La Rochelle
La Rochèla (Occitan)
Prefecture and commune
Coat of arms of La Rochelle
Coat of arms
Location of La Rochelle
La Rochelle is located in France
La Rochelle
La Rochelle
La Rochelle is located in Nouvelle-Aquitaine
La Rochelle
La Rochelle
Coordinates: 46°10′N 1°09′W / 46.16°N 1.15°W / 46.16; -1.15
CountryFrance
RegionNouvelle-Aquitaine
DepartmentCharente-Maritime
ArrondissementLa Rochelle
IntercommunalityCA La Rochelle
Government
 • Mayor (2020–2026) Jean-François Fountaine[1]
Area
1
28.43 km2 (10.98 sq mi)
Population
 (Jan. 2021)[2]
78,535
 • Density2,800/km2 (7,200/sq mi)
Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
17300 /17000
Elevation0–28 m (0–92 ft)
(avg. 4 m or 13 ft)
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

La Rochelle (UK: /ˌlæ rɒˈʃɛl/, US: /ˌlɑː roʊˈʃɛl/, French: [la ʁɔʃɛl] ⓘ; Poitevin-Saintongeais: La Rochéle; Occitan: La Rochèla [la ruˈtʃɛlɔ]) is a city on the west coast of France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime department. With 78,535 inhabitants in 2021, La Rochelle is the most populated commune in the department and ranks fourth in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region after Bordeaux, the regional capital, Limoges and Poitiers.

Situated on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean the city is connected to the Île de Ré by a 2.9-kilometre-long (1+3⁄4-mile) bridge completed on 19 May 1988. Since the Middle Ages the harbour has opened onto a protected strait, the Pertuis d'Antioche and is regarded as a "Door océane" or gateway to the ocean because of the presence of its three ports (fishing, trade and yachting). The city has a strong commercial tradition, having an active port from very early on in its history. La Rochelle underwent sustained development in the middle ages, and has maintained a standing in modern times because of its port, La Pallice, the only deep water port of the French Atlantic coast; it is ranked as the sixth most important port of France.

The city traces its origins to the Gallo-Roman period, attested by the remains of important salt marshes and villas. The Dukes of Aquitaine granted it a charter as a free port in 1130. With the opening of the English market following the second marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, the presence of the Knights Templar and the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem quickly made this small town the largest port on the Atlantic.[3]

To this day, the city still possesses a rich historical fabric, including the Saint-Nicholas tower, and an urban heritage. The capital of Aunis, it has become the most important coastal city between the Loire and Gironde estuaries. La Rochelle's urban activities are many in number and strongly differentiated, being a city with port and industrial functions that are still important, but also including a predominantly administrative and tertiary sector that is reinforced by the university and a rapidly developing tourism industry. In the early 21st century, the city has consistently been ranked among France's most liveable cities.[4]

History

Antiquity

Coastline around La Rochelle in Roman times

The area of La Rochelle was occupied in antiquity by the Gallic tribe of the Santones, who gave their name to the nearby region of Saintonge and the city of Saintes.

The Romans subsequently occupied the area, where they developed salt production along the coast. They also developed wine production, shipping its products throughout the Empire. Roman villas have been found at Saint-Éloi and at Les Minimes. Salt evaporation ponds dating from the same period have also been found.

Foundation

La Rochelle was founded during the 10th century and became an important harbour in the 12th century. The name was first recorded in 961 as Rupella, from a Latin diminutive meaning 'little rock'. It was later known as Rocella and Roscella before the name took on its current form. The establishment of La Rochelle as a harbour was a consequence of the victory of Duke Guillaume X of Aquitaine over Isambert de Châtelaillon in 1130, and the subsequent destruction of his harbour of Châtelaillon.[5] In 1137, Guillaume X to all intents and purposes made La Rochelle a free port and gave it the right to identify as a commune.

