो [ɾoː] = 4×1015 (४×१०१५)
  • रौ [ɾɔː] = 4×1017 (४×१०१७)

Historic Ra

There are three different general early historic scripts - Brahmi and its variants, Kharoṣṭhī, and Tocharian, the so-called slanting Brahmi. Ra as found in standard Brahmi, Ra, was a simple geometric shape, with variations toward more flowing forms by the Gupta Ra. The Tocharian Ra Ra had an alternate Fremdzeichen form, Ra. The third form of ra, in Kharoshthi (Ra), was probably derived from Aramaic separately from the Brahmi letter.

Brahmi Ra

The Brahmi letter Ra, Ra, is probably derived from the Aramaic Resh , and is thus related to the modern Latin R and Greek Rho.[2] Several identifiable styles of writing the Brahmi Ra can be found, most associated with a specific set of inscriptions from an artifact or diverse records from an historic period.[3] As the earliest and most geometric style of Brahmi, the letters found on the Edicts of Ashoka and other records from around that time are normally the reference form for Brahmi letters, with vowel marks not attested until later forms of Brahmi back-formed to match the geometric writing style.

Brahmi Ra historic forms
Ashoka
(3rd-1st c. BCE)		Girnar
(~150 BCE)		Kushana
(~150-250 CE)		Gujarat
(~250 CE)		Gupta
(~350 CE)

Tocharian Ra

The Tocharian letter Ra is derived from the Brahmi Ra, and has an alternate Fremdzeichen form Rä used in conjuncts and as an alternate representation of Rä. The use of repha forms in modern Indic scripts is similar to the Fremdzeichen Ra in Tocharian.

Tocharian Ra with vowel marks
RaRāRiRīRuRūRrRr̄ReRaiRoRauRäFremdzeichen

Kharoṣṭhī Ra

The Kharoṣṭhī letter Ra is generally accepted as being derived from the Aramaic Resh , and is thus related to R and Rho, in addition to the Brahmi Ra.[2]

Devanagari Ra

Ra (र) is a consonant of the Devanagari abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter ka, after having gone through the Gupta letter . Letters that derive from it are the Gujarati letter ર, and the Modi letter 𑘨. Ra, along with the Latin capital letter R, is the basis of the currency symbol ₹, which represents the Indian rupee.

Devanagari-using languages

In all languages, र is pronounced as [ɾə] or [ɾ] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Devanagari uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

Devanagari र with vowel marks
RaRāRiRīRuRūRrRr̄RlRl̄ReRaiRoRauR
र रा रि री रु रू रृ रॄ रॢ रॣ रे रै रो रौ र्

Several languages use the dotted form Rra for the [r] sound instead of र. ऱ combines with vowel marks identically to र.

Conjuncts with र

Devanagari Repha
Devanagari Rakar

Devanagari exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. In modern Devanagari texts, most conjuncts are formed by reducing the letter shape to fit tightly to the following letter, usually by dropping a character's vertical stem, sometimes referred to as a "half form". Some conjunct clusters are always represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters. Vertically stacked conjuncts are ubiquitous in older texts, while only a few are still used routinely in modern Devanagari texts. The use of ligatures and vertical conjuncts may vary across languages using the Devanagari, with Marathi in particular preferring the use of half forms where texts in other languages would show ligatures and vertical stacks.[4]

When in conjuncts with other letters, र takes on several different forms, the most important of which are Repha and Rakar. Repha is used to indicate that a conjunct begins with "R". It is crescent shape attached atop the headline of the rest of the conjunct at the right, immediately above the vertical stem, if present. The other members of the conjunct ignore Repha for shaping, combining with the other members of the conjunct to form ligatures or stacked conjuncts normally.

Rakar is used to indicate a consonant conjunct ending in "Ra". It is an upward-pointing wedge shape that is found either centered below the rest of the conjunct, or tilted to the right and integrated with the bottom of the stemline. Like with Repha, the rest of the conjunct ignores Rakar for shaping, except for minor alteration of the bottom of any stemline.

The third conjunct form of Ra is the so-called Eyelash Ra. It resembles a half-form in retaining the head line, with a shape below that connects to the following letter, but this remaining eyelash shape does not resemble either र or ऱ. The eyelash Ra is used in Nepali and Marathi texts instead of Repha for an initial "R" sound in a conjunct. Even though those languages both use the dotted Ra ऱ, eyelash Ra is the default form of Ra + Virama in Unicode for backwards compatibility, and the Repha form is mapped individually as a ligature with each other Devanagari consonant.

Devanagari Repha

  • Repha र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba: note

  • Repha र্ (r) + भ (bha) gives the ligature rbha:

  • Repha र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca:

  • Repha र্ (r) + छ (cha) gives the ligature rcha:

  • Repha र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature rḍʱa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rddʱa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + द্ (d) + व (va) gives the ligature rdva:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga:

  • Repha र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja:

  • Repha र্ (r) + झ (jha) gives the ligature rjha:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

  • Repha र্ (r) + क (ka) gives the ligature rka:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ख (kha) gives the ligature rkha:

  • Repha र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ल (la) gives the ligature rla:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature rḷa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma:

  • Repha र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ङ্ (ŋ) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rŋga:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rña:

  • Repha र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + फ (pha) gives the ligature rpha:

  • Repha र্ (r) + र (ra) gives the ligature rra:

  • Repha र্ (r) + स (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + स্ (s) + व (va) gives the ligature rsva:

  • Repha र্ (r) + त (ta) gives the ligature rta:

  • Repha र্ (r) + थ (tha) gives the ligature rtha:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

  • Repha र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त (ta) gives the ligature rtta:

  • Repha र্ (r) + ठ (ṭha) gives the ligature rṭha:

  • Repha र্ (r) + व (va) gives the ligature rva:

  • Repha र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature rya:

