| History of India |
|---|
 |
| Timeline |
This is a list of known wars, conflicts, battles/sieges, missions and operations involving former kingdoms and states in the Indian subcontinent and the modern day Republic of India and its predecessors.
Ancient India (c. 15th to 1st century BCE)
| Name of conflict | Belligerents | Belligerents | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Battle of the Ten Kings (c. 14th century BCE) | Bharata kingdom | Ten King Alliance | Bharatas Victory
|
| Kurukshetra War | Pandavas of Kuru Kingdom | Kaurava of Kuru Kingdom | Pandavas Victory
|
| Kosala-Kashi war (c. 650 BCE) |
Kosala kingdom | Kasi kingdom | Kosala Victory
|
| Kosala conquest of Gaṇasaṅgha (c. 600 to 550 BCE) |
Kosala kingdom | Gaṇasaṅghas Kālāma Shakya Koliya |
Kosala Victory
|
| Gandhāra-Avanti war (c. 575 BCE) |
Gandhāra kingdom | Pradyota dynasty | Gandhāra Victory
|
| Magadha-Anga war (c. 535 BCE) |
Haryanka dynasty | Anga Kingdom | Magadha Victory
|
| Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley (c. 535/518BCE–450 BCE) |
Mahajanapadas | Achaemenid Empire | Achaemenid Victory
|
| Avanti-Magadhan wars (c. 510 BCE–400 BCE) |
Haryanka dynasty Shishunaga dynasty |
Avanti (Ancient India) | Magadha Victory
|
| Magadha-Kosala war (c. 485 BCE) |
Kosala kingdom | Magadha led by Haryanka dynasty | Magadha Victory
|
| Magadha-Vajji war (c. 484 BCE–468 BCE) |
Haryanka dynasty | Vajjika League led by the Licchavis | Magadha Victory
|
| Indian campaign of Alexander the Great (c. 327 BCE–325 BCE) |
Macedonian Empire | Various Indian kingdoms | * Macedonia conquers up to the Beas River, yet has to stop its advance in the Indus. |
| Battle of the Hydaspes (c. 326 BCE) |
Porus | Macedon League of Corinth Persian allies Indian allies |
Macedon Victory
|
| Conquest of the Nanda Empire (c. 323 BCE–322 BCE) |
Chandragupta Maurya | Nanda Empire | Maurya Victory
|
| Seleucid–Mauryan war (c. 305 BCE–303 BCE) |
Maurya Empire | Seleucid Empire | Maurya Victory |
| Kalinga War (c. 262 BCE–261 BCE) |
Maurya Empire | Kalinga | Maurya Victory
|
| Shunga-Greek War (2nd Century BCE) |
Shunga dynasty | Greco-Bactrian Kingdom | Shunga Victory |
| Battle of Vijithapura (c. 162/161 BCE) |
Chola dynasty | Anuradhapura Kingdom | Anuradhapura Victory |
| Battle of Vidarbha (c. 145 BCE) |
Shunga Empire | Vidarbha kingdom (Mauryan era) | Shunga Victory |
| Battle on the Sindhu river (c. 135 BCE) |
Shunga Empire | Indo-Greek Kingdom | Shunga Victory |
Classical India (c. 1st to 6th century CE)
Early Medieval India (c. 7th to 12th century CE)
Late Medieval India (c. 13th to 15th century CE)
Early Modern India (c. 16th to mid 19th century CE)
| Name of conflict (Time) | Belligerents | Opponents | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| First Battle of Cannanore
(1501) |
Kingdom of Calicut | .svg.png.webp){kind=small} Portuguese Empire
|
Portuguese victory |
| Battle of Calicut (1503) | Kingdom of Calicut
Arab privateers |
Portuguese Empire
|
Portuguese victory |
| Battle of Cochin
(1504) |
Kingdom of Calicut
Vassal Malabari states
|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Portugal
|
Portuguese victory |
| Portuguese-Mamluk naval war