Fifty years later Eleanor of Aquitaine upheld the communal charter promulgated by her father. For the first time in France, a city mayor was appointed for La Rochelle, Guillaume de Montmirail. Guillaume was assisted in his responsibilities by 24 municipal magistrates, and 75 nobles who had jurisdiction over the inhabitants. Under the communal charter, the city obtained many privileges, such as the right to mint its own coins, and to operate some businesses free of royal taxes, factors which would favour the development of the entrepreneurial middle-class (bourgeoisie).

Plantagenet rule (1154–1224)

Left image: Vauclair castle was built by the English in 1185.
Right image: Remnants of Vauclair castle, Place de Verdun, La Rochelle.

Eleanor married Henry Plantagenet in 1152, who became king of England as Henry II in 1154, thus putting La Rochelle under Plantagenet rule, until Louis VIII captured it in the 1224 siege of La Rochelle. During the Plantagenet control of the city in 1185, Henry II had the Vauclair castle built, remains of which are still visible in the Place de Verdun.[6]

Left image: Cour de la Commanderie in La Rochelle, ancient location of the Templars' headquarters.
Right image: Original Templar cross, Cour de la Commanderie.

The main activities of the city were in the areas of maritime commerce and trade, especially with England, the Netherlands and Spain. In 1196, wealthy bourgeois Alexandre Auffredi sent a fleet of seven ships to Africa seeking wealth. He went bankrupt awaiting the return of his ships; they returned seven years later bearing riches.

Knights Templar

The Knights Templar had a strong presence in La Rochelle since before the time of Eleanor of Aquitaine, who exempted them from duties and gave them mills in her 1139 Charter.[7] La Rochelle was the Templars' largest base on the Atlantic Ocean,[8] and where they stationed their main fleet.[9] From La Rochelle, they were able to act as intermediaries in trade between England and the Mediterranean.[8] A popular thread of conspiracy theory originating with Holy Blood, Holy Grail has it that the Templars used a fleet of 18 ships which had brought Jacques de Molay from Cyprus to La Rochelle to escape arrest in France. The fleet allegedly left laden with knights and treasures just before the issue of the warrant for the arrest of the Order in October 1307.[10][11]

Hundred Years' War

During the Hundred Years' War in 1360, following the Treaty of Brétigny La Rochelle again came under the rule of the English monarch. La Rochelle however expelled the English in June 1372, following the naval Battle of La Rochelle, between Castilian-French and English fleets. The French and Spanish decisively defeated the English, securing French control of the Channel for the first time since the Battle of Sluys in 1340. The naval battle of La Rochelle was one of the first cases of the use of handguns on warships, which were deployed by the French and Spanish against the English.[12] Having recovered freedom, La Rochelle refused entry to Du Guesclin, until Charles V recognized the privileges of the city in November 1372.

In 1402, the French adventurer Jean de Béthencourt left La Rochelle and sailed along the coast of Morocco to conquer the Canary Islands.[13]

Until the 15th century, La Rochelle was to be the largest French harbour on the Atlantic coast, dealing mainly in wine, salt and cheese.

French Wars of Religion

Left image: Remains of Reformation iconoclasm, Clocher Saint-Barthélémy, La Rochelle.
Right image: Remains of iconoclasm, Eglise Saint-Sauveur, La Rochelle.

During the Renaissance, La Rochelle adopted Protestant ideas. Calvinism started to be propagated in the region of La Rochelle, resulting in its suppression through the establishment of Cours présidiaux tribunals by Henry II. An early result of this was the burning at the stake of two "heretics" in La Rochelle in 1552.[14] Conversions to Calvinism however continued, due to a change of religious beliefs, but also to a desire for political independence on the part of the local elite, and a popular opposition to royal expenses and requisitions in the building projects to fortify the coast against England.[14]

On the initiative of Gaspard de Coligny, the Calvinists attempted to colonise the New World to find a new home for their religion, with the likes of Pierre Richier and Jean de Léry. After the short-lived attempt of France Antarctique, they failed to establish a colony in Brazil, and finally resolved to make a stand in La Rochelle itself.[15] Pierre Richier became "Ministre de l'église de la Rochelle" ("Minister of the Church of La Rochelle") when he returned from Brazil in 1558, and was able to considerably increase the Huguenot presence in La Rochelle, from a small base of about 50 souls who had been secretly educated in the Lutheran faith by Charles de Clermont the previous year. He has been described, by Lancelot Voisin de La Popelinière, as "le père de l'église de La Rochelle" ("The Father of the Church of La Rochelle").