Devanagari Rakar

  • भ্ (bh) + र (ra) gives the ligature bhra:

  • ब্ (b) + र (ra) gives the ligature bra:

  • छ্ (ch) + र (ra) gives the ligature chra:

  • च্ (c) + र (ra) gives the ligature cra:

  • द্ (d) + ब্ (b) + र (ra) gives the ligature dbra:

  • ढ্ (ḍʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra:

  • ड্ (ḍ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:

  • द্ (d) + द্ (d) + र (ra) gives the ligature ddra:

  • द্ (d) + ग্ (g) + र (ra) gives the ligature dgra:

  • ध্ (dʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

  • द্ (d) + र (ra) gives the ligature dra:

  • घ্ (ɡʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

  • ग্ (g) + र (ra) gives the ligature gra:

  • ग্ (g) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature grya:

  • ह্ (h) + र (ra) gives the ligature hra:

  • झ্ (jh) + र (ra) gives the ligature jhra:

  • ज্ (j) + र (ra) gives the ligature jra:

  • क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature kra:

  • क্ (k) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ktra:

  • ळ্ (ḷ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ḷra:

  • ल্ (l) + र (ra) gives the ligature lra:

  • म্ (m) + र (ra) gives the ligature mra:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:

  • ङ্ (ŋ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

  • ण্ (ṇ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṇra:

  • न্ (n) + र (ra) gives the ligature nra:

  • ञ্ (ñ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ñra:

  • फ্ (ph) + र (ra) gives the ligature phra:

  • प্ (p) + र (ra) gives the ligature pra:

  • प্ (p) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ptra:

  • श্ (ʃ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:

  • स্ (s) + र (ra) gives the ligature sra:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + क্ (k) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra:

  • ष্ (ṣ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṣra:

  • थ্ (th) + र (ra) gives the ligature thra:

  • त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature tra:

  • त্ (t) + र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature trya:

  • ठ্ (ṭh) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṭhra:

  • ट্ (ṭ) + र (ra) gives the ligature ṭra:

  • त্ (t) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature ttra:

  • व্ (v) + र (ra) gives the ligature vra:

  • य্ (y) + र (ra) gives the ligature yra:

Conjuncts with both Repha and Rakar forms
  • र্ (r) + ध্ (dʱ) + र (ra) gives the ligature rdʱra:

  • र্ (r) + ष্ (ṣ) + ट্ (ṭ) + र (ra) gives the ligature rṣṭra:

  • र্ (r) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature rtra:

  • र্ (r) + त্ (t) + त্ (t) + र (ra) gives the ligature rttra:

Devanagari Eyelash Ra

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ब (ba) gives the ligature rba:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + भ (bha) gives the ligature rbha:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + च (ca) gives the ligature rca:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + छ (cha) gives the ligature rcha:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + द (da) gives the ligature rda:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ड (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ढ (ḍʱa) gives the ligature rḍʱa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ध (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ग (ga) gives the ligature rga:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + घ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ह (ha) gives the ligature rha:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ज (ja) gives the ligature rja:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + झ (jha) gives the ligature rjha:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ज্ (j) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rjña:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + क (ka) gives the ligature rka:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ख (kha) gives the ligature rkha:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + क্ (k) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rkṣa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ल (la) gives the ligature rla:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ळ (ḷa) gives the ligature rḷa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + म (ma) gives the ligature rma:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + न (na) gives the ligature rna:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ङ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ण (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ञ (ña) gives the ligature rña:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + प (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + फ (pha) gives the ligature rpha:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + स (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + श (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ष (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + त (ta) gives the ligature rta:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + थ (tha) gives the ligature rtha:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ट (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + ठ (ṭha) gives the ligature rṭha:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + व (va) gives the ligature rva:

  • Eyelash र্ (r) + य (ya) gives the ligature rya:

Bengali-Assamese Ra

The Bengali-Assamese script র and ৰ are derived from the Siddhaṃ , and are marked by a similar horizontal head line, but less geometric shape, than their Devanagari counterpart, र. The inherent vowel of Bengali and Assamese consonant letters is /ɔ/, so the bare letter র/ৰ will sometimes be transliterated as "ro" instead of "ra". Adding okar, the "o" vowel mark, gives a reading of /ro/. Like all Indic consonants, র/ৰ can be modified by marks to indicate another (or no) vowel than its inherent "a".

Bengali র with vowel marks
rarārirīrurūrrrr̄rerairoraur
র রা রি রী রু রূ রৃ রৄ রে রৈ রো রৌ র্
ৰ ৰা ৰি ৰী ৰু ৰূ ৰৃ ৰৄ ৰে ৰৈ ৰো ৰৌ ৰ্

র/ৰ in Bengali-Assamese using languages

র or ৰ is used as a basic consonant character in many of the Bengali-Assamese script orthographies, including Bengali and Assamese. Bengali uses র and Assamese uses ৰ. In Assamese র was used for va but now standardised as ৱ.

Conjuncts with র/ৰ

Bengali-Assamese র/ৰ exhibits conjunct ligatures, as is common in Indic scripts. Much like other Indic scripts, Bengali-Assamese র/ৰ also rarely appears in conjuncts in full form, and has special unrelated graphic forms for both initial and trailing র/ৰ in conjuncts called Repha and Ra phala (in Bengali) or Ra kar (in Assamese).[5]

Bengali-Assamese Ra-phala/kar

Bengali-Assamese Ra-phala/kar

The letter র/ৰ has a special form when used as the last letter of a conjunct called "Ra phala/kar" (or "Ro pholo"). This reduced form of র/ৰ is appended to the bottom of a letter or conjunct. Both Ya and Va have a similar "phala" trailing form. Ra-phala and Ya-phala can be found together in many conjuncts.

