数字前缀

数字前缀 （英語：） 是派生于数词或其他数字的前缀。在英语和其他欧洲语言，这些前缀用来造一系列包含表示数量信息的词。

例子

数字前缀有拉丁语、希腊语、梵语三种，但主要使用前两者。

具体例子如下：

英语中的数字前缀表

希臘語及拉丁語中，数分四种：

  • 基數（cardinal）：如英语中的one、two、three、four、five等
  • 倍数（multiple）：once、twice、thrice等
  • 分配数（distributive）：汉语中的「各～个」。原本指意味着one each、two each，但在现代常常会失去这个意思。
  • 序数 （ordinal）：汉语中的「第～个」，如英语的first、second、third、fourth、fifth等。也兼备分数，表示「N分之一」，但1/2有特殊形式。

对于百位数，有来自拉丁语的 -gent-，以及加上为1–9的前缀的 -cent- 两种。

数 拉丁语前缀 希腊语前缀** 梵语前缀[1]
基数 倍数 分配数 序数 基数 倍数 序数
0 nulli-  – meden-, ouden-  –
1⁄12 unci-  – 对于分数希腊人使用序数表示 (i.e. dodecato-)  –
1⁄8 octant-  –  –  – 如上，ogdoö–  –
1⁄6 sextant-  –  –  – 如上，hecto–  –
1⁄4 quadrant-  –  –  – 如上，tetarto–  –
1⁄3 trient-  –  –  – 如上，trito–  –
1⁄2 semi-  – demi-[2]  – hemi- (mn. half)

e.g. hemisphere		  –  –
3⁄4 dodrant-  –  –  –  –  –
1 uni- e.g.

universe, unilateral		 sim-[3] singul- prim- mono-

"一", "单"

e.g. monogamy

holo- (整个/完整)

e.g. holocaust, holography

hen-[4] 罕见		 mono- ("一, 单")

hapax- ("单次")

haplo-[4] (单倍)

monad- ("单位/单元")		 prot-[5]

e.g. proton, protozoa		 eka-
1 1⁄4 quasqui-

quasquicentennial
1 1⁄2 sesqui-

e.g. sesquicentennial, sesquipedalian
2 du- bi-, bis-

bireme, bilingual,

bipolar, bipartisan		 bin- second- di-, dy-,[6] duo-,

dyo-		 dis-[7] ("两次") 常见

dyakis- ("两次") 罕见

diplo- ("双倍")

dyad- ("一对")		 deuter-[8]

e.g. Deuteron/ium

Deuteronomy

deuteraio-

(“每隔一天”)		 dvi-
3 tri-

e.g. trireme		 ter- tern-, trin- terti- tri-

e.g. triathlon,

Tripolis		 tris-[9] ("三次") 常见

triakis- ("三次") 罕见

triplo- ("三倍")

triad- (”三个一组“)		 trit-[10] ("第三")

e.g. Triton/ium

tritaio- ("每隔两天")		 tri-
4 quadri-,

quadru-[11]		 quater-[12] quatern-[13] quart-[14] tetra-,

tessara-		 tetrakis-

("四次")

tetraplo- (”四倍“)

tetrad- (”四个一组“)

e.g. tetrahedron		 tetarto- (” 第四“)

tetartaio-

(”每隔三天“)		 chatur-
5 quinque-[15]  – quin-[16] quint-[17] penta- pentakis-

pentaplo-

pentad-

e.g. pentahedron		 pempt-[18]

pemptaio-		 pancha-
6 sexa-[19]  – sen-[20] sext-[21] hexa-[22] hexakis-

hexaplo-

hexad-

e.g. hexahedron		 hect-[23]

hectaio-		 shat-
7 septem-,

septi-		 septen-[24] septim- hepta-[25]

e.g. heptathlon		 heptakis-

heptaplo-

heptad-		 hebdomo- (第七)

hebdomaio-

("每隔六天")

hebdomas ("一周")		 sapta-
8 octo-

e.g. October		  – octon-[26] octav-[27] octo-

e.g. octopus		 octakis-

octaplo-

octad-

e.g. octahedron		 ogdoö-

ogdoaio-		 ashta-
9 novem-

e.g. November		 noven- nona- ennea-[28] enneakis-

enneaplo-

ennead-		 enat-[29]

enataio-		 navam-
10 decem-, dec- den-[30] decim-[31] deca-[32]

e.g. decathlon,

Decapolis		 deca/kis/plo/d-

e.g. decahedron,

decagon		 decat-[33]

decataio-		 dasham-
11 undec- unden-[34] undecim-[35] hendeca-[36] hendeca/kis/plo/d- hendecat-[37]/o/aio- ekadasham-
12 duodec- duoden-

e.g. duodenum		 duodecim- dodeca-[38] e.g.