Protestant "Grand Temple" of La Rochelle, built on the Place du Château, modern Place de Verdun, in 1600–1603, accidentally burned down in 1687

La Rochelle was the first French city, with Rouen, to experience iconoclastic riots in 1560, at the time of the suppression of the Amboise conspiracy, before the riots spread to many other cities.[16] Further cases of Reformation iconoclasm were recorded in La Rochelle from 30 May 1562, following the Massacre of Vassy. Protestants pillaged churches, destroyed images and statues, and also assassinated 13 Catholic priests in the Tower of the Lantern.[17]

From 1568, La Rochelle became a centre for the Huguenots, and the city declared itself an independent Reformed Republic on the model of Geneva.[18] During the subsequent period, La Rochelle became an entity that has been described as a "state within a state".[19] This led to numerous conflicts with the Catholic central government. The city supported the Protestant movement of William of Orange in the Netherlands, and from La Rochelle the Dutch under Louis of Nassau and the Sea Beggars were able to raid Spanish shipping.[20][21]

In 1571 the city of La Rochelle suffered a naval blockade by the French Navy under the command of Filippo di Piero Strozzi and Antoine Escalin des Aimars, a former protagonist of the Franco-Ottoman alliance.[22] The city was finally besieged during the siege of La Rochelle (1572–1573) during the French Wars of Religion, following the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August 1572, and occurred at the same time as other sieges of Protestant cities such as the siege of Sancerre. The conflict ended with the 1573 Peace of La Rochelle, which restricted the Protestant worship to the three cities of Montauban, Nîmes and La Rochelle. Pierre Richier died in La Rochelle in 1580.

Huguenot rebellions

La Rochelle in 1628 – detail of Claude Lorrain Le siège de La Rochelle

Under Henry IV, and under the regency of his son Louis XIII, the city enjoyed a certain freedom and prosperity. However, La Rochelle entered into conflict with the authority of the adult Louis, beginning with a 1622 revolt.[23] A fleet from La Rochelle fought a royal fleet of 35 ships under Charles, Duke of Guise, in front of Saint-Martin-de-Ré, but was defeated on 27 October 1622, leading to the signing of the Peace of Montpellier.[23]

Revolt of Soubise (1625)

In 1625, a new Huguenot revolt led by Duke Henri de Rohan and his brother Soubise led to the Capture of Ré island by the forces of Louis XIII. Soubise conquered large parts of the Atlantic coast, but the supporting fleet of La Rochelle was finally defeated by Montmorency, as was Soubise with 3,000 when he led a counter-attack against the royal troops who had landed on the island of Ré.[24]

Siege of La Rochelle (1627–1628)

Cardinal Richelieu at the siege of La Rochelle, Henri Motte, 1881

Following these events, Louis XIII and his Chief Minister Cardinal Richelieu declared the suppression of the Huguenot revolt the first priority of the kingdom. The English came to the support of La Rochelle, starting the Anglo-French War, by sending a major expedition under the Duke of Buckingham. The expedition however ended in a fiasco for England with the siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré. Meanwhile, cannon shots were exchanged on 10 September 1627 between La Rochelle and Royal troops. This resulted in the siege of La Rochelle in which Cardinal Richelieu blockaded the city for 14 months, until the city surrendered and lost its mayor and its privileges.

Expulsion from La Rochelle of 300 Protestant families in November 1661, Jan Luiken (1649–1712)

The remaining Protestants of La Rochelle suffered new persecutions, when 300 families were again expelled in November 1661, the year Louis XIV came to power. The reason for the expulsions was that Catholics deeply resented a degree of revival of Protestant ownership of property within the city.[25]

The growing persecution of the Huguenots culminated with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV in 1685. Many Huguenots emigrated, founding such cities as New Rochelle in the vicinity of today's New York in 1689. La Rochelle, and the siege of 1627 form much of the backdrop to the later chapters of Alexandre Dumas, père's classic novel, The Three Musketeers.