  • ভ্ (bh) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature bhra:

  • ব্ (b) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature bra:

  • চ্ (c) + ছ্ (ch) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature cchra:

  • দ্ (d) + ভ্ (bh) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature dbhra:

  • ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ḍʱra:

  • ড্ (ḍ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ḍra:

  • ধ্ (dʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature dʱra:

  • দ্ (d) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature dra:

  • দ্ (d) + র্/ৰ্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature drya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

  • গ্ (g) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature gdʱra:

  • ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

  • গ্ (g) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature gra:

  • গ্ (g) + র্/ৰ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature grya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

  • জ্ (j) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature jra:

  • খ্ (kh) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature khra:

  • ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature kra:

  • ক্ (k) + ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ktra:

  • ক্ (k) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature kṭra:

  • ম্ (m) + ভ্ (bh) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mbhra:

  • ম্ (m) + প্ (p) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mpra:

  • ম্ (m) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mra:

  • ম্ (m) + ব্ (v) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature mvra:

  • ন্ (n) + ড্ (ḍ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature nḍra:

  • ন্ (n) + ধ্ (dʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ndʱra:

  • ন্ (n) + দ্ (d) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ndra:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ঘ্ (ɡʱ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ŋɡʱra:

  • ঙ্ (ŋ) + ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ŋkra:

  • ণ্ (ṇ) + ড্ (ḍ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṇḍra:

  • ন্ (n) + থ্ (th) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature nthra:

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ntra:

  • ন্ (n) + ত্ (t) + র্/ৰ্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature ntrya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

  • ন্ (n) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature nṭra:

  • ফ্ (ph) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature phra:

  • প্ (p) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature pra:

  • প্ (p) + র্/ৰ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature prya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

  • শ্ (ʃ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ʃra:

  • স্ (s) + ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature skra:

  • স্ (s) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature sra:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ক্ (k) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṣkra:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + প্ (p) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṣpra:

  • ষ্ (ṣ) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṣṭra:

  • স্ (s) + ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature stra:

  • স্ (s) + ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature sṭra:

  • থ্ (th) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature thra:

  • ত্ (t) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature tra:

  • ত্ (t) + র্/ৰ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature trya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to ra phala:

  • ট্ (ṭ) + র/ৰ (ra) gives the ligature ṭra:

Bengali-Assamese Repha

Bengali-Assamese Repha

Unlike other letters, র/ৰ also has a special form when used as the initial letter of a conjunct called "Repha". This reduced form of র on top of the following letter or conjunct. Repha can be found in combination with Ra-phala, Ya-phala/kar and Va-phala/kar in many conjuncts.

  • র্ (r) + ভ (bha) gives the ligature rbha:

  • র্ (r) + ব্ (b) + য (ya) gives the ligature rbya, with the ya phala suffix:

  • র্ (r) + চ (ca) gives the ligature rca:

  • র্ (r) + ছ (cha) gives the ligature rcha:

  • র্ (r) + চ্ (c) + য (ya) gives the ligature rcya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + দ (da) gives the ligature rda:

  • র্ (r) + ড (ḍa) gives the ligature rḍa:

  • র্ (r) + ঢ্ (ḍʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rḍʱya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ধ (dʱa) gives the ligature rdʱa:

  • র্ (r) + ধ্ (dʱ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdʱva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + র (ra) gives the ligature rdra:

  • র্ (r) + দ্ (d) + ব (va) gives the ligature rdva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + গ (ga) gives the ligature rga:

  • র্ (r) + ঘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

  • র্ (r) + (ɡʱ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rɡʱya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + গ্ (ga) + য (ya) gives the ligature rɡya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + হ (ha) gives the ligature rha:

  • র্ (r) + হ্ (h) + য (ya) gives the ligature rhya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + জ (ja) gives the ligature rja:

  • র্ (r) + ঝ (jha) gives the ligature rjha:

  • র্ (r) + জ্ (j) + য (ya) gives the ligature rjya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ক (ka) gives the ligature rka:

  • র্ (r) + খ (kha) gives the ligature rkha:

  • র্ (r) + খ্ (kh) + য (ya) gives the ligature rkhya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ক্ (k) + য (ya) gives the ligature rkya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ল (la) gives the ligature rla:

  • র্ (r) + ম (ma) gives the ligature rma:

  • র্ (r) + ম্ (m) + য (ya) gives the ligature rmya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ন (na) gives the ligature rna:

  • র্ (r) + ণ (ṇa) gives the ligature rṇa:

  • র্ (r) + ণ্ (ṇ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṇya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + প (pa) gives the ligature rpa:

  • র্ (r) + ফ (pha) gives the ligature rpha:

  • র্ (r) + স (sa) gives the ligature rsa:

  • র্ (r) + শ (ʃa) gives the ligature rʃa:

  • র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + ব (va) gives the ligature rʃva, with the va phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + শ্ (ʃ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rʃya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ষ (ṣa) gives the ligature rṣa:

  • র্ (r) + ষ্ (ṣ) + য (ya) gives the ligature rṣya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ত (ta) gives the ligature rta:

  • র্ (r) + থ (tha) gives the ligature rtha:

  • র্ (r) + থ্ (th) + য (ya) gives the ligature rthya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + র (ra) gives the ligature rtra:

  • র্ (r) + ট (ṭa) gives the ligature rṭa:

  • র্ (r) + ত্ (t) + য (ya) gives the ligature rtya, with the ya phala suffix in addition to repha:

  • র্ (r) + য (ya) gives the ligature rya, with repha, not ya phala:

Gujarati Ra

Gujarati Ra.

Ra (ર) is twenty-seventh consonant of the Gujarati abugida. It is derived from the Devanagari Ra Ra with the top bar (shiro rekha) removed, and ultimately the Brahmi letter Ra. When combined with certain vowels, the Gujarati Ra may assume unique forms, such as રુ and રૂ.