dodecadactylum		 dodeca/kis/plo/d-

e.g. dodecahedron		 dodacat-[39]/o/aio- dvadasham-
13 tredec- treden- tredecim- tria(kai)deca-,

decatria- e.g.

triskaidekaphobia		 tris(kai)decakis-,

decatria/kis/plo/d-		 decatotrito-

etc.		 trayodasham-
14 quattuordec- quattuorden- quattuordecim- tessara(kai)deca-,

decatettara,

decatessara-		 tetra(kai)decakis-,

decatetra/kis/plo/d-

e.g. tetradecahedron/

decatetrahedron		 decatotetarto- chaturdasham-
15 quinquadec-, quindec-[40] quinden-[41] quindecim-[42] pente(kai)deca-,

decapente-		 penta(kai)decakis-,

decapentakis- etc.		 decatopempto- panchadasham-
16 sedec-,[43]

sexdec- (但是有混种词 hexadecimal[19])		 seden- sedecim- hexa(kai)deca-,

hekkaideca-,

decahex-		 hexa(kai)decakis-,

decahexakis- etc.		 decatohecto- shodasham-
17 septendec- septenden- septendecim- hepta(kai)deca-,

decahepta-		 hepta(kai)decakis-,

decaheptakis- etc.		 decatohebdomo- saptadasham-
18 octodec- octoden- octodecim- octo(kai)deca-,

decaocto-		 octa(kai)decakis-,

decaoctakis- etc.		 decatoogdoö- ashtadasham-
19 novemdec-,

novendec-		 novemden- novemdecim- ennea(kai)deca-,

decaennea-		 ennea(kai)decakis-,

decaenneakis- etc.		 decatoenato- navadasham-
20 viginti- vicen-,

vigen-		 vigesim- (e)icosi- eicosa/kis/plo/d-

e.g. (e)icosahedron		 eicosto- vimshati-
22 duovigint- (e)icosidyo-,

dyo(e)icosi- rare

e.g. docosa-hexaenoic acid

a pejoration of dyoicosa-hexanoic		 (e)icosidyakis-

(e)icosidiplo-

(e)icosidyad-		 eicostodeutero-
24 quattuorvigint- (e)icositettara-,

(e)icosikaitettara-

rare		 (e)icositetrakis-

(e)icositetraplo-

(e)icositetrad-

e.g. (e)icositetragon		 eicostotetarto- chaturvimshati-
25 quinvigint- (e)icosipente- e.g.

eicosapenta-enoic acid 		(e)icosipentakis-

(e)icosipentaplo-

(e)icosipentad-		 eicostopempto-
30 triginti- tricen- trigesim- triaconta- triacontakis- etc.

e.g. triacontahedron		 triacosto- trimshat-
31 untriginti- triacontahen- triacontahenakis-

triacontahenaplo-

triacontahenad-		 triacostoproto-

triacostoprotaio-
40 quadraginti- quadragen- quadragesim- tettaraconta-,

tessaraconta-		 tettaracontakis-,

tessaracontakis- etc.		 tessaracosto- chatvarimshat-
50 quinquaginti-[44] quinquagen-[45] quinquagesim-[46] penteconta-

e.g. penteconter		 pentecontakis- etc. pentecosto-

e.g. pentecost		 panchashat-
60 sexaginti- sexagen- sexagesim- hexeconta- hexecontakis- etc. hexecosto- shasti-
70 septuaginti-