La Rochelle and the New World

La Rochelle slave ship Le Saphir ex-voto, 1741
La Rochelle harbour in 1762 – Joseph Vernet; Musée de la Marine

Because of its western location, which saved days of sailing time, La Rochelle enjoyed successful fishing in the western Atlantic and trading with the New World, which served to counterbalance the disadvantage of not being at the mouth of a river (useful for shipping goods to and from the interior). Its Protestant ship-owning and merchant class prospered in the 16th century until the Wars of Religion devastated the city.[26] The British navy in wartime were alert that shore watchers at La Rochelle were employed.[27]

The period following the wars was a prosperous one, marked by intense exchanges with the New World (Nouvelle France in Canada, and the Antilles). La Rochelle armateurs (shipowners) became very active[28] in triangular trade with the New World, dealing in the slave trade with Africa, sugar trade with plantations of the West Indies, and fur trade with Canada. This was a period of high artistic, cultural and architectural achievements for the city. La Rochelle was also the port city from which the Carignan-Salieres Regiment departed for Nouvelle France. In 1664, based upon attacks by the Iroquois against the Quebec inhabitants and following the request of the New France Sovereign Council, the French finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert ordered the 24 companies composing the Carignan-Salières Regiment to duty in New France. Beginning with departures from the port of La Rochelle, France on 19 Apr 1665, five troop ships and one supply ship left the French coast. A sixth troop ship, Le Breze, began the journey from the Antilles island in the West Indies. All of the seven ships arrived at Quebec City during the three-month period between 19 Jun 1665 and 14 Sep 1665. They carried approximately 1,200 men of the regiment. Additionally, it was from this port city that many of the estimated 768 women known as the Filles du Roi (Daughters of the King), set sail for Quebec during the period of 1663 to 1673.

Robert de La Salle departed from La Rochelle, France, on 24 July 1684, with the aim of setting up a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, eventually establishing Fort Saint Louis in Texas.[29]

The city eventually lost its trade and prominence during the decades spanning the Seven Years' War, the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. During that period France lost many of the territorial possessions which it had had in the New World, and also saw a significant decrease in its sea power in the continuing conflicts with Britain, ultimately diminishing the role of such harbours as La Rochelle. After abolitionist movements led by such people as Samuel de Missy, the slave trade of La Rochelle ended with the onset of the French Revolution and the war with England in the 1790s, the last La Rochelle slave ship, the Saint-Jacques being captured in 1793 in the Gulf of Guinea.[30] In February 1794, the National Convention passed the Law of 4 February 1794, which effectively freed all colonial slaves.

In 1809, the Battle of the Basque Roads took place near La Rochelle, in which a British fleet defeated the French Atlantic Fleet.

La Rochelle faience

La Rochelle became one of the French centres for faience at the end of the 18th century.[31][32] Bernard Palissy was born in the region and had some bearing in this development. During the 18th century, its style was greatly influenced by Chinese themes and Japanese Kakiemon-type designs.[33][34] Many of these ceramics can be viewed at the Musée d'Orbigny-Bernon.

19th century

In 1864, the harbour of La Rochelle (area of the "Bassin à flot" behind the water locks), was the site for the maiden dive experiments of the first mechanically-powered submarine in the World, Plongeur, commanded by Marie-Joseph-Camille Doré, a native of La Rochelle.

Second World War

U-boat pens at the harbor of La Rochelle (2007)

During the Second World War, Germany established a submarine naval base at La Pallice (the main port of La Rochelle).

A German stronghold, La Rochelle was the last French city to be liberated at the end of the war. The Allied siege of La Rochelle took place between 12 September 1944 and 7 May 1945. The stronghold, including the islands of Ré and Oléron, was held by 20,000 German troops under German vice-admiral Ernst Schirlitz. Following negotiations by the French Navy frigate captain Meyer, the general German capitulation occurred on 7 May and French troops entered La Rochelle on 8 May.