Gujarati-using Languages

The Gujarati script is used to write the Gujarati and Kutchi languages. In both languages, ર is pronounced as [rə] or [r] when appropriate. Like all Indic scripts, Gujarati uses vowel marks attached to the base consonant to override the inherent /ə/ vowel:

RaRāRiRīRuRūRrRlRr̄Rl̄RĕReRaiRŏRoRauR
Gujarati Ra syllables, with vowel marks in red.

Conjuncts with ર

Gujarati Repha
Gujarati Rakar

Gujarati ર exhibits conjunct ligatures, much like its parent Devanagari Script. While most Gujarati conjuncts can only be formed by reducing the letter shape to create a "half form" that fits tightly to following letter, Ra does not have a half form. A few conjunct clusters can be represented by a true ligature, instead of a shape that can be broken into constituent independent letters, and vertically stacked conjuncts can also be found in Gujarati, although much less commonly than in Devanagari. True ligatures are quite rare in Indic scripts. The most common ligated conjuncts in Gujarati are in the form of a slight mutation to fit in context or as a consistent variant form appended to the adjacent characters. The most common conjunct variants are the Repha and Rakar forms of Ra. A leading consonant or conjunct will use its full form, rather than half form, when being modified by a trailing Rakar.

Repha Rakar
* ર્ (r) + ક (ka) gives the ligature RKa:

  • ર્ (r) + ખ (kha) gives the ligature RKha:

  • ર્ (r) + ગ (ga) gives the ligature RGa:

  • ર્ (r) + ઘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature RGha:

  • ર્ (r) + ઙ (ŋa) gives the ligature RṄa:

  • ર્ (r) + ચ (ca) gives the ligature RCa:

  • ર્ (r) + છ (cha) gives the ligature RCha:

  • ર્ (r) + જ (ja) gives the ligature RJa:

  • ર્ (r) + ઝ (jha) gives the ligature RJha:

  • ર્ (r) + ઞ (ɲa) gives the ligature RÑa:

  • ર્ (r) + ટ (ʈa) gives the ligature RṬa:

  • ર્ (r) + ઠ (ʈha) gives the ligature RṬha:

  • ર્ (r) + ડ (ɖa) gives the ligature RḌa:

  • ર્ (r) + ઢ (ɖʱa) gives the ligature RḌha:

  • ર્ (r) + ણ (ɳa) gives the ligature RṆa:

  • ર્ (r) + ત (ta) gives the ligature RTa:

  • ર્ (r) + થ (tha) gives the ligature RTha:

  • ર્ (r) + દ (da) gives the ligature RDa:

  • ર્ (r) + ધ (dʱa) gives the ligature RDha:

  • ર્ (r) + ન (na) gives the ligature RNa:

  • ર્ (r) + પ (pa) gives the ligature RPa:

  • ર્ (r) + ફ (pha) gives the ligature RPha:

  • ર્ (r) + બ (ba) gives the ligature RBa:

  • ર્ (r) + ભ (bha) gives the ligature RBha:

  • ર્ (r) + મ (ma) gives the ligature RMa:

  • ર્ (r) + ય (ya) gives the ligature RYa:

  • ર્ (r) + લ (la) gives the ligature RLa:

  • ર્ (r) + ળ (ɭ̆a) gives the ligature Ra:

  • ર્ (r) + વ (va) gives the ligature RVa:

  • ર્ (r) + શ (ʃa) gives the ligature RŚa:

  • ર્ (r) + ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RṢa:

  • ર્ (r) + સ (sa) gives the ligature RSa:

  • ર્ (r) + હ (ha) gives the ligature RHa:

  • ર્ (r) + ક (ka) ષ (ʂa) gives the ligature RKṢa:

  • ર્ (r) + જ (ja) ઞ (ɲa) gives the ligature RJÑa:

  • ર્ (r) + ર (ra) gives the ligature RRa:

 * ક્ (k) + ર (ra) gives the ligature KRa:

  • ખ્ (kh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature KhRa:

  • ગ્ (g) + ર (ra) gives the ligature GRa:

  • ઘ્ (ɡʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature GhRa:

  • ઙ્ (ŋ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṄRa:

  • ચ્ (c) + ર (ra) gives the ligature CRa:

  • છ્ (ch) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ChRa:

  • જ્ (j) + ર (ra) gives the ligature JRa:

  • ઝ્ (jh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature JhRa:

  • ઞ્ (ɲ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ÑRa:

  • ટ્ (ʈ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṬRa:

  • ડ્ (ɖ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ḌRa:

  • ઠ્ (ʈh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṬhRa:

  • ઢ્ (ɖʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ḌhRa:

  • ણ્ (ɳ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṆRa:

  • ત્ (t) + ર (ra) gives the ligature TRa:

  • થ્ (th) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ThRa:

  • દ્ (d) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DRa:

  • ધ્ (dʱ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature DhRa:

  • ન્ (n) + ર (ra) gives the ligature NRa:

  • પ્ (p) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PRa:

  • ફ્ (ph) + ર (ra) gives the ligature PhRa:

  • બ્ (b) + ર (ra) gives the ligature BRa:

  • ભ્ (bh) + ર (ra) gives the ligature BhRa:

  • મ્ (m) + ર (ra) gives the ligature MRa:

  • ય્ (y) + ર (ra) gives the ligature YRa:

  • લ્ (l) + ર (ra) gives the ligature LRa:

  • ળ્ (ɭ̆) + ર (ra) gives the ligature Ra:

  • વ્ (v) + ર (ra) gives the ligature VRa:

  • શ્ (ʃ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ŚRa:

  • ષ્ (ʂ) + ર (ra) gives the ligature ṢRa:

  • સ્ (s) + ર (ra) gives the ligature SRa:

  • હ્ (h) + ર (ra) gives the ligature HRa:

  • ક્ (k) + ષ (ʂa) ર (ra) gives the ligature KṢRa:

  • જ્ (j) + ઞ (ɲa) ર (ra) gives the ligature JÑRa:

Javanese Ra

Telugu Ra

Telugu Ra
Telugu subjoined Ra
Telugu independent and subjoined Ra.