e.g. Septuagint		 septuagen- septuagesim-[47] hebdomeconta- hebdomecontakis- etc. hebdomecosto- saptati-
80 octogint- octogen- octogesim- ogdoëconta- ogdoëcontakis- etc. ogdoëcosto- ashiti-
90 nonagint- nonagen- nonagesim- eneneconta- enenecontakis- etc. enenecosto- navati-
100 centi- centen- centesim- hecato(n)- hecatontakis-

hundred times

hecatontaplo-

hundred-multiple

hecatontad-

hundred of a kind

also abbreviated in

hec[aton]tad-		 hecatosto-

hundredth

hecatostaio-

the hundredth day		 shata–
120 viginticenti-     hecaton(e)icosi- hecaton(e)icosakis- etc. hecatostoeicosto-  
200 ducenti- ducen-,

bicenten-		 ducentesim- diacosia- diacosakis- etc. diacosiosto-  –
300 trecenti- trecen-,

tercenten-,

tricenten-		 trecentesim- triacosia- etc. triacosakis-

triacosaplo-

triacosad-		 triacosiosto-  –
400 quadringenti- quadringen-,

quatercenten-,

quadricenten-		 quadringentesim- tetracosia- tetracosakis- etc. tetracosiosto-
500 quingent-,[48]

quincent-[49]		 quingen-,[50]

quingenten-,

quincenten-		 quingentesim-[51] pentacosia- pentacosakis- etc. pentacosiosto-
600 sescenti-, sexcenti- sescen-,

sexcenten-		 sescentesim- hexacosia- hexacosakis- etc. hexacosiosto-
700 septingenti- septingen-,

septingenten-,

septcenten-		 septingentesim- heptacosia- heptacosakis- etc. heptacosiosto-
800 octingenti- octingen-,

octingenten-,

octocenten-		 octingentesim- octacosia- octacosakis- etc. octacosiosto-  –
900 nongenti- nongen- nongentesim- ennacosi-[52]

derived from

en(n)iacosia-,

a pejoration of

enneacosia-		 enneacosakis- etc. enacosiost-,[53]

alt. spelling

en(n)iacosiost(o)-

a pejoration of

enneacosiosto-		  –
1000 milli- millen- millesim- chili-,[54]

kilo-		 chiliakis-

chiliaplo-

chiliad-		 chiliost-[55] sahasra–
2000 duomilli  –-  - dischili-[56] dischiliakis- etc. dischiliosto-  –
3000 tremilli- trischili-[57] trischiliost-[58]  –
5000 quinmilli– pentacischili-[59]
10000 decamilli– myria-,[60]

e.g. myriapoda

decakischilia-		 myriakis-

myriaplo-

myriad-

decakischiliakis- etc.		 myriast-,[61]

decakischiliosto-		 ayuta–
80000 octogintmilli– octacismyri-[62]
105 centimilli;– decakismyria-,

hecatontakis

chilia-		 decakismyriakis-,

hecatontakis

chiliakis-		 etc.
106 million-  – hecatommyria- hecatommyriakis-

("十万次")

hecatommyriaplo-

("十万倍")

hecatommyriad-

("十万个一组")		 hecatommyriosto-

(第十万；或十万之一)

hecatommyriostaio-

("每隔九万九千九百九十九天")
109 billion-  – dis

hecatommyria-		 dis

hecatommyriakis-		 etc.
1012 trillion-  – tris

hecatommyria-		 tris

hecatommyriakis-		 etc.
1015 quadrillion-  – tetrakis

hecatommyria-		 tetrakis

hecatommyriakis-		 etc.
1018 quintillion-  –
1021 sextillion-  –
1024 septillion-  –
1027 octillion-  –
1030 nonillion-  –
1033 decillion-  – decakis

hecatommyria-		 decakis

hecatommyriakis-		 etc.
10303 centillion-  – hecatontakis

hecatommyria-		 hecatontakis

hecatommyriakis-		 etc.
103003  – chiliakis

hecatommyria-		 chiliakis

hecatommyriakis-		 etc.
1030003  – myriakis

hecatommyria-		 myriakis

hecatommyriakis-		 etc.
10300003  – decakismyriakis

hecatommyria- and so on -

virtually endless		 decakismyriakis

hecatommyriakis-		 etc.
少量

(1–20)		 pauci-

e.g. pauciparous		  – oligo-

e.g. oligomer, oligonucleotide, oligopeptide, oligosaccharide, oligopoly
大量

(> 1)		 multi-

e.g. multilingual, multiple

pluri

e.g. plural wife, pluralism		  – poly-

e.g. polyhedra, polygamy, polypod, polyglot, polymath		 pollakis-

("多次")

