The city of Mari in modern Syria was ruled by several dynasties in the Bronze Age. The history of the city is divided into three kingdoms.

The first kingdom

The Sumerian King List (SKL) records a dynasty of six kings from Mari enjoying hegemony between the dynasty of Adab and the dynasty of Kish.[1] The names of the Mariote kings were damaged on the early copies of the list,[2] and those kings were correlated with historical kings that belonged to the second kingdom.[3] However, an undamaged copy of the list that date to the old Babylonian period was discovered in Shubat-Enlil,[2] and the names bears no resemblance to any of the historically attested monarchs of the second kingdom,[2] indicating that the compilers of the list had an older and probably a legendary dynasty in mind, that predate the second kingdom.[2]

The second kingdom

The chronological order of the kings from the second kingdom era is highly uncertain; nevertheless, it is assumed that the letter of Enna-Dagan lists them in a chronological order.[7] Many of the kings were attested through their own votive objects discovered in the city,[8][9] and the dates are highly speculative.[9]

Statue of Iku-Shamagan, c. 2453 BC. Temple of Ninni-Zaza, Mari.[10][11] National Museum of Damascus.

The third kingdom

The third kingdom was ruled by two dynasties: the Shakkanakkus and the Lim. For the Shakkanakkus, the lists are incomplete and after Hanun-Dagan who ruled at the end of the Ur era c. 2008 BC (c. 1920 BC Short chronology), they become full of lacunae.[23] Roughly 13 more Shakkanakkus succeeded Hanun-Dagan but only few are known, with the last known one reigning not too long before the reign of Yaggid-Lim who founded the Lim dynasty in c. 1830 BC, which was interrupted by Assyrian occupation in 1796–1776 BC.[24][25]

Ishtup-Ilum, Shakkanakku of Mari (c.2150 BC)
Puzur Ishtar, Shakkanakku of Mari. (c. 2050 BC)

Notes

  1. ↑ Gudug was a rank in the hierarchy of the Mesopotamian temple workers, a guduj priest was not specialized to a certain deity cult, and served in many temples.[6]

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Haldar 1971, p. 16.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Astour 2002, p. 58.
  3. 1 2 Liverani 2013, p. 117.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Cohen 2013, p. 148.
  5. ↑ Kramer 2010, p. 329.
  6. ↑ Black et al. 2004, p. 112.
  7. ↑ Frayne 2008, p. 293–298.
  8. ↑ Frayne 2008, p. 293–298.
  9. 1 2 Hamblin 2006, p. 244.
  10. ↑ Spycket, Agnès (1981). Handbuch der Orientalistik (in French). BRILL. pp. 87–89. ISBN 978-90-04-06248-1.
  11. ↑ Parrot, André (1953). "Les fouilles de Mari Huitième campagne (automne 1952)" (PDF). Syria. 30 (3/4): 196–221. doi:10.3406/syria.1953.4901. ISSN 0039-7946. JSTOR 4196708.
  12. ↑ Cooper 1986, p. 87.
  13. ↑ Astour 2002, p. 57.
  14. ↑ Frayne 2008, p. 299.
  15. 1 2 3 Liverani 2013, p. 119.
  16. ↑ Frayne 2008, p. 315.
  17. ↑ Frayne 2008, p. 333.
  18. ↑ Roux 1992, p. 142.
  19. ↑ Frayne 2008, p. 337.
  20. ↑ Frayne 2008, p. 339.
  21. ↑ Heimpel 2003, p. 3.
  22. ↑ Bretschneider, Van Vyve & Leuven 2009, p. 5.
  23. ↑ Frayne 1990, p. 593.
  24. 1 2 Frayne 1990, p. 597.
  25. ↑ Bertman 2005, p. 87.
  26. ↑ Leick 2002, p. 152.
  27. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Oliva 2008, p. 86.
  28. ↑ Leick 2002, p. 81.
  29. ↑ Leick 2002, p. 18.
  30. ↑ Michalowski 1995, p. 187.
  31. ↑ Leick 2002, p. 76.
  32. ↑ Leick 2002, p. 78.
  33. ↑ Leick 2002, p. 168.
  34. 1 2 3 Oliva 2008, p. 91.
  35. ↑ Oliva 2008, p. 92.
  36. ↑ Leick 2002, p. 67.
  37. ↑ Frayne 1990, p. 594.
  38. ↑ Frayne 1990, p. 596.
  39. ↑ Oliva 2008, p. 87.
  40. ↑ Frayne 1990, p. 598.
  41. ↑ Frayne 1990, p. 599.
  42. ↑ Frayne 1990, p. 600.
  43. ↑ Porter 2012, p. 31.
  44. ↑ Feliu 2003, p. 86.
  45. ↑ Tetlow 2004, p. 125.
  46. ↑ Dalley 2002, p. 143.

Sources

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