Ra (ర) is a consonant of the Telugu abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter R. It is closely related to the Kannada letter ರ. Most Telugu consonants contain a v-shaped headstroke that is related to the horizontal headline found in other Indic scripts, although headstrokes do not connect adjacent letters in Telugu. The headstroke is normally lost when adding vowel matras. Telugu conjuncts are created by reducing trailing letters to a subjoined form that appears below the initial consonant of the conjunct. Like the Rakar forms in other Indic scripts, the subjoined Ra in Telugu is not immediately related to the full form of Ra. Unlike other the Repha in other Indic scripts, there is no special prefix form of Ra in Telugu. Ligature conjuncts are not a feature in Telugu, with the only non-standard construction being an alternate subjoined form of Ṣa (borrowed from Kannada) in the KṢa conjunct.

Telugu Rra

Telugu Rra
Telugu subjoined Rra
Telugu independent and subjoined Rra.

In addition, Telugu also contains a second /r/ consonant, Rra (ఱ). It is closely related to the Kannada letter ಱ. Since it lacks the v-shaped headstroke common to most Telugu letters, ఱ remains unaltered by most vowel matras, and its subjoined form is simply a smaller version of the normal letter shape.

Malayalam Ra

Malayalam letter Ra

Ra (ര) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter R, via the Grantha letter Ra Ra. Like in other Indic scripts, Malayalam consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Malayalam Ra matras: Ra, Rā, Ri, Rī, Ru, Rū, Rr̥, Rr̥̄, Rl̥, Rl̥̄, Re, Rē, Rai, Ro, Rō, Rau, and R.

Conjuncts of ര

Malayalam Chillu R
Malayalam conjoining Ra
Malayalam Chillu R and conjoining Ra

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Like in most Indic scripts, Malayalam Ra has special forms, including a chillu letter and a conjoining form for a trailing ra, which appears before the other elements of a conjunct but is pronounced after. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ക് (k) + ര (ra) gives the ligature kra:

  • ഖ് (kh) + ര (ra) gives the ligature khra:

  • ഗ് (g) + ര (ra) gives the ligature gra:

  • ഘ് (ɡʱ) + ര (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

Malayalam Ṟa

Malayalam letter Ṟa

Ṟa (റ) is a consonant of the Malayalam abugida. It is related to the Malayalam Ra consonant and has a similar pronunciation.

Malayalam Ṟa matras: Ṟa, Ṟā, Ṟi, Ṟī, Ṟu, Ṟū, Ṟr̥, Ṟr̥̄, Ṟl̥, Ṟl̥̄, Ṟe, Ṟē, Ṟai, Ṟo, Ṟō, Ṟau, and Ṟ.

Conjuncts of റ

As is common in Indic scripts, Malayalam joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. There are several ways in which conjuncts are formed in Malayalam texts: using a post-base form of a trailing consonant placed under the initial consonant of a conjunct, a combined ligature of two or more consonants joined together, a conjoining form that appears as a combining mark on the rest of the conjunct, the use of an explicit candrakkala mark to suppress the inherent "a" vowel, or a special consonant form called a "chillu" letter, representing a bare consonant without the inherent "a" vowel. Texts written with the modern reformed Malayalam orthography, put̪iya lipi, may favor more regular conjunct forms than older texts in paḻaya lipi, due to changes undertaken in the 1970s by the Government of Kerala.

  • ന് (n) + റ (ṟa) gives the ligature nṟa:

  • റ് (ṟ) + റ (ṟa) gives the ligature ṟṟa:

Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics Re

ᕂ, ᕆ, ᕈ and ᕋ are the base characters "Re", "Ri", "Ro" and "Ra" in the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics. The bare consonant ᕐ (R) is a small version of the A-series letter ᕋ, although the Western Cree letter ᕑ, derived from Pitman shorthand was the original bare consonant symbol for R. The character ᕂ is derived from a handwritten form of the Devanagari letter र, without the headline or vertical stem, and the forms for different vowels are derived by mirroring and rotation.[6][7] Unlike most writing systems without legacy computer encodings, complex Canadian syllabic letters are represented in Unicode with pre-composed characters, rather than with base characters and diacritical marks.

Variant E-series I-series O-series A-series Other
R + vowel ᕂᕃᕆᕈᕋᣅ
ReCree ReRiRoRaRay
Small ---ᕐ-
---R-
R with long vowels -ᕇᕉᕌᕅ
-RīRōRāRāi
R + W-vowels ᣠᣏᣑᣓ-
Cree RweRwiRwoRwaRway
R + long W-vowels ᣎᣐᣒᕎᕏ-
RwēRwīRwōRwāCree Rwā-
Related characters ---ᕒᕑ
Medial RCree R

Odia Ra

Odia independent letter Ra

Ra (ର) is a consonant of the Odia abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter R, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ra Ra. Like in other Indic scripts, Odia consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Odia Ra with vowel matras
RaRāRiRīRuRūRr̥Rr̥̄Rl̥Rl̥̄ReRaiRoRauR
ରରାରିରୀରୁରୂରୃରୄରୢରୣରେରୈରୋରୌର୍

Conjuncts of ର

Odia Repha
Odia Ra Phala
Odia Repha and Ra Phala

s is common in Indic scripts, Odia joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. The most common conjunct formation is achieved by using a small subjoined form of trailing consonants. Most consonants' subjoined forms are identical to the full form, just reduced in size, although a few drop the curved headline or have a subjoined form not directly related to the full form of the consonant. The subjoined form of Ra is one of these mismatched forms, and is referred to as "Ra Phala". In addition, an initial Ra is indicated with a special form called "Repha". The Repha and Ra-Phala forms are the only way conjuncts with Ra are made.