pollaplo-

(”多次“)

plethos, plethora

(”多个为一组“)		 pollosto-

(次序中排在第一后的， 即序数大于1)		 bahut–


补充
  • 元音脱落：数字前缀结尾的元音会在以元音为开头的词干前脱落。但除了 bi-, 其在元音前为 bis-, 而其他单音节前缀 du-、di-、dvi-、tri- 即使接以元音为开头的词干也保持不变。
  • 连字符：数字前缀不加入连字符的情况比较多、但还是有把quarterdeck写成quarter-deck的例外。在IUPAC命名法和国际单位制词头中不会加入连字符。

同样的后缀可用于不同数：

primary secondary tertiary quartary quintary sextary - - nonary -
singulary binary ternary, trinary quaternary quinary senary septenary octonary nonenary denary

在化学命名中，11（undeca-）这个前缀混合了拉丁语和希腊语，并以 -cos- 表示二十，例如 tricos- 是 23。同样，表示进位制的 binary, trinary, senary 和 octal, decimal, vigesimal

拉丁语基数词

拉丁语分配数词
  • unary, binary, trinary, quaternary, quinary, senary, … vicenary … centenary …
  • denarian, vicenarian, tricenarian, quadragenarian, quinquagenarian, sexagenarian, septuagenarian, octogenarian, nonagenarian, centenarian, … millenarian

希腊语
  • monad, dyad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, heptad, ogdoad, ennead, decad, ... triacontad, ... hecatontad, chiliad, myriad
  • digon, trigon, tetragon, pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, octagon, enneagon, decagon, hendecagon, dodecagon, ... enneadecagon, icosagon, triacontagon, ... chiliagon, myriagon
  • trilogy, tetralogy, pentalogy, hexalogy, heptalogy
  • monopod, dipod, tripod, tetrapod, hexapod, octopod, decapod

混合语言

参见

注释
  1. See Mendeleev's predicted elements for the most common use of Sanskrit numerical prefixes.
  2. Demi- is French, from Latin dimidium.
  3. sim- (sin-) is found in the words simplex, simple.
  4. The Greek prefix for 'one' is normally mono- 'alone'. Hen- 'one' is only used in compound numbers (hendeka- 11) and a few words like henad (= monad). Haplo- 'single' is found is a few technical words such as haploid.
  5. . Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project
  11. The forms related to quattuor "four", like the previous three integers, are irregular in Latin and other Indo-European languages, and the details, while presumably a form of assimilation, are unclear. Andrew Sihler, New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin, p. 412, and Carl Darling Buck, Comparative grammar of Greek and Latin. In particular, quadri- has the alternate form quadru- before p in some Latin words, such as quadruple.
  12. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  13. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  14. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  15. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  16. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  17. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  19. Sometimes Greek hexa- is used in Latin compounds, such as hexadecimal, due to taboo avoidance with the English word sex.
  20. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  21. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  24. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  26. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  27. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  30. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  31. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  34. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  35. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  40. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  41. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  42. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  43. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  44. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  45. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  46. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  47. . www.perseus.tufts.edu. [26 February 2019]. （原始内容存档于2020-07-26）.
  48. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  49. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  50. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  51. . [2011-05-14]. （原始内容存档于2012-10-14）.
  64. In organic chemistry, most prefixes are Greek but the prefixes for 9 and 11 are Latin.

参考文献
    • Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition
    • Buck, Carl Darling, Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin
    • Sihler, Andrew Littleton, A New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin （页面存档备份，存于）, Oxford University Press 1995 ISBN 0195083458


外部链接
  • Stephen Chrisomalis. . The Phrontistery. [2019-10-06]. （原始内容存档于2017-07-20）.
  • Christine Bauer-Ramazani. . April 2008 [2019-10-06]. （原始内容存档于2019-07-09）.
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