(1505-1517) |
 Mamluk Sultanate
Supported by: |
Portuguese Empire |
Portuguese victory
|
| Siege of Anjadiva (1506) | Bijapur Sultanate | Portuguese Empire
|
Bijapur victory |
| Siege of Cannanore (1507) | Kingdom of Cannanore | Portuguese Empire
|
Portuguese victory |
| Battle of Dabul
(1508) |
Bijapur Sultanate | Portuguese Empire
|
Portuguese victory |
| Gujarati–Portuguese conflicts
(1508–1573) |
 Gujarat Sultanate
Supported by:
|
Portuguese Empire
|
Portuguese victory
|
| Portuguese conquest of Goa
(1510) |
Bijapur Sultanate | Kingdom of Portugal
|
Portuguese victory
|
| Siege of Aden
(1513) |
Portuguese Empire
|
Yemeni Tahirids | Tahirid victory |
| Siege of Goa (1517) | Bijapur Sultanate | Portuguese Empire
|
Portuguese victory |
| Battle of Zeila
(1517) |
Portuguese Empire
|
 Adal Sultanate |
Portuguese victory |
| Sinhalese–Portuguese conflicts
(1518–1658)
|
.png.webp){kind=small} Kingdom of Sitawaka
Supported by:
|
Portuguese Empire
|
Stalemate
|
| Battle of Khatoli (1518) |
 Kingdom of Mewar |
 Delhi Sultanate |
Rajput victory
|
| Battle of Gagron (1519) |
Rajput Confedracy |
Malwa Sultanate Gujarat Sultanate |
Rajput victory
|
| Battle of Dholpur (1519) |
Rajput Confedracy |
Delhi Sultanate |
Rajput victory
|
| Battle of Gujarat (1520) (1520) |
Rajput Confedracy |
Gujarat Sultanate | Rajput victory
|
| Battle of Raichur (20 May 1520) |
Vijaynagar Empire | Sultanate of Bijapur | Vijaynagar victory
|
| First Battle of Panipat (1526) |
Delhi Sultanate |
 Emirate of Kabul |
Mughal victory
|
Siege of Calicut (1526)
|
Zamorin of Calicut | Portuguese Empire
|
Zamorin victory |
| Battle of Bayana (21 February 1527) |
Rajput Confedracy |
Mughal Empire
|
Rajput victory
|
| Battle of Khanwa (16 March 1527) |
Rajput Confederacy |
Mughal Empire |
Mughal victory
|
| Battle of Ghaghra (1529) |
Mughal Empire |
 Sultanate of Bengal |
Mughal victory
|
| Battle of Kannauj (1540) |
Mughal Empire |
Sur Empire | Sur victory
|
| Battle of Sammel (1544) |
 Kingdom of Marwar |
Sur Empire | Sur victory
|
| Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549)[5] | _goldStamp_bgred.png.webp){kind=small} Ayutthaya Kingdom (Siam)
Supported by: |
 Toungoo dynasty (Burma) |
Siam Victory |
| Battle of Sirhind (1555) | Sur Empire | Mughal Empire |
Mughal victory
|
| Second Battle of Panipat (1556) |
Hemchandra Vikramaditya | Mughal Empire |
Mughal victory
|
| Battle of Tughlaqabad (7 October 1556) |
Hem Chandra Vikramaditya | Mughal Empire |
Hem Chandra victory
|
| Battle of Talikota (23 January 1565) |
Vijaynagar Empire | Deccan Sultanates | Deccan Sultanates victory
|
| Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568) (23 October 1567 – 23 February 1568) |
Kingdom of Mewar |
Mughal Empire |
Mughal victory
|
| Siege of Ranthambore (1568) (8 February 1568 – 21 March 1568) |
Kingdom of Mewar |
Mughal Empire |
Mughal victory
|
| War of the League of the Indies
(1570 – 1574) |
Sultanate of Bijapur
Co-belligerents: Princely states of the Kanara coast |
Portuguese Empire |
Portuguese victory |
| Mughal invasion of Bengal (1572–1576) |
Mughal Empire |
Sultanate of Bengal |
Mughal victory
|
| Battle of Haldighati (18 June 1576) |
Kingdom of Mewar |