Odia Repha

  • ର୍ (r) + କ (ka) gives the ligature rka:

  • ର୍ (r) + ଖ (kha) gives the ligature rkha:

  • ର୍ (r) + ଗ (ga) gives the ligature rga:

  • ର୍ (r) + ଘ (ɡʱa) gives the ligature rɡʱa:

  • ର୍ (r) + ଙ (ŋa) gives the ligature rŋa:

  • ର୍ (r) + ର (ra) gives the ligature rra:

Odia Ra Phala

  • କ୍ (k) + ର (ra) gives the ligature kra:

  • ଖ୍ (kh) + ର (ra) gives the ligature khra:

  • ଗ୍ (g) + ର (ra) gives the ligature gra:

  • ଘ୍ (ɡʱ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ɡʱra:

  • ଙ୍ (ŋ) + ର (ra) gives the ligature ŋra:

  • ଲ୍ (l) + ର (ra) gives the ligature lra:

Kaithi Ra

Kaithi consonant Ra
Kaithi bare Ra consonant.

Ra (𑂩) is a consonant of the Kaithi abugida. It ultimately arose from the Brahmi letter R, via the Siddhaṃ letter Ra Ra. Like in other Indic scripts, Kaithi consonants have the inherent vowel "a", and take one of several modifying vowel signs to represent syllables with another vowel or no vowel at all.

Kaithi Ra with vowel matras
RaRāRiRīRuRūReRaiRoRauR
𑂩𑂩𑂰𑂩𑂱𑂩𑂲𑂩𑂳𑂩𑂴𑂩𑂵𑂩𑂶𑂩𑂷𑂩𑂸𑂩𑂹𑂩𑂹

Conjuncts of 𑂩

As is common in Indic scripts, Kaithi joins letters together to form conjunct consonant clusters. As is common in most Indic scripts, conjucts of ra are indicated with a repha or rakar mark attached to the rest of the consonant cluster.

Kaithi Repha
Kaithi Rakar
Kaithi Repha and Rakar.

Repha

Kaithi repha takes the form of a crescent attached to the top of a following consonant or consonant cluster.

  • 𑂩୍ (r) + 𑂍 (ka) gives the ligature rka:

Rakar

Kaithi rakar take the form of a diagonal stroke attached near the bottom of the vertical stem of the preceding consonant or consonant cluster.

  • 𑂍୍ (k) + 𑂩 (ra) gives the ligature kra:

Comparison of Ra

The various Indic scripts are generally related to each other through adaptation and borrowing, and as such the glyphs for cognate letters, including Ra, are related as well.

Comparison of Ra in different scripts
Aramaic
Ra
Kharoṣṭhī
𐨪		Ashoka Brahmi
Ra		Kushana Brahmi[lower-alpha 1]
Ra		Tocharian[lower-alpha 2]
Ra / Ra
Gupta Brahmi
Ra		Pallava
Ra
Kadamba
-
Bhaiksuki
𑰨		Siddhaṃ
Ra		Grantha
𑌰		Cham
ꨣ
Sinhala
ර		Pyu /
Old Mon[lower-alpha 3]
-
Tibetan
Ra		Newa
𑐬		Ahom
𑜍		Malayalam
ര
Telugu
ర		Burmese
ရ
Lepcha
ᰛ		Ranjana
Ra		Saurashtra
ꢬ		Dives Akuru
𑤧
Kannada
ರ		Kayah Li
ꤚ
Limbu
ᤖ		Soyombo[lower-alpha 4]
𑩼		Khmer
រ		Tamil
Ra
Chakma
𑄢		Tai Tham
ᩁ
Meitei Mayek
ꯔ		Gaudi
-		Thai
ร		Lao
ຣ / ຮ
Tai Le
-
Marchen
𑲊		Tirhuta
𑒩		New Tai Lue
ᦣ		Tai Viet
ꪦ / ꪧ		Aksara Kawi
Ra
'Phags-pa
ꡘ		Odia
ର		Sharada
𑆫		Rejang
ꤽ		Batak
ᯒ		Buginese
ᨑ
Zanabazar Square
𑨫		Bengali-Assamese
Ra		Takri
𑚤		Javanese
ꦫ		Balinese
ᬭ		Makasar
𑻭
Hangul[lower-alpha 5]
-		Northern Nagari
-		Dogri
𑠤		Laṇḍā
-		Sundanese
ᮛ		Baybayin
-
Modi
𑘨		Gujarati
ર		Khojki
𑈦		Khudabadi
𑋙		Mahajani
𑅭		Tagbanwa
-
Devanagari
Ra		Nandinagari
𑧈		Kaithi
Ra		Gurmukhi
ਰ		Multani
𑊢		Buhid
ᝍ
Canadian Syllabics[lower-alpha 6]
ᕂ		Soyombo[lower-alpha 7]
𑩼		Sylheti Nagari
ꠞ		Gunjala Gondi
𑶈		Masaram Gondi[lower-alpha 8]
𑴦		Hanuno'o
ᜭ
Notes
  1. ↑ The middle "Kushana" form of Brahmi is a later style that emerged as Brahmi scripts were beginning to proliferate. Gupta Brahmi was definitely a stylistic descendant from Kushana, but other Brahmi-derived scripts may have descended from earlier forms.
  2. ↑ Tocharian is probably derived from the middle period "Kushana" form of Brahmi, although artifacts from that time are not plentiful enough to establish a definite succession.
  3. ↑ Pyu and Old Mon are probably the precursors of the Burmese script, and may be derived from either the Pallava or Kadamba script
  4. ↑ May also be derived from Devangari (see bottom left of table)
  5. ↑ The Origin of Hangul from 'Phags-pa is one of limited influence, inspiring at most a few basic letter shapes. Hangul does not function as an Indic abugida.
  6. ↑ Although the basic letter forms of the Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics were derived from handwritten Devanagari letters, this abugida indicates vowel sounds by rotations of the letter form, rather than the use of vowel diacritics as is standard in Indic abugidas.
  7. ↑ May also be derived from Ranjana (see above)
  8. ↑ Masaram Gondi acts as an Indic abugida, but its letterforms were not derived from any single precursor script.

