各地LGBT權利

各地同性戀、雙性戀與跨性別者的權利LGBT)的法律處境,光譜廣泛且差異極大。部分國家承認同性婚姻或其他形式的同性結合,視LGBT為人類群體多樣性的一部分;亦有國家視同性性行為變裝為非法行為,施加監禁甚至死刑等刑罰。

全球同性伴侶关系的法律现状
同性性行为合法同性性行为非法
  
同性婚姻法制化
  
违法但未执行或极少执行
  
非婚姻形式的伴侣登记、民事結合
  
有期徒刑
  
承认事實上的同居关系
  
无期徒刑
  
承认外国同婚伴侣但不承认本国
  
死刑但未施行或极少施行
  
有限承认(外国居留权)
  
法外处决
  
无任何保障
  
死刑
  
言論及結社自由受法律限制

范畴

LGBT權利的人權論述在1990年代左右展開,由國際LGBTI聯合會、國際立即行動國際特赦組織以及人權觀察非政府組織提倡,並逐漸為歐洲加拿大美國的司法實體和聯合國吸納運用[1][2]

LGBT權利的立法範疇包括但不限于:

历史

2011年,聯合國通過首份承認LGBT權利的決議案,隨後並提出侵犯LGBT權利的報告,具體調查世界各國境內仇恨罪、同性性行為之刑事定罪以及相關歧視等行為。[3][4]

截至2024年4月,有36個國家[lower-alpha 1]承认同性婚姻并赋予其LGBT公民上述列表的全部或大多数权利,其中大多数国家位于美洲西欧[5]

64個國家[lower-alpha 2]和3個地方政府屬地[lower-alpha 3]仍有对同性性行為定罪的法律(這當中有些國家遺留殖民時期的條款未實際執行,但也有實際執行和起訴的國家,各國情況不一;也有法律無明顯對同性性行為定罪,但在事實上以遊蕩、賣淫、猥褻等名義逮捕的情況),其中大部分国家位于亚洲非洲[6][7][8][9]立陶宛俄羅斯波蘭伊拉克中國等國制定了限制LGBT權利表達自由的法案[10]

法律来源

根據學者們的推測,最早有關於亞伯拉罕諸教法律中可能反對同性性行為的紀錄,是出於西元前550年時巴比倫囚虜中的猶太人,在他們的經典利未記中紀載[lower-alpha 4],規定男男之間的同性性交處以死刑。而在同一個時代,在許多的其他宗教信仰中同性關係是被包容的。

一些人們因此相信亞伯拉罕諸教信仰是法律處罰同性性行為的源頭,不過類似的情形也在印歐語系民族的文化中可以發現,比如古羅馬律法Lex Scantinia以及原始日耳曼民族的神話nith,或者是西元前1075年的亞述法律紀錄。[11].

透過傳統猶太教基督教伊斯蘭教的闡釋,懲罰同性性行為的法律持續地在歷史上延續。隨著殖民主義的到來,那些亞伯拉罕諸教信仰的國家,將這種價值觀伴隨著帝國主義的政治控制擴張到世界各地。

中國傳統理念中對於同性戀情並沒有明確地指責,甚至在部分地區存在有「契兄弟」相稱的同性情侶[12],《紅樓夢》等名著中也多有描寫。近代以來,由於殖民統治時期傳入的亞伯拉罕宗教思想及民間傳統觀念對於生育的認知,同性戀成為了一種「罪惡」與不潔的道德。中華人民共和國建立後,曾一度將同性性行為列入流氓罪進行處罰,直到1997年才除罪化。[13] 通常法律反對同性性行為和主要支持者時,亞伯拉罕諸教信仰是主要因素。但是事实上中国的流氓罪定義籠統,且法律本身並不針對同性戀群體。又由于文化大革命时期执法的随意性,这给予了世俗中的反对婚前性行为者惩罚違背傳統生育理念以及同性性行为者的借口,而且實際案例也相对较少。法律界对此是否能将1997年将流氓罪具体化视为對同性性行為的非罪化與去污名化,以及是否存在同性性行為法定有罪的情况目前有争议。[14]

全球概况

這是一份有關世界各地對於同性戀關係的法律列表,各洲及各國以英文字母順序排列。必須注意地是,不應該將這份列表做為橫量各國各地區對待同性戀的標準來看待。一些國家雖然保留了消極反對的法律,但政府本身並沒有強力執行這些法律去壓迫同性戀。相反地,有的國家雖然沒有法律明定同性戀有罪,但在主流文化上對同性戀存在敵意,並對同性戀個體進行壓迫。將同性戀視為違法的國家中,不是將所有同性性交都視為非法犯罪,就是單獨定義男男性交犯罪,沒有國家單獨地定義女女性交違法犯罪。現行依然有超過70國家將同性之間的性行為視非法,一些將異性間的非生殖性行為也包含進去。而未達法定承諾年齡的同性性行為,除非法律上有特別註記不然和其他異性戀情況是一樣。 截至2024年,联合国195个会员国及观察员国裡,有106个从未对同性性行为定罪或者实现了对同性性行为的除罪化。

联合国会员国同性性行为除罪化时间表
会员国
从未非法
18世纪
列表
19世纪
20世纪
21世纪
世界各地同性性行为除罪化状况
  1790–1799
  1800–1829
  1830–1839
  1840–1859
  1860–1869
  1870–1879
  1880–1889
  1890–1929
  1930–1939
  1940–1949
  1950–1959
  1960–1969
  1970–1979
  1980–1989
  1990–1999
  2000–2009
  2010-至今
  同性性行为合法
  男男性行为违法
  同性性行为违法
男男性接触人群献血政策
  男男性接触人群可以献血;无延期
  男男性接触人群可以献血;暂时延期
  男男性接触人群不可以献血;永久延期
  无数据

各洲概况

非洲

亞洲

歐洲

美洲

大洋洲

南极洲

由於南極洲沒有常住人口,到访南极洲的人均为短期科学考察或冒险旅游南極條約體系規定,在南極的所有人身权利受到当事人国籍所在司法管辖区的管轄。

參見

注解

  1. 亞齊省印尼)、加薩走廊巴勒斯坦)、紐埃
  2. 雖然一些保守的學者認為年代要更早於利未記
  3. 当时德国分为东德和西德,东德于稍早的1968年除罪化
  4. 只按联合王国四个构成国计算,不包括英联邦和英国海外领土,其中英格兰和威尔士于1967年合法,苏格兰于1981年,1982年北爱尔兰合法后全国均合法

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