Mughal Empire |
Inconclusive
|
Siege of Daman (1581)
|
Mughal Empire |
Portuguese Empire
|
Portuguese victory |
| Battle of Dewair (1582) (1582) |
Kingdom of Mewar |
Mughal Empire |
Rajput victory
|
| Battle of Leitao Coast
(1586) |
Portuguese Empire
|
Arab Niquilus | Arab victory |
| Spanish-Portuguese conflict on China (1598–1600) | Portuguese Empire
|
 Spanish Empire
|
Portuguese victory |
| Siege of Kottakkal
(1599-1600) |
Portuguese Empire
|
Kunjali Marakkar forces | Portuguese and Calicut victory |
| Dutch–Portuguese War
(1601–1661)
|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Kingdom of Portugal
Supported by:
|
 Dutch Republic
Supported by:
|
Indecisive
|
| Battle of Dewair (1606) (1606) |
Kingdom of Mewar |
Mughal Empire |
Rajput victory
|
| Battle of Swally
(1612) |
Kingdom of Portugal
|
 English East India Company |
British victory |
| Mughal expedition of Mewar (1615) |
Kingdom of Mewar |
Mughal Empire |
Mughal victory
|
| Ahom–Mughal conflicts (1615–1682) |
 Ahom kingdom |
Mughal Empire |
Ahom victory
|
| Battle of Toppur (1616–17) |
Imperial forces of Vijaynagar Empire Nayaks of Tanjore |
Second faction of Vijayanagara Empire Nayaks of Gingee Nayaks of Madurai Pandyas of Tirunelveli Kingdom of Travancore Portuguese |
Imperial Vijayanagara forces victory
|
| Early Mugal-Sikh Wars (1621–1658) |  Sikhs |
Mughal Empire |
Sikh victory
|
| Battle of Rohila (1621) | Sikhs |
Mughal Empire |
Sikh victory
|
| Mughal–Safavid War (1622–23) (1622–1623) |
Mughal Empire |
 Safavid Empire |
Safavid victory
|
| Spanish-Siam War | Iberian Union
|
 Siam
|
Siam victory
|
| Mombasa war
(1631-32) |
Portuguese Empire
|
Mombasa Sultanate | Portuguese Victory
|
| Siege of Hooghly
(1632)
|
Mughal Empire |
Portuguese Empire
|
Mughal Victory |
| Battle of Amritsar (1634) | Sikhs |
Mughal Empire |
Sikh victory
|
| Battle of Lahira (1634) | Sikhs |
Mughal Empire |
Sikh victory
|
| Battle of Kartarpur (1635) |
Sikhs |
Mughal Empire |
Sikh victory
|
| Siege of Orchha (1635) (1635) |
Bundela Rajputs | Mughal Empire |
Mughal Victory
|
| Battle of Phagwara (1635) | Sikhs |
Mughal Empire |
Sikh victory
|
| Battle of Kiratpur (1638) | Sikhs |
Mughal Empire |
Sikh victory |
| Siege of Daman (1638–1639) | Mughal Empire |
Portuguese Empire
|
Portuguese victory |
| Battle of Pipli[9]
(1640) |
Mughal Empire |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Denmark-Norway
|
Mughal victory |
| Danish-Mughal War
(1642-1698)[9] |
Mughal Empire |
Denmark-Norway
|
Stalemate
|
| Mughal–Safavid War (1649–53) (1649–1653) |
Mughal Empire |
Safavid Empire |
Persian victory
|
| Battle of Sutlej (1653) | Sikhs |
Mughal Empire |
Sikh victory
|
| Invasions of Kiratpur (1658) | Sikhs |
Mughal Empire |
Sikh victory
|
| Mughal conquest of Chittagong (1665–1666) |
Mughal Empire |
Kingdom of Mrauk U | Mughal victory
|
| Dutch-Zamorin Conflicts
(1666-1758) |
Zamorin | Dutch Republic
|
Dutch victory |
| Rajput War (1679–1707) (1679–1707) |
Kingdom of Marwar Kingdom of Mewar |
Mughal Empire |
Rajput victory
|
| Tibet-Ladakh-Mughal war of 1679-1684 (1679–1684) |
Ladakh Mughal Empire |
Tibet Zungar Empire |
Mughal military victory
|
| Deccan Wars (1681–1707) |
 Maratha Empire |