Character encodings of Ra

Most Indic scripts are encoded in the Unicode Standard, and as such the letter Ra in those scripts can be represented in plain text with unique codepoint. Ra from several modern-use scripts can also be found in legacy encodings, such as ISCII.

Character information
Previewరରರരરਰ
Unicode name DEVANAGARI LETTER RA BENGALI LETTER RA TAMIL LETTER RA TELUGU LETTER RA ORIYA LETTER RA KANNADA LETTER RA MALAYALAM LETTER RA GUJARATI LETTER RA GURMUKHI LETTER RA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode2352U+09302480U+09B02992U+0BB03120U+0C302864U+0B303248U+0CB03376U+0D302736U+0AB02608U+0A30
UTF-8224 164 176E0 A4 B0224 166 176E0 A6 B0224 174 176E0 AE B0224 176 176E0 B0 B0224 172 176E0 AC B0224 178 176E0 B2 B0224 180 176E0 B4 B0224 170 176E0 AA B0224 168 176E0 A8 B0
Numeric character referenceररররரரరరରରರರരരરરਰਰ
ISCII207CF207CF207CF207CF207CF207CF207CF207CF207CF


Character information
Preview
Ashoka
Kushana
Gupta
𐨪𑌰
Unicode name BRAHMI LETTER RA KHAROSHTHI LETTER RA SIDDHAM LETTER RA GRANTHA LETTER RA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode69677U+1102D68138U+10A2A71080U+115A870448U+11330
UTF-8240 145 128 173F0 91 80 AD240 144 168 170F0 90 A8 AA240 145 150 168F0 91 96 A8240 145 140 176F0 91 8C B0
UTF-1655300 56365D804 DC2D55298 56874D802 DE2A55301 56744D805 DDA855300 57136D804 DF30
Numeric character reference𑀭𑀭𐨪𐨪𑖨𑖨𑌰𑌰


Character information
Previewྲꡘ𑨫𑐬𑰨𑆫
Unicode name TIBETAN LETTER RA TIBETAN SUBJOINED LETTER RA PHAGS-PA LETTER RA ZANABAZAR SQUARE LETTER RA NEWA LETTER RA BHAIKSUKI LETTER RA SHARADA LETTER RA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3938U+0F624018U+0FB243096U+A85872235U+11A2B70700U+1142C72744U+11C2870059U+111AB
UTF-8224 189 162E0 BD A2224 190 178E0 BE B2234 161 152EA A1 98240 145 168 171F0 91 A8 AB240 145 144 172F0 91 90 AC240 145 176 168F0 91 B0 A8240 145 134 171F0 91 86 AB
UTF-1639380F6240180FB243096A85855302 56875D806 DE2B55301 56364D805 DC2C55303 56360D807 DC2855300 56747D804 DDAB
Numeric character referenceརརྲྲꡘꡘ𑨫𑨫𑐬𑐬𑰨𑰨𑆫𑆫


Character information
Previewရᦣ
Unicode name MYANMAR LETTER RA NEW TAI LUE LETTER LOW HA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechex
Unicode4123U+101B6563U+19A3
UTF-8225 128 155E1 80 9B225 166 163E1 A6 A3
Numeric character referenceရရᦣᦣ
  • See further below for Tai Tham codepoints.


Character information
Previewរຣຮรꪦꪧ
Unicode name KHMER LETTER RO LAO LETTER LO LING LAO LETTER HO TAM THAI CHARACTER RO RUA TAI VIET LETTER LOW RO TAI VIET LETTER HIGH RO
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6042U+179A3747U+0EA33758U+0EAE3619U+0E2343686U+AAA643687U+AAA7
UTF-8225 158 154E1 9E 9A224 186 163E0 BA A3224 186 174E0 BA AE224 184 163E0 B8 A3234 170 166EA AA A6234 170 167EA AA A7
Numeric character referenceររຣຣຮຮรรꪦꪦꪧꪧ


Character information
Previewරꤚ𑄢𑜍𑤧ꢬꨣ
Unicode name SINHALA LETTER RAYANNA KAYAH LI LETTER RA CHAKMA LETTER RAA AHOM LETTER RA DIVES AKURU LETTER RA SAURASHTRA LETTER RA CHAM LETTER RA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode3515U+0DBB43290U+A91A69922U+1112271437U+1170D71975U+1192743180U+A8AC43555U+AA23
UTF-8224 182 187E0 B6 BB234 164 154EA A4 9A240 145 132 162F0 91 84 A2240 145 156 141F0 91 9C 8D240 145 164 167F0 91 A4 A7234 162 172EA A2 AC234 168 163EA A8 A3
UTF-1635150DBB43290A91A55300 56610D804 DD2255301 57101D805 DF0D55302 56615D806 DD2743180A8AC43555AA23
Numeric character referenceරරꤚꤚ𑄢𑄢𑜍𑜍𑤧𑤧ꢬꢬꨣꨣ