The submarine base became the setting for parts of the movie Das Boot. The U-boat scenes in Raiders of the Lost Ark were also shot in La Rochelle. The base is featured in the computer game Commandos 2: Men of Courage. It was also chosen in 2018 for the location shooting of the German television series Das Boot (a sequel to the 1981 classic).

Geography

Geology

La Rochelle seen from Spot Satellite
The limestone cliffs around La Rochelle reveal the Jurassic geology of the area

The bedrock of La Rochelle and surrounding areas is composed of layers of limestone dating back to the Sequanian stage (upper Oxfordian stage) of the Jurassic period (circa 160 million years ago), when a large part of France was submerged. Many of these layers are visible in the white cliffs that border the sea, which contain many small marine fossils. Layers of thick white rock, formed during period of relatively warm seas, alternate with highly fragile layers containing sand and remains of mud, formed during colder periods, and with layers containing various corals, that were formed during warmer, tropical times.[35] The limestone thus formed is traditionally used as the main building material throughout the region.

The area of La Pointe du Chay about five kilometres (three miles) from La Rochelle is a cliff area visited for leisurely geological surveys.

Climate

Under Köppen's climate classification, La Rochelle features an oceanic climate. Although at the same latitude as Montreal in Canada or the Kuril islands in Russia, the area experiences mild weather throughout the year due to the influence of the Gulf Stream waters, the summers are relatively warm, and insolation is remarkably high—the highest in Western France, including sea resorts much further to the south such as Biarritz. La Rochelle seldom experiences very cold or very warm weather. These specific conditions – summer: dry and sunny, winter: mild and wet – have led to the establishment of a Mediterranean-type vegetation cohabiting with more continental and oceanic types of vegetation.

Climate data for La Rochelle, France (1981–2010 averages, extremes 1955–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.3
(61.3)		 21.2
(70.2)		 25.0
(77.0)		 29.1
(84.4)		 33.6
(92.5)		 40.5
(104.9)		 39.0
(102.2)		 38.2
(100.8)		 34.6
(94.3)		 30.1
(86.2)		 22.2
(72.0)		 18.7
(65.7)		 40.5
(104.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 9.1
(48.4)		 10.2
(50.4)		 13.0
(55.4)		 15.5
(59.9)		 19.1
(66.4)		 22.3
(72.1)		 24.4
(75.9)		 24.5
(76.1)		 22.1
(71.8)		 18.1
(64.6)		 13.0
(55.4)		 9.7
(49.5)		 16.8
(62.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 6.6
(43.9)		 7.1
(44.8)		 9.6
(49.3)		 11.8
(53.2)		 15.4
(59.7)		 18.5
(65.3)		 20.5
(68.9)		 20.5
(68.9)		 18.1
(64.6)		 14.7
(58.5)		 10.0
(50.0)		 7.1
(44.8)		 13.4
(56.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 4.0
(39.2)		 4.1
(39.4)		 6.3
(43.3)		 8.1
(46.6)		 11.7
(53.1)		 14.6
(58.3)		 16.7
(62.1)		 16.5
(61.7)		 14.0
(57.2)		 11.3
(52.3)		 7.1
(44.8)		 4.5
(40.1)		 9.9
(49.8)
Record low °C (°F) −11.5
(11.3)		 −13.6
(7.5)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 −1.2
(29.8)		 1.9
(35.4)		 4.9
(40.8)		 8.1
(46.6)		 8.8
(47.8)		 5.4
(41.7)		 −0.4
(31.3)		 −5.4
(22.3)		 −9.5
(14.9)		 −13.6
(7.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 74.0
(2.91)		 56.8
(2.24)		 53.9
(2.12)		 64.9
(2.56)		 55.8
(2.20)		 39.1
(1.54)		 43.9
(1.73)		 45.0
(1.77)		 60.3
(2.37)		 91.9
(3.62)		 93.5
(3.68)		 87.9
(3.46)		 767.0
(30.20)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.9 9.1 9.7 10.3 9.3 6.7 6.6 6.3 7.4 11.9 12.4 12.5 114.1
Average snowy days 1.0 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.9 3.7
Average relative humidity (%) 87 84 80 78 79 77 76 77 79 83 86 88 81.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 84.3 114.6 165.8 196.8 231.3 261.2 271.0 259.6 212.1 140.5 92.3 76.3 2,105.5
Source 1: Meteo France[36][37][38]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days 1961–1990)[39]