Mughal Empire |
Maratha victory
|
| Maratha–Portuguese War
(1683–1684) |
Maratha Empire |
Stalemate | |
| Siege of Bijapur (1685–1686) |
Bijapur Sultanate Maratha Empire |
Mughal Empire |
Mughal victory
|
| Anglo-Mughal War (1686–1690) |
Mughal Empire |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} East India Company |
Mughal victory
|
| Siege of Golconda (1687) |
Mughal Empire |
Golconda Sultanate | Mughal victory
|
| Battle of Bhangani (1688) | Sikhs |
Alliance of 16 Hill States, including: | Sikh victory |
| Battle of Nadaun (1691) |  Bilaspur State
|
Mughal Empire
Bijarwal State |
Sikh victory |
| Mughal–Portuguese War
(1692–1693)
|
 Mughal Empire |
Portuguese Victory | |
| Omani–Portuguese conflict (1696-1714) |  Omani Empire |
Indecisive
| |
| Battle of Guler (1696) | Sikhs |
Mughal Empire |
Sikh victory |
| Battle of Anandpur (1699) | Sikhs |
Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) | Sikh victory |
| Battle of Anandpur (1700) | Sikhs |
Mughal Empire
Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) |
Sikh victory |
| First siege of Anandpur (1700) | Sikhs |
Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas), Ranghars, and Gujars | Sikh victory
|
| Second siege of Anandpur (1704) | Sikhs |
Mughal Empire
Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) |
Peace Treaty
|
| Battle of Chamkaur (1704) | Sikhs |
Mughal Empire
Coalition of 22 Hill States (Rajas) |
Mughal and Hill Raja Victory
|
| Rajput Rebellion 1708-1710 (1708–1710) |
Kingdom of Marwar Kingdom of Mewar Kingdom of Amber |
Mughal Empire |
Rajput victory
|
| Maratha–Portuguese War
(1725–1726)[12] |
Maratha Confederacy |
Inconclusive
| |
| Maratha–Portuguese War
(1729–1732) |
Maratha Confederacy |
Supported by: |
Portuguese Victory
|
| Novas Conquistas (1729-1789) |  Kingdom of Mysore
Maratha Empire
|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Portuguese Empire
Supported by: Rajahnate of Soonda Kingdom of Sawantwadi |
Portuguese Victory |
| Nadir Shah's invasion of India (1738–1739) |
Mughal Empire |
 Afsharid dynasty |
Persian victory
|
| Travancore–Dutch War (incl. Battle of Colachel (Kulachal) 10 August 1741 (1739–1753) |
 Travancore |
Dutch Empire
|
Travancore victory
|
| Battle of Vasai (1739) |
Maratha Empire |
Portuguese Empire
|
Maratha victory |
| Battle of Karnal (1739–February 13, 1739) |
Mughal Empire |
Persian Afsharid Empire |
Persian victory |
| Siege of Trichinopoly (1741) (1741) |
Maratha Empire |
Mughal Empire
|
Maratha victory
|
| Expeditions in Bengal (1741–1748) |
Maratha Empire |
Mughal Empire
|
Peace treaty
|
| First Carnatic War
(1744–1748)
|
Mughal Empire
|
 Kingdom of France
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Kingdom of Great Britain
|
Status quo ante bellum |
| Second Carnatic War
(1749–1754) |
Kingdom of France
|
Kingdom of Great Britain
|
Stalemate |
| Naval Battle of Calicut
(1752) |
Maratha Empire |
Portuguese Empire
|
Maratha victory |
| Seven Years' War (1754–1763) |
France
|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Prussia
|
Status quo ante in Europe, but transfer of colonial possessions between Britain, France and Spain in the Treaty of Paris (1763).
