法 (印度哲學)

梵語,,巴利語,),音译为達摩,是在印度哲學宗教中極其重要的一個含義多變的術語。

在傳統印度社會中,法在歷史上已經指稱了各種思想,比如吠陀儀式,道德指導、種姓制度和民法與刑法。它的最常用含義附屬著兩個基本思想: 社會生活應當通過良好定義或良好調控的等級(varna)來組織,而在某等級內的個人的生活應當組織成確定的階段(ashrama,參見 dharmasastra)。[1]

依據各種印度宗教,比如印度教佛教耆那教錫克教,如法生活的人更快趨向解脫(dharma yukam, moksha 或 nirvana)。而不如法(adharma)意味著不和諧、不道德或錯誤(即墮落)。

佛教創始人佛陀及耆那教創始人大雄的教導和學說,也使用法這個術語。在佛教哲學中,法還是含義為現象的術語。[2]

語源

法的梵語字根來自dhr-,意思為保持、支撐,並且和拉丁語表示堅固、穩定的詞彙firmus相關[3],由此得來「既定、公認的慣例」以及「律法」的意思。其源自古老的吠陀梵語梨俱吠陀等),拼法為帶有n-詞幹dharman-,字面意思為承擔者、支撐者,而這是指吠陀宗教中的重要概念──ṛta/ˈrɪtə/; 梵語 ,秩序、規則、真理)的面向而言[4]阿維斯陀語中表示真實、正確、秩序的詞彙aṣ̌a(𐬀𐬴𐬀)為ṛta的同源詞,在古波斯語中拼作arta(𐎠𐎼𐎫)。

古典梵語和最晚成立的吠陀書──阿闥婆吠陀,其拼法是dharma。而在普拉克里特諸語言(古印度俗語)和巴利語中的拼法則是dhamma。在阿育王詔書的古石刻文書坎達哈雙語岩石銘文中,用古希臘語eusebeia(εὐσέβεια,虔誠、靈性的成熟、恭敬神明)和亞蘭語(קשיטא,真理、真實),來翻譯印度的宗教哲學詞彙──法[5][6]

印度教

印度教的語境中,它意味著一個人的正當義務與責任,[43]印度宗教的法受個人的年齡、等級、職業和性別的影響。[44]在現代印度語言中依賴於語境,它可以簡單的等價於“宗教”。

佛教

参考文献

  1. Ainslie Thomas Embree, Stephen N. Hay, William Theodore De Bary, Sources of Indian Tradition: Modern India and Pakistan. Columbia University Press, 1988, page 215.
  2. David Kalupahana. The Philosophy of the Middle Way. SUNY Press, 1986, pages 15-16: "The old Indian term dharma was retained by the Buddha to refer to phenomena or things. However, he was always careful to define this dharma as "dependently arisen phenomena" (paticca-samuppanna-dhamma) ... In order to distinguish this notion of dhamma from the Indian conception where the term dharma meant reality (atman), in an ontological sense, the Buddha utilized the conception of result or consequence or fruit (attha, Sk. artha) to bring out the pragmatic meaning of dhamma."
  3. Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, Barnhart, R. K., editor (1998).
  4. Day, Terence P. . 1982: 42-45.
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  16. ta̍t 的發音:
    • .
    môo 的發音:
    • .
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  18. Georgios T. Halkias. . 2014 [2021-06-02]. (原始内容存档于2019-06-07). In later bilingual Indian-Greek coins, dharma is equated with the Greek word dikē (δίκη), right or justice and is not restricted to eusebeia (εὐσέβεια).
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  22. . [2021-06-04]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-04). Tremblay made the point that both the Uyghur and the Manichaean Sogdian terms were independently copied from spoken Buddhist Sogdian. The frequent usage of nwm for Skt. dharma instead of the Buddhist Sogdian loanword δrm in Uyghur Buddhist texts would point in the same direction: nwm
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    • Heleen Plaisier. . [2021-06-02]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-28). In the titles of Lepcha works......cho (book, learning)......These designations are obviously direct loans from equivalent categories in Tibetan literature......Chos......Indeed, a Lepcha book, referred to as cho, typically conveys a canonical message
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    • H. Plaisier. . ᰇᰨᰎᰴ cho–pang......books
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    • d'Hubert, Thibaut. . Iranian Studies. 2018 [2021-06-03]. (原始内容存档于2021-06-03). By the blessing of Tārā (i.e Dharma)......The term tārā transcribes the Arakanese/Burmese tarāḥ, which may be translated as "precept"or "law". This is the same term used by the Chakmas to designate the ritual texts called Āgar tārā, that the Luris used to recite on various occasions.
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