Population

Its inhabitants are called "les Rochelaises" and "les Rochelais" in French.[40] The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of La Rochelle proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of La Rochelle absorbed part of the former commune of Saint-Maurice in 1858 and Laleu in 1880.[41]

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1793 22,000—    
1800 17,512−3.21%
1806 18,346+0.78%
1821 12,327−2.62%
1831 14,629+1.73%
1836 14,857+0.31%
1841 16,720+2.39%
1846 17,358+0.75%
1851 16,505−1.00%
1856 16,175−0.40%
1861 18,904+3.17%
1866 18,720−0.20%
1872 19,506+0.69%
1876 19,583+0.10%
1881 22,464+2.78%
1886 23,829+1.19%
1891 26,808+2.38%
1896 28,376+1.14%
YearPop.±% p.a.
1901 31,559+2.15%
1906 33,858+1.42%
1911 36,371+1.44%
1921 39,770+0.90%
1926 41,521+0.87%
1931 45,043+1.64%
1936 47,737+1.17%
1946 48,923+0.25%
1954 58,799+2.33%
1962 66,590+1.57%
1968 73,347+1.62%
1975 79,757+1.20%
1982 75,840−0.72%
1990 71,094−0.80%
1999 76,584+0.83%
2007 76,848+0.04%
2012 74,123−0.72%
2017 75,735+0.43%
Source: EHESS[41] and INSEE (1968-2017)[42]

Today

Panoramic picture of the harbour towers at night.

La Rochelle possesses a commercial deep water harbour, named La Pallice. The large submarine pens built during World War II still stand there, although they are not in use. La Pallice is equipped with oil unloading equipment, and mainly handles tropical wood. It is also the location of the fishing fleet, which was moved from the old harbour in the centre of the city during the 1980s.

La Rochelle harbour by Vernet in 1762 and the same view 2019

La Rochelle also maintains strong links with the sea by harbouring the largest marina for pleasure boats in Europe at Les Minimes, and a rather rich boat-building industry which includes Amel Yachts.[43]

La Rochelle has a very big aquarium, and a small botanical garden (the Jardin des plantes de La Rochelle).

The Calypso, the ship used by Jacques-Yves Cousteau as a mobile laboratory for oceanography, and which was sunk after a collision in the port of Singapore (1996) is now on display (rotting) at the Maritime Museum of La Rochelle.

One of the biggest music festivals in France, "FrancoFolies", takes place each summer in La Rochelle, where Francophone musicians come together for a week of concerts and celebration. 2004 marked the 20th anniversary of this event. The French Socialist Party has held its annual summer convention (Université d'été) in La Rochelle since 1983.

La Rochelle is the setting for the best-selling series of French language textbooks in the UK, titled Tricolore. The central character, Martine Dhome,[44] lives with her family at the fictional address of 12, rue de la République.

Tourism

Harbour towers at night

La Rochelle's main feature is the "Vieux Port" ("Old Harbour"), which is at the heart of the city, picturesque and lined with seafood restaurants. The city walls are open to an evening promenade. The old town has been well preserved. Three medieval towers are a prominent tourist attraction at the entrance to the harbor: The Chain Tower, The Lantern Tower and Saint Nicolas Tower. From the harbour, boating trips can be taken to the Île d'Aix and Fort Boyard (home to the TV show of the same name). Nearby Île de Ré is a short drive to the North. The countryside of the surrounding Charente-Maritime is very rural and full of history (Saintes). To the North is Venise Verte, a marshy area of country, crisscrossed with tiny canals and a resort for inland boating. Inland is the country of Cognac and Pineau. The nearby Île de Ré is accessible via a bridge from La Rochelle.[45]

"Grosse Horloge" tower
Fort Boyard

Transport

La Rochelle and its region are served by the international La Rochelle - Île de Ré Airport, which has progressively developed over the last 5 years. The train station Gare de La Rochelle offers connections to Bordeaux, Nantes, Poitiers, Paris and several regional destinations.