|
| Maratha conquest of North-west India (1757–1758) |
Maratha Empire |
 Durrani Empire |
Peace treaty |
| Battle of Plassey (1757) |
East India Company |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Nawab of Bengal French East India Company |
Company victory
|
| Afghan-Maratha War (1758–1761) |
Maratha Empire Sikh confederacy |
 Durrani Empire Rohilkhand |
Durrani victory |
| Third Battle of Panipat (1761) |
Maratha Empire |
Durrani Empire |
Durrani victory
|
| Battle of Buxar (1764) |
East India Company |
Mughal Empire |
Company victory |
| First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) |
East India Company Maratha Empire Nawab of the Carnatic Hyderabad |
Mysore |
Mysore victory |
| First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) |
Maratha Empire |
East India Company |
Maratha victory |
| Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784) |
Mysore |
East India Company Maratha Empire |
Status quo ante bellum |
| Maratha-Mysore War (1785–1787) |
Maratha Empire |
Mysore |
Maratha victory
|
| Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789–1792) |
East India Company Maratha Empire HyderabadTravancore |
Mysore Diplomatic support: France[13] |
Maratha-Hyderabad-British victory |
| Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–1799) |
East India Company Maratha Empire HyderabadTravancore |
Mysore Diplomatic support:  France[13] |
Maratha-Hyderabad-British victory |
| Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) |
Maratha Empire |
East India Company |
British victory |
| Battle of Vizagapatam (1804) |
East India Company United Kingdom |
France |
French victory |
| Anglo-Nepalese War (1814–1816) |
East India Company Garhwal Kingdom Patiala State Kingdom of Sikkim |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Nepal |
Company victory
|
| Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus (1815) |
East India Company |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} United States |
American victory
|
| Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818) |
Maratha Empire |
East India Company |
British victory
|
| First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–1826) |
East India Company |
 Burmese Empire |
Company victory
|
| Siege of Herat
(1837–1838)
|
 Emirate of Herat
Supported by: |
 Qajar Iran
Supported by: |
Company victory
|
| First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–1842) |
East India Company |
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Emirate of Afghanistan |
Afghan victory
|
| First Opium War (1839–1842) |
Great Britain
|
.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Qing dynasty |
Company victory |
| First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–1846) |
 Sikh Empire |
East India Company Patiala |
Company victory |
| Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–1849) |
Sikh Empire |
East India Company |
Company victory
|
| Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852) |
East India Company |
Burmese Empire |
Company victory
|
| Anglo-Persian War (1856–1857) |
United Kingdom
|
 Iran |
Company victory
|
| Indian Rebellion of 1857 (1857–1858) |
Mughal Empire OudhForces of Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi Forces of Nana Sahib Peshwa II Various other Rajas, Nawabs, Zamindars, Taluqdars, and chieftains |
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Company victory
|
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Modern India (c. 1850s to 1947 CE)
Wars involving British Indian Empire
Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the rule of the British East India company came to end and the British crown began to rule over India directly as per the Government of India Act 1858. India was now a single empire comprising British India and the princely states.
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Wars involving Azad Hind
Azad Hind (with its Indian National Army) was a provisional government put in place in Japanese-occupied India by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose with the help of Japan during World War II.
| Name of conflict | Azad Hind and allies |
Opponents | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|
| Azad Hind intervention in World War II (1944–1945) |
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Defeat |
Post-Colonial India (c. 1947–present)
Wars involving the Union and Republic of India
In 1947, the British Indian Empire split into the Dominion of Pakistan and the Union of India. The Indian Army, the Royal Indian Air Force and the Royal Indian Navy too, were divided between the two countries. In 1950, the Union of India became the Republic of India after abolishing monarchy.
- Indian defeat
- Indian victory
- Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)
- Ongoing conflict
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See also
Notes
- ↑ unnoficial Portuguese soldiers just helped the Zamorin.
- ↑ ONUC, the United Nations Operation in the Congo, included troops from Ghana, Tunisia, Morocco, Ethiopia, Ireland, Guinea, Sweden, Mali, Sudan, Liberia, Canada, India, Indonesia and the United Arab Republic among others.
- ↑ The secession of Katanga and South Kasai was also supported by South Africa, France and the neighbouring Central African Federation. However, it was never officially recognised by any other state.
References
- ↑ Strabo, Geography, xv.2.9
- ↑ Kosmin, Paul J. (2014), The Land of the Elephant Kings: Space, Territory, and Ideology in Seleucid Empire, Harvard University Press, pp. 33–34, ISBN 978-0-674-72882-0
- ↑ Smith, Vincent Arthur (1920), The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911, Clarendon Press, pp. 104–106
- ↑ Barros (p. 140)
- ↑ Loureiro, Rui Manuel. Galiote Pereira_Algumas cousas sabidas da China_1992.
- ↑ "History of Ayutthaya - Foreign Settlements - Portuguese Settlement". www.ayutthaya-history.com. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ↑ "History of Ayutthaya - Essays - Spain". www.ayutthaya-history.com. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- ↑ "History of Ayutthaya - Historical Events - Timeline 1600-1649". www.ayutthaya-history.com. Retrieved 5 July 2023.