Character information
Preview𑘨𑧈𑩼ꠞ𑶈
Unicode name MODI LETTER RA NANDINAGARI LETTER RA SOYOMBO LETTER RA SYLOTI NAGRI LETTER RO GUNJALA GONDI LETTER RA KAITHI LETTER RA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71208U+1162872136U+119C872316U+11A7C43038U+A81E73096U+11D8869801U+110A9
UTF-8240 145 152 168F0 91 98 A8240 145 167 136F0 91 A7 88240 145 169 188F0 91 A9 BC234 160 158EA A0 9E240 145 182 136F0 91 B6 88240 145 130 169F0 91 82 A9
UTF-1655301 56872D805 DE2855302 56776D806 DDC855302 56956D806 DE7C43038A81E55303 56712D807 DD8855300 56489D804 DCA9
Numeric character reference𑘨𑘨𑧈𑧈𑩼𑩼ꠞꠞ𑶈𑶈𑂩𑂩


Character information
Preview𑒩ᰛᤖꯔ𑲊
Unicode name TIRHUTA LETTER RA LEPCHA LETTER RA LIMBU LETTER RA MEETEI MAYEK LETTER RAI MARCHEN LETTER RA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode70825U+114A97195U+1C1B6422U+191643988U+ABD472842U+11C8A
UTF-8240 145 146 169F0 91 92 A9225 176 155E1 B0 9B225 164 150E1 A4 96234 175 148EA AF 94240 145 178 138F0 91 B2 8A
UTF-1655301 56489D805 DCA971951C1B6422191643988ABD455303 56458D807 DC8A
Numeric character reference𑒩𑒩ᰛᰛᤖᤖꯔꯔ𑲊𑲊


Character information
Preview𑚤𑠤𑈦𑋙𑅭𑊢
Unicode name TAKRI LETTER RA DOGRA LETTER RA KHOJKI LETTER RA KHUDAWADI LETTER RA MAHAJANI LETTER RA MULTANI LETTER RA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode71332U+116A471716U+1182470182U+1122670361U+112D969997U+1116D70306U+112A2
UTF-8240 145 154 164F0 91 9A A4240 145 160 164F0 91 A0 A4240 145 136 166F0 91 88 A6240 145 139 153F0 91 8B 99240 145 133 173F0 91 85 AD240 145 138 162F0 91 8A A2
UTF-1655301 56996D805 DEA455302 56356D806 DC2455300 56870D804 DE2655300 57049D804 DED955300 56685D804 DD6D55300 56994D804 DEA2
Numeric character reference𑚤𑚤𑠤𑠤𑈦𑈦𑋙𑋙𑅭𑅭𑊢𑊢


Character information
Previewᬭᯒᨑꦫ𑻭ꤽᮛ
Unicode name BALINESE LETTER RA BATAK LETTER RA BUGINESE LETTER RA JAVANESE LETTER RA MAKASAR LETTER RA REJANG LETTER RA SUNDANESE LETTER RA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode6957U+1B2D7122U+1BD26673U+1A1143435U+A9AB73453U+11EED43325U+A93D7067U+1B9B
UTF-8225 172 173E1 AC AD225 175 146E1 AF 92225 168 145E1 A8 91234 166 171EA A6 AB240 145 187 173F0 91 BB AD234 164 189EA A4 BD225 174 155E1 AE 9B
UTF-1669571B2D71221BD266731A1143435A9AB55303 57069D807 DEED43325A93D70671B9B
Numeric character referenceᬭᬭᯒᯒᨑᨑꦫꦫ𑻭𑻭ꤽꤽᮛᮛ


Character information
Previewᝍᜭ𑴦
Unicode name BUHID LETTER RA HANUNOO LETTER RA MASARAM GONDI LETTER RA
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode5965U+174D5933U+172D72998U+11D26
UTF-8225 157 141E1 9D 8D225 156 173E1 9C AD240 145 180 166F0 91 B4 A6
UTF-165965174D5933172D55303 56614D807 DD26
Numeric character referenceᝍᝍᜭᜭ𑴦𑴦
Character information
Previewᕂᕆᕈᕋᕐ
Unicode name CANADIAN SYLLABICS RE CANADIAN SYLLABICS RI CANADIAN SYLLABICS RO CANADIAN SYLLABICS RA CANADIAN SYLLABICS R
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechexdechexdechex
Unicode5442U+15425446U+15465448U+15485451U+154B5456U+1550
UTF-8225 149 130E1 95 82225 149 134E1 95 86225 149 136E1 95 88225 149 139E1 95 8B225 149 144E1 95 90
Numeric character referenceᕂᕂᕆᕆᕈᕈᕋᕋᕐᕐ
  • The full range of RE Canadian syllabic characters can be found at the codepoint ranges 1542-1550, 1622-1627, 18CE-18D3, 18B0-18B3, 18DC-18DD.

Character information
Previewᩁᩕ᩺
Unicode name TAI THAM LETTER RA TAI THAM CONSONANT SIGN MEDIAL RA TAI THAM SIGN RA HAAM
Encodingsdecimalhexdechexdechex
Unicode6721U+1A416741U+1A556778U+1A7A
UTF-8225 169 129E1 A9 81225 169 149E1 A9 95225 169 186E1 A9 BA
Numeric character referenceᩁᩁᩕᩕ᩺᩺

References

  1. ↑ Ifrah, Georges (2000). The Universal History of Numbers. From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer. New York: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 447–450. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  2. 1 2 Bühler, Georg (1898). "On the Origin of the Indian Brahmi Alphabet". archive.org. Karl J. Trübner. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  3. ↑ Evolutionary chart, Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal Vol 7, 1838
  4. ↑ Pall, Peeter. "Microsoft Word - kblhi2" (PDF). Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Eesti Keele Instituudi kohanimeandmed. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  5. ↑ "The Bengali Alphabet" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-09-28.
  6. ↑ Andrew Dalby (2004:139) Dictionary of Languages
  7. ↑ Some General Aspects of the Syllabics Orthography, Chris Harvey 2003
^note Conjuncts are identified by IAST transliteration, except aspirated consonants are indicated with a superscript "h" to distinguish from an unaspirated cononant + Ha, and the use of the IPA "ŋ" and "ʃ" instead of the less dinstinctive "ṅ" and "ś".
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.