OFP La Rochelle is a freight railway serving the port.[46]

La Rochelle launched one of the first successful bicycle sharing systems in 1974.

Education

The city has more than 10,000 students each year. The University of La Rochelle was established in 1993. Together with the Excelia Group (La Rochelle Business School), they are the largest institutions of higher education of La Rochelle (7,000 and 3,500 students respectively).

Landmarks

The Tour de la Lanterne in La Rochelle, fully under scaffolding. 1 January 2015

Notable people

Born in La Rochelle

Lived in La Rochelle

Sport

Stade Rochelais are a professional rugby union team in the Top 14 league. They play their home matches at Stade Marcel-Deflandre.

Since 1991 the city has annually hosted the Marathon de La Rochelle, the second-most popular marathon of France and an international-level race which featured 10,000 participants in 2010.[47]

ES La Rochelle is the local football club.

In 2022, Stade Rochelais Basket promoted to the LNB Pro B. The team plays its home games at the Salle Gaston-Neveur.

Twin towns – sister cities

La Rochelle is twinned with:[48]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
  2. ↑ "Populations légales 2021". The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
  3. ↑ Favreau, Robert (1986). "La Rochelle, port français sur l'Atlantique au XIIIe siècle". Actes des congrès de la Société des historiens médiévistes de l'enseignement supérieur public. 17 (1): 49–76. doi:10.3406/shmes.1986.1451.
  4. ↑ "La Rochelle classée troisième ville de France la plus agréable à vivre". actu.fr (in French). 20 January 2020. Retrieved 13 November 2020.
  5. ↑ Reformation in La Rochelle: tradition and change in early modern Europe by Judith Chandler Pugh Meyer p.19 Google Books
  6. ↑ Bradshaw's illustrated travellers' hand book in [afterw.] to France by George Bradshaw Google Books
  7. ↑ Malcolm Barber (28 September 1995). The new knighthood. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 9780521558723. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  8. 1 2 Addison, Charles Greenstreet (15 April 1997). The History of the Knights Templars. Adventures Unlimited Press. ISBN 9780932813404.
  9. ↑ Evelyn Lord (2004). The Knights Templar in Britain. Pearson Longman. p. 120,155. ISBN 9781405801638. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  10. ↑ Karen Rall (May 2003). The Templars and the Grail. Quest Books. p. 26. ISBN 9780835608077. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  11. ↑ Tim Wallace-Murphy (November 2004). Templars in America. Weiser Books. p. 17. ISBN 9781578633173. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  12. ↑ Bernard Brodie (1973). From crossbow to H-bomb. Indiana University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0253201616. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  13. ↑ Andrews, Sarah; Quintero, Josephine (15 April 2018). Canary Islands. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781741045956.
  14. 1 2 Robbins, Kevin C. (15 April 1997). City on the Ocean Sea: La Rochelle, 1530–1650 : Urban Society, Religion, and Politics on the French Atlantic Frontier. BRILL. ISBN 9004108807.
  15. ↑ Fortress of the soul: violence, metaphysics, and material life by Neil Kamil p.133 Google Books
  16. ↑ Eire, Carlos M. N. (27 January 1989). War Against the Idols: The Reformation of Worship from Erasmus to Calvin. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521379847.
  17. ↑ Fortress of the soul: violence, metaphysics, and material life by Neil Kamil p.148 Google Books
  18. ↑ Fortress of the soul: violence, metaphysics, and material life by Neil Kamil p.149 Google Books
  19. ↑ MacKenney, Richard (1989). The City State, 1500–1700. Humanities Press International. p. 13.
  20. ↑ The rise and fall of Renaissance France, 1483–1610 by Robert Jean Knecht p.355 Google Books
  21. ↑ The Counter-Reformation and price revolution, 1559–1610 Richard Bruce Wernham p.288 Google Books
  22. ↑ Memoirs of Maximilian de Béthune, duke of Sully. 1778. p. 20. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  23. 1 2 Denis Vaugeois (2004). Champlain. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 22. ISBN 9780773528505. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  24. ↑ Penny cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge Page 268 Google Books
  25. ↑ Kamil, Neil (5 January 2005). Fortress of the Soul: Violence, Metaphysics, and Material Life in the Huguenots' New World, 1517–1751. JHU Press. ISBN 9780801873904.
  26. ↑ Kurlansky, Mark. Cod: A Biography of the Fish That Changed the World. Walker and Co., New York, 1997 pp. 51–52. ISBN 0-8027-1326-2.
  27. ↑ "Charles II - volume 161: July 1–7, 1666." Calendar of State Papers Domestic: Charles II, 1665-6. Ed. Mary Anne Everett Green. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1864. 485-510. British History Online Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  28. ↑ Pritchard, James S (1976). "The Pattern of French Colonial Shipping to Canada before 1760". Persée. 63 (231): 190. doi:10.3406/outre.1976.1919. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
  29. ↑ James E. Bruseth (2005). From a watery grave. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 9781585444311. Retrieved 15 April 2010.
  30. ↑ Marshall, Bill (15 April 2018). The French Atlantic: Travels in Culture and History. Liverpool University Press. ISBN 9781846310515.
  31. ↑ Barber, Edwin Atlee (1 September 2009). Tin Enamelled Pottery. Read Books. ISBN 9781444647938.
  32. ↑ Campbell, Gordon (15 April 2018). The Grove Encyclopedia of Decorative Arts: Aalto to Kyoto pottery. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195189483.
  33. ↑ "Heavily potted plates with crude red and green Chinese figures were made in large numbers " in Collecting European delft and faience Diana Imber, Praeger, 1968, p.60
  34. ↑ "The industry only really started to flourish in La Rochelle towards the middle of the 18th century (...) new everyday vessels were decorated "au petit feu" with flowers and Chinese figures then in fashion." Cahiers de la céramique du verre et des arts du feu, Issues 41–45 Musée national de céramique (France). Société des amis du Musée national de céramique, 1968
  35. ↑ La Rochelle touristic board at the "Pointe du Chay"
  36. ↑ "Données climatiques de la station de La Rochelle" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  37. ↑ "Climat Poitou-Charentes" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 1 December 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  38. ↑ "La Rochelle (17)" (PDF). Fiche Climatologique: Statistiques 1981–2010 et records (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  39. ↑ "Normes et records 1961–1990: La Rochelle Aérodrome (17) – altitude 22m" (in French). Infoclimat. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2014.
  40. ↑ Le nom des habitants du 17 - Charente-Maritime, habitants.fr
  41. 1 2 Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui: Commune data sheet La Rochelle, EHESS (in French).
  42. ↑ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
  43. ↑ "La Rochelle : le chantier nautique Amel ouvre ses portes et recrute". sudouest.fr. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  44. ↑ "A textbook love affair?". BBC News Magazine. 16 June 2009. Retrieved 21 April 2013.
  45. ↑ "How to reach us? | Destination Ile de Ré". www.holidays-iledere.co.uk. Archived from the original on 21 January 2018. Retrieved 18 January 2018.
  46. ↑ "Actualité Transport > Le port de La Rochelle lance ses trains avec ECR". Retrieved 31 October 2010.
  47. ↑ Vazel, Pierre-Jean (28 November 2011). Komen breaks La Rochelle record with 2:07:13. IAAF. Retrieved on 30 November 2011.
  48. ↑ "Jumelage et partenariat". larochelle.fr (in French). La Rochelle. Retrieved 20 November 2019.
  • Boardman, John The Diffusion of Classical Art in Antiquity, Princeton 1993 ISBN 0-691-03680-2

Bibliography

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