- 1 2 Wellen, Kathryn (2015). "The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642–1698" (PDF). Journal of Early Modern History. 19 (5): 448. doi:10.1163/15700658-12342470 – via Brill.
Appalled, Pessart sent a formal declaration of war in 1642 and sent two of Tranquebar's best ships north to attack Bengal, where they captured a ship they renamed Den Bengalske Prise.
- ↑ Boland-Crewe, Tara; Lea, David (2003). The Territories and States of India (e-book ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 145. ISBN 9781135356255.
- ↑ Poonen, T. I. (1978). Dutch Hegemony in Malabar and Its Collapse, A.D. 1663-1795. Department of Publications, University of Kerala. p. 70.
- ↑ Lobato, 1965, p.100.
- 1 2 Franco-Indian Alliances
- ↑ L.Lee, Johnathan (1996). The 'Ancient Supremacy': Bukhara, Afghanistan & the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901. Brill Publishers. p. 150. ISBN 978-90-04-10399-3. ISSN 0929-2403.
- ↑ Chester Neal Tate, Governments of the world: a global guide to citizens' rights and responsibilities, Macmillan Reference USA/Thomson Gale, 2006, p. 205.
- ↑ Raghavan, Srinath (2010). War and Peace in Modern India. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 284. ISBN 978-1-137-00737-7. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
On 21 November Beijing announced a unilateral ceasefire to be followed by the withdrawal of Chinese troops to the north of the McMahon Line. But China would retain control up to its 1960 claimline in Ladakh—a situation that persists till today.
- ↑ http://www.asianage.com/debate/age-debate-after-tripura-it-time-revoke-afspa-jammu-and-kashmir-922
- ↑ "AFSPA removed from Meghalaya, eight police stations in Arunachal Pradesh". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on 23 April 2018.
- ↑ Asia Times Online :: Southeast Asia news and business from Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia and Vietnam. Atimes.com (2010-04-22). Retrieved on 2014-05-21.
- ↑ "Cold war games". Bharat Rakshak. Archived from the original on 9 June 2011. Retrieved 20 October 2009.
- ↑ "Birth of a nation". The Indian Express. 11 December 2009. Retrieved 14 April 2011.
- ↑ VSM, Brig Amar Cheema (31 March 2015). The Crimson Chinar: The Kashmir Conflict: A Politico Military Perspective. Lancer Publishers. ISBN 9788170623014. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ↑ Rajagopalan, Rajesh; Mishra, Atul (2015). Nuclear South Asia: Keywords and Concepts. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-32475-1.
- ↑ "Role of Russia, America, China and Britain". Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ↑ "Role of Russia, America, China and Britain". Archived from the original on 1 November 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ↑ Alvandi, Roham (2016). Nixon, Kissinger, and the Shah: The United States and Iran in the Cold War. Oxford University Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-19-061068-5. Retrieved 27 December 2016.
- ↑ Mudiam, Prithvi Ram (1994). India and the Middle East. British Academic Press. ISBN 9781850437031. Retrieved 24 December 2016.
- ↑ "India and Its Neighbors: Cooperation or Confrontation?" (PDF). CIA. p. 7.
- ↑ "The Island".
- ↑ "Brief Overview of Sri Lanka's Foreign Relations to Post-Independence". Foreign Ministry – Sri Lanka.
- ↑ "Pak thanks Lanka for help in 1971 war". Hindustan Times. 11 June 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2019.
- ↑ Bowman, Martin (30 January 2016). Cold war jet combat. ISBN 9781473874633. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
- ↑ Ganguly, Sumit; Paul Kapur (7 August 2012). India, Pakistan, and the Bomb: Debating Nuclear Stability in South Asia. Columbia University Press. pp. 27–28. ISBN 978-0-231-14375-2.
- 1 2 Gall, Carlotta (21 January 2007). "At Border, Signs of Pakistani Role in Taliban Surge – New York Times". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
- ↑ "Pakistani opposition presses for Sharif's resignation". Wsws.org. 7 August 1999. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
- ↑ "New Zealand joins NATO's counter-piracy mission Ocean Shield". NATO. 21 January 2014. Retrieved 23 November